Question: A 68-kg man whose average body

> Consider a 1.75-m-tall man standing vertically in water and completely submerged in a pool. Determine the difference between the pressures acting at the head and at the toes of the man, in kPa.

> Reconsider Prob. 5–39. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the initial pressure of water on the final temperature in the tank. Let the initial pressure vary from 100 to 600 kPa. Plot the final temperature against the i

> Calculate the total work, in kJ, for process 1–3 shown in Fig. P5–4 when the system consists of 2 kg of nitrogen.

> An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of compressed liquid water at 60°C and 600 kPa while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the water expands to fill the

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.6 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state, the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now slowly trans

> Steam at 75 kPa and 8 percent quality is contained in a spring-loaded piston–cylinder device, as shown in Fig. P5–37, with an initial volume of 2 m3. Steam is now heated until its volume is 5 m3 and its pressure is 225

> A 40-L electrical radiator containing heating oil is placed in a 50-m3 room. Both the room and the oil in the radiator are initially at 10°C. The radiator with a rating of 2.4 kW is now turned on. At the same time, heat is lost from the room a

> An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 175 kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A flows for 45 min through a resistor placed in the water. If one-half

> 2 kg of saturated liquid water at 150°C is heated at constant pressure in a piston–cylinder device until it is saturated vapor. Determine the heat transfer required for this process.

> A piston–cylinder device contains 0.5 lbm of water initially at 120 psia and 2 ft3. Now 200 Btu of heat is transferred to the water while its pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the water. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram

> A piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of refrigerant 134a at 800 kPa and 70°C. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a liquid at 15°C. Determine the amount of heat loss and show the process on a T-v diagram with respect t

> The absolute pressure in water at a depth of 9 m is read to be 185 kPa. Determine (a) the local atmospheric pressure and (b) the absolute pressure at a depth of 5 m in a liquid whose specific gravity is 0.85 at the same location.

> A rigid 1-ft3 vessel contains R-134a originally at –20°F and 27.7 percent quality. The refrigerant is then heated until its temperature is 100°F. Calculate the heat transfer required to do this.

> A rigid 10-L vessel initially contains a mixture of liquid water and vapor at 100°C with 12.3 percent quality. The mixture is then heated until its temperature is 180°C. Calculate the heat transfer required for this process.

> An ideal gas at a given state expands to a fixed final volume first at constant pressure and then at constant temperature. For which case is the work done greater?

> A 20-ft3 rigid tank initially contains saturated refrigerant 134a vapor at 160 psia. As a result of heat transfer from the refrigerant, the pressure drops to 50 psia. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) t

> A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank and (b) the amount of heat tra

> A substance is contained in a well-insulated rigid container that is equipped with a stirring device, as shown in Fig. P5–27. Determine the change in the internal energy of this substance when 15 kJ of work is applied to the stirring de

> Complete each line of the following table on the basis of the conservation of energy principle for a closed system.

> A rigid container equipped with a stirring device contains 2.5 kg of motor oil. Determine the rate of specific energy increase when heat is transferred to the oil at a rate of 1 W, and 1.5 W of power is applied to the stirring device.

> Carbon dioxide contained in a piston–cylinder device is compressed from 0.3 to 0.1 m3. During the process, the pressure and volume are related by P = aV–2, where a = 8 kPa·m6. Calculate the work done on the carbon dioxide during this process.

> Reconsider Prob. 5–22. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the spring constant on the final pressure in the cylinder and the boundary work done. Let the spring constant vary from 50 kN/m to 500 kN/m. Plot the final pre

> The gage pressure in a liquid at a depth of 3 m is read to be 42 kPa. Determine the gage pressure in the same liquid at a depth of 9 m.

> A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and 25°C. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of it to evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches

> An ideal gas undergoes two processes in a piston–cylinder device as follows: 1–2 Polytropic compression from T1 and P1 with a polytropic exponent n and a compression ratio of r = V1/V2. 2–3 Constant pressure expansion at P3 = P2 until V3 = V1. (a) Sketch

> 1 kg of water that is initially at 90°C with a quality of 10 percent occupies a spring-loaded piston cylinder device, such as that in Fig. P5–20. This device is now heated until the pressure rises to 800 kPa and the temperatu

> On a P-v diagram, what does the area under the process curve represent?

> A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350°C. The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the cons

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 kg of nitrogen gas at 160 kPa and 140°C. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the boundary work done during this process.

> During an expansion process, the pressure of a gas changes from 15 to 100 psia according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = 5 psia/ft3 and b is a constant. If the initial volume of the gas is 7 ft3, calculate the work done during the process.

> A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 250 K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4 = constant until it reaches a final temperature of 450 K. Calculate the work input d

> Reconsider Prob. 5–14. Using appropriate software, plot the process described in the problem on a P-V diagram, and investigate the effect of the polytropic exponent n on the boundary work. Let the polytropic exponent vary from 1.1 to 1.6. Plot the bounda

> During some actual expansion and compression processes in piston–cylinder devices, the gases have been observed to satisfy the relationship PVn = C, where n and C are constants. Calculate the work done when a gas expands from 350 kPa and 0.03 m3 to a fin

> A 200-pound man has a total foot imprint area of 72 in2. Determine the pressure this man exerts on the ground if (a) he stands on both feet and (b) he stands on one foot.

> A mass of 1.5 kg of air at 120 kPa and 24°C is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston–cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside

> A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = –1200 kPa/m3 and b = 600 kPa. Cal

> In solar-heated buildings, energy is often stored as sensible heat in rocks, concrete, or water during the day for use at night. To minimize the storage space, it is desirable to use a material that can store a large amount of heat while experiencing a s

> Two 10-ft3 adiabatic tanks are connected by a valve. Initially, one tank contains water at 450 psia with 10 percent quality, while the second contains water at 15 psia with 75 percent quality. The valve is now opened, allowing the water vapor from the hi

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.35 kg of steam at 3.5 MPa, superheated by 7.4°C. Now the steam loses heat to the surroundings and the piston moves down, hitting a set of stops at which point the cylinder contain

> A vertical 10-cm-diameter piston–cylinder device contains an ideal gas at the ambient conditions of 1 bar and 24°C. Initially, the inner face of the piston is 20 cm from the base of the cylinder. Now an external shaft connected to the piston exerts a for

> Two adiabatic chambers, 2 m3 each, are interconnected by a valve, as shown in Fig. P5–115, with one chamber containing oxygen at 1000 kPa and 127°C and the other chamber evacuated. The valve is now opened until the oxygen fil

> A well-insulated 3-m × 4-m × 6-m room initially at 7°C is heated by the radiator of a steam heating system. The radiator has a volume of 15 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 200 kPa and 200°C. At th

> Reconsider Prob. 5–112. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the initial temperature of the ice on the final mass required. Let the ice temperature vary from –26 to 0°C. Plot the mass of ice against the initial temperature of ice, and di

> A 0.3-L glass of water at 20°C is to be cooled with ice to 5°C. Determine how much ice needs to be added to the water, in grams, if the ice is at (a) 0°C and (b) –20°C. Also determine how much water would be needed if the cooling is to be done with cold

> A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 94 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.

> In order to cool 1 ton of water at 20°C in an insulated tank, a person pours 130 kg of ice at –5°C into the water. Determine the final equilibrium temperature in the tank. The melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure are

> An insulated rigid tank initially contains 1.4 kg of saturated liquid water at 200°C and air. At this state, 25 percent of the volume is occupied by liquid water and the rest by air. Now an electric resistor placed in the tank is turned on, an

> Argon is compressed in a polytropic process with n = 1.2 from 120 kPa and 30°C to 1200 kPa in a piston–cylinder device. Determine the final temperature of the argon.

> An insulated piston–cylinder device initially contains 1.8 kg of saturated liquid water at 120°C. Now an electric resistor placed in the cylinder is turned on for 10 min until the volume quadruples. Determine (a) the volume o

> The energy content of a certain food is to be determined in a bomb calorimeter that contains 3 kg of water by burning a 2-g sample of it in the presence of 100 g of air in the reaction chamber. If the water temperature rises by 3.2°C when equi

> Water is boiled at sea level in a coffeemaker equipped with an immersion-type electric heating element. The coffee maker contains 1 L of water when full. Once boiling starts, it is observed that half of the water in the coffeemaker evaporates in 13 min.

