Question: A bimetallic strip is made from metals

> At high altitudes, water boils at a temperature lower than 100.0°C due to the lower air pressure. A rule of thumb states that the time to hard-boil an egg doubles for every 10.0°C drop in temperature. What activation energy does this rule imply for the c

> Suppose due to a bad break of your femur, you require the insertion of a titanium rod to help the fracture heal. The coefficient of linear expansion for titanium is α = 8.6 × 10−6 K−1, and the length of the rod when it is in equilibrium with the leg bone

> The reaction rate for the hydrolysis of benzoyl-L-arginine amide by trypsin at 10.0°C is 1.878 times faster than that at 5.0°C. Assuming that the reaction rate is exponential as in Eq. (13-41), what is the activation energy?

> How high can you suck water up a straw? The pressure in the lungs can be reduced to about 10 kPa below atmospheric pressure.

> Consider the sphere and ring of Problem 20. What must the final temperature be if both the ring and the sphere are heated to the same final temperature?

> A crate of books is to be put on a truck by rolling it up an incline of angle θ using a dolly. The total mass of the crate and the dolly is m. Assume that rolling the dolly up the incline is the same as sliding it up a frictionless surface. (a) What is

> The reaction rate for the prepupal development of male Drosophila is temperature-dependent. Assuming that the reaction rate is exponential as in Eq. (13-41), the activation energy for this development is 2.81 × 10−19 J. A Drosophila is originally at 10.0

> The speed of a satellite in circular orbit around a planet does not depend on the mass of the satellite. Does it depend on the mass of the planet? Explain.

> An iron bridge girder (Y = 2.0 × 1011 N/m2) is constrained between two rock faces whose spacing doesn't change. At 20.0°C the girder is relaxed. How large a stress develops in the iron if the sun heats the girder to 40.0°C?

> Show that the rms speed of a molecule in an ideal gas at absolute temperature T is given by where M is the molar mass—the mass of the gas per mole.

> The driver from Practice Problem 13.3 fills his 18.9 L steel gasoline can in the morning when the temperature of the can and the gasoline is 15.0°C and the pressure is 1.0 atm, but this time he remembers to replace the tightly fitting cap after filling t

> Show that the rms speed of a molecule in an ideal gas at absolute temperature T is given by where m is the mass of a molecule.

> In a certain bimetallic strip (see Fig. 13.7) the brass strip is 0.100% longer than the steel strip at a temperature of 275°C. At what temperature do the two strips have the same length?

> On a cold day, you take a breath, inhaling 0.50 L of air whose initial temperature is −10°C. In your lungs, its temperature is raised to 37°C. Assume that the pressure is 101 kPa and that the air may be treated as an ideal gas. What is the total change i

> A giraffe’s brain is approximately 3.4 m above its heart. Estimate the minimum gauge pressure that its heart must produce to move the blood to his brain. Ignore any effects from the blood flow through arteries of different area, and assume that giraffe b

> A hot air balloon with a volume of 12.0 m3 is initially filled with air at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 19.0°C. When the balloon air is heated, the volume and the pressure of the balloon remain constant because the balloon is open to the a

> What is the temperature of an ideal gas whose molecules in random motion have an average translational kinetic energy of 4.60 × 10−20 J?

> A mass-spring system oscillates so that the position of the mass is described by x = (−10 cm) cos [(1.57 rad/s)t]. Make a motion diagram that has a dot for the position of the mass at t = 0, t = 0.2 s, t = 0.4 s, …, t = 4 s. The time interval between con

> A Pyrex container is filled to the very top with 4.00 L of water. Both the container and the water are at a temperature of 90.0°C. When the temperature has cooled to 20.0°C, how much additional water can be added to the container?

> If the upper atmosphere of Jupiter has a temperature of 160 K and the escape speed is 60 km/s, would an astronaut expect to find much hydrogen there?

> At the beginning of a 3.0 h plane trip, you are traveling due north at 192 km/h. At the end, you are traveling 240 km/h in the northwest direction (45° west of north). (a) Draw your initial and final velocity vectors. (b) Find the change in your veloci

> Which fundamental force is responsible for each of the decays shown here? [Hint: In each case, one of the decay products reveals the interaction force.] (a)

> A 12.0 cm cylindrical chamber has an 8.00 cm diameter piston attached to one end. The piston is connected to an ideal spring as shown. Initially, the gas inside the chamber is at atmospheric pressure and 20.0°C and the spring is not compressed

> What are the rms speeds of helium atoms, and nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules at 25°C?

> The diameter of an oxygen (O2) molecule is approximately 0.3 nm. For an oxygen molecule in air at atmospheric pressure and 20°C, estimate the average magnitudes of these quantities during a 1.0 s time interval: (a) the distance traveled between collisio

> Each of six barrels is filled to a height h above the bottom with a liquid of density ρ. Each barrel has a hole of radius r in its side. The center of each hole is 20 cm above the barrel bottom. A plug in the hole keeps the liquid from escaping. Rank the

> Find the rms speed in air at 0.0°C and 1.00 atm of (a) the N2 molecules, (b) the O2 molecules, and (c) the CO2 molecules.

