Temperate forests are defined as those forests where the vegetation has more or less a continuous canopy of broad-leaved trees. These forests are found in both Southern as well as Northern hemispheres and they occur between 25 to 50-degree latitude approximately. Temperate forests are mainly classified into two main types i.e. deciduous and evergreen.
The evergreen conifers are being dominated in the polar regions. The intermediate areas consist of both deciduous and coniferous trees. The temperature in these forests is quite low and this proves stressful for the vegetation and hence they are unable to carry out their proper functions and get damaged consequently.
M. Huston (1994b) pointed out that the well-
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