> A passive solar house that is losing heat to the outdoors at an average rate of 50,000 kJ/h is maintained at 22°C at all times during a winter night for 10 h. The house is to be heated by 50 glass containers each containing 20 L of water that

> An insulated piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.01 m3 of saturated liquid–vapor mixture with a quality of 0.2 at 120°C. Now some ice at 0°C is added to the cylinder. If the cylinder contains saturated liquid at 120°C when thermal equilibrium is

> A frictionless piston–cylinder device and a rigid tank initially contain 12 kg of an ideal gas each at the same temperature, pressure, and volume. We wish to raise the temperatures of both systems by 15°C. Determine the amount of extra heat that must be

> The drag force exerted on a car by air depends on a dimensionless drag coefficient, the density of air, the car velocity, and the frontal area of the car. That is, FD = FD ( Cdrag, Afront, ρ, V ). Based on unit considerations alone, obtain a r

> A frictionless piston–cylinder device initially contains air at 100 kPa and 0.15 m3. At this state, a linear spring (F ∝ x) is touching the piston but exerts no force on it. The air is now heated to a final state of 0.

> A piston–cylinder device contains helium gas initially at 100 kPa, 10°C, and 0.2 m3. The helium is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 700 kPa and 290°C. Determine the heat loss or gain durin

> Saturated water vapor at 200°C is condensed to a saturated liquid at 50°C in a spring-loaded piston–cylinder device. Determine the heat transfer for this process in kJ/kg.

> 1 m3 of saturated liquid water at 200°C is expanded isothermally in a closed system until its quality is 80 percent. Determine the total work produced by this expansion, in kJ.

> Is the boundary work associated with constant-volume systems always zero?

> The combustion in a gasoline engine may be approximated by a constant-volume heat addition process. The cylinder contains the air–fuel mixture before combustion and the combustion gases after it, and both may be approximated as air, an

> A tank contains argon at 600°C and 200 kPa gage. The argon is cooled in a process by heat transfer to the surroundings such that the argon reaches a final equilibrium state at 300°C. Determine the final gage pressure of the argon. Assume atmospheric pres

> The gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 200 kPa before a trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant at 0.035 m3, determine the percent increas

> Carbon dioxide gas at 3 MPa and 500 K flows steadily in a pipe at a rate of 0.4 kmol/s. Determine (a) the volume and mass flow rates and the density of carbon dioxide at this state. If CO2 is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe so that th

> A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 300 kPa and 600 K. Now half of the gas is withdrawn from the tank and the gas is found at 100 kPa at the end of the process. Determine (a) the final temperature of the gas and (b) the final pressure if no mass was wi

> Consider the flow of air through a wind turbine whose blades sweep an area of diameter D (in m). The average air velocity through the swept area is V (in m/s). On the bases of the units of the quantities involved, show that the mass flow rate of air (in

> Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of refrigerant-134a. In the last column, describe the condition of refrigerant-134a as compressed liquid, saturated mixture, superheated vapor, or insufficient information, and, if applicable,

> Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. In the last column, describe the condition of steam as compressed liquid, saturated mixture, superheated vapor, or insufficient information, and, if applicable, give the quality.

> What is the percentage of error involved in treating carbon dioxide at 5 MPa and 25°C as an ideal gas?

> Saturated water vapor at 400°F is heated at constant pressure until its volume has doubled. Determine the final temperature using the ideal-gas equation of state, the compressibility charts, and the steam tables.

> A 0.016773-m3 tank contains 1 kg of refrigerant-134a at 110°C. Determine the pressure of the refrigerant using (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the refrigerant tables.

> How does a boiling process at supercritical pressures differ from the boiling process at subcritical pressures?

> Ethane in a rigid vessel is to be heated from 50 psia and 100°F until its temperature is 540°F. What is the final pressure of the ethane as predicted by the compressibility chart?