> Estimate the percentage of the O2 molecules in air at 30°C that are moving faster than the speed of sound in air at that temperature (see Fig. 13.13).

> A smoke particle has a mass of 1.38 × 10−17 kg, and it is randomly moving about in thermal equilibrium with room temperature air at 27°C. What is the rms speed of the particle?

> How far does the object move from t = 0 to t = 3 s?

> A sealed cylinder contains a sample of ideal gas at a pressure of 2.0 atm. The rms speed of the molecules is v0. (a) If the rms speed is then reduced to 0.90v0, what is the pressure of the gas? (b) By what percentage does the speed of sound in the gas

> There are two identical containers of gas at the same temperature and pressure, one containing argon and the other neon. What is the ratio of the rms speed of the argon atoms to that of the neon atoms? The atomic mass of argon is twice that of neon.

> A scuba diver has an air tank with a volume of 0.010 m3. The air in the tank is initially at a pressure of 1.0 × 107 Pa. Assuming that the diver breathes 0.500 L/s of air, find how long the tank will last at depths of (a) 2.0 m and (b) 20.0 m. (Make th

> If 2.0 mol of nitrogen gas (N2) are placed in a cubic box, 25 cm on each side, at 1.6 atm of pressure, what is the rms speed of the nitrogen molecules?

> In uniform circular motion, the net force is perpendicular to the velocity and changes the direction of the velocity but not the speed. If a projectile is launched horizontally, the net force (ignoring air resistance) is perpendicular to the initial velo

> A diver rises quickly to the surface from a 5.0 m depth. If she did not exhale the gas from her lungs before rising, by what factor would her lungs expand? Assume the temperature to be constant and the pressure in the lungs to match the pressure outside

> The output power of a laser pointer is about 1 mW. (a) What are the energy and momentum of one laser photon if the laser wavelength is 670 nm? (b) How many photons per second are emitted by the laser? (c) What is the average force on the laser due to t

> What is the total internal kinetic energy of 1.0 mol of an ideal gas at 0.0°C and 1.00 atm?

> A temperature change ΔT causes a volume change ΔV but has no effect on the mass of an object. (a) Show that the change in density Δρ is given by Δρ = −βρ ΔT. (b) Find the fractional change in density (Δρ/ρ) of a brass sphere when the temperature changes

> Rank the six gases of Problem 43 in order of the total translational kinetic energy, greatest to least.

> A long, narrow steel rod of length 2.5000 m at 25°C is oscillating as a pendulum about a horizontal axis through one end. If the temperature changes to 0°C, what will be the fractional change in its period?

> Rank the time intervals in order of decreasing velocity vx, from largest positive to largest negative.

> Show that, for an ideal gas, where P is the pressure, ρ is the mass density, and vrms is the rms speed of the gas molecules.

> (a) Calculate Earth's escape speed—the minimum speed needed for an object near the surface to escape Earth's gravitational pull. [Hint: Use conservation of energy and ignore air resistance.] (b) Calculate the average speed of a hydrogen molecule (H2) at

> What is the kinetic energy per unit volume in an ideal gas at (a) P = 1.00 atm and (b) P = 300.0 atm?

> Michael has set the gauge pressure of the tires on his car to 36.0 lb/in2. He draws chalk lines around the edges of the tires where they touch the driveway surface to measure the area of contact between the tires and the ground. Each front tire has a con

> What is the total translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules of air at atmospheric pressure that occupies a volume of 1.00 L?

> Each of five cylindrical drums with radius R is filled to a height h above the bottom with a liquid of density ρ. Rank the drums in order of the pressure at the bottom of the drum, largest to smallest. (a) R = 40 cm, h = 80 cm, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 (b) R = 40

> John drives 16 km directly west from Orion to Chester at a speed of 90 km/h, then directly south for 8.0 km to Seiling at a speed of 80 km/h, then finally 34 km southeast to Oakwood at a speed of 100 km/h. (a) What was the change in velocity during this

> What is the temperature of an ideal gas whose molecules have an average translational kinetic energy of 3.20 × 10−20 J?

> A wine barrel has a diameter at its widest point of 134.460 cm at a temperature of 20.0°C. A circular iron band, of diameter 134.448 cm, is to be placed around the barrel at the widest spot. The iron band is 5.00 cm wide and 0.500 cm thick. (a) To what

> Consider the expansion of an ideal gas at constant pressure. The initial temperature is T0 and the initial volume is V0. (a) Show that ΔV/V0 = β ΔT, where β = 1/T0. (b) Compare the coefficient of volume expansion β for an ideal gas at 20°C to the value

> Rank the time intervals in order of increasing speed.

> Two slits separated by 20.0 µm are illuminated by light of wavelength 0.50 µm. If the screen is 8.0 m from the slits, what is the distance between the m = 0 and m = 1 bright fringes?

> The inner tube of a Pyrex glass mercury thermometer has a diameter of 0.120 mm. The bulb at the bottom of the thermometer contains 0.200 cm3 of mercury. