The valence electrons are those electrons of an atom that are present in the outermost shell and they are capable of participating in the formation of chemical bonds. In the case of an ionic bond, there is a complete transfer of the valence electron/s from one atom to the other whereas there is a mutual sharing of the valence electrons between the atoms during the formation of a covalent bond.
Hence, the chemical properties of an element are determined by the presence of the valence electrons. The valence electrons may also be present in the inner shell as in the case of transition metals. The atoms which have one or two electrons in their outermost shell tend to donate them and consequently, become a cation.
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