> Carbon dioxide gas enters a pipe at 3 MPa and 500 K at a rate of 2 kg/s. CO2 is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe, and the temperature of the CO2 drops to 450 K at the exit. Determine the volume flow rate and the density of carbon dioxi

> Ethylene is heated at constant pressure from 5 MPa and 20°C to 200°C. Using the compressibility chart, determine the change in the ethylene’s specific volume as a result of this heating.

> Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 MPa and 150 K based on (a) the idea-gas equation and (b) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare these results with the experimental value of 0.002388 m3/kg, and determine the error involved in e

> What is the weight of a 1-kg substance in N, kN, kg·m/s2, kgf, lbm·ft/s2, and lbf?

> One of the most amusing things a person can experience is that in certain parts of the world, a still car in neutral can go uphill when its brakes are released. Such occurrences are even broadcast on TV. Can this really happen, or is it bad eyesight? How

> Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 3.5 MPa and 450°C based on (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the steam tables. Determine the error involved in the first two cases.

> Reconsider Prob. 4–83. Solve the problem using appropriate software. Compare the specific volume of water for the three cases at 15 MPa over the temperature range of 350 to 600°C in 25°C intervals. Plot the percent error involved in the ideal-gas approxi

> Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 15 MPa and 350°C using (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the steam tables. Also determine the error involved in the first two cases.

> Refrigerant-134a at 400 psia has a specific volume of 0.1384 ft3/lbm. Determine the temperature of the refrigerant based on (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the refrigerant tables.

> Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a vapor at 0.9 MPa and 70°C based on (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) data from tables. Also, determine the error involved in the first two cases.

> What is the physical significance of the compressibility factor Z?

> A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family in a pan that is (a) uncovered, (b) covered with a light lid, and (c) covered with a heavy lid. For which case will the cooking time be the shortest? Why?

> In an informative article in a magazine it is stated that tires lose roughly 1 psi of pressure for every 10°F drop in outside temperature. Investigate whether this is a valid statement.

> A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 20 psia and 70°F. More air is added to the tank until the pressure and temperature rise to 25 psia and 90°F, respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank.

> A rigid tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a partition. One side of the tank contains an ideal gas at 927°C. The other side is evacuated and has a volume twice the size of the part containing the gas. The partition is no

> A man goes to a traditional market to buy a steak for dinner. He finds a 12-oz steak (1 lbm = 16 oz) for $5.50. He then goes to the adjacent international market and finds a 300-g steak of identical quality for $5.20. Which steak is the better buy?

> A mass of 0.1 kg of helium fills a 0.2 m3 rigid vessel at 350 kPa. The vessel is heated until the pressure is 700 kPa. Calculate the temperature change of helium (in °C and K) as a result of this heating.

> A mass of 10 g of oxygen fill a weighted piston–cylinder device at 20 kPa and 100°C. The device is now cooled until the temperature is 0°C. Determine the change of the volume of the device during this cooling

> A 1-m3 tank containing air at 10°C and 350 kPa is connected through a valve to another tank containing 3 kg of air at 35°C and 150 kPa. Now the valve is opened, and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which ar

> Reconsider Prob. 4–72. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the balloon diameter on the mass of helium contained in the balloon for the pressures of (a) 100 kPa and (b) 200 kPa. Let the diameter vary from 5 m to 15 m. Plot the mass of he

> A spherical balloon with a diameter of 9 m is filled with helium at 27°C and 200 kPa. Determine the mole number and the mass of the helium in the balloon.

> The pressure gage on a 2.5-m3 oxygen tank reads 500 kPa. Determine the amount of oxygen in the tank if the temperature is 28°C and the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.

> A 400-L rigid tank contains 5 kg of air at 25°C. Determine the reading on the pressure gage if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.

> What is the difference between the critical point and the triple point?

> A mass of 1 lbm of argon is maintained at 200 psia and 100°F in a tank. What is the volume of the tank?

> A 100-L container is filled with 1 kg of air at a temperature of 27°C. What is the pressure in the container?

> The weight of bodies may change somewhat from one location to another as a result of the variation of the gravitational acceleration g with elevation. Accounting for this variation using the relation g = a − bz where a = 9.807 m/s2 and b = 3.32 × 10−6 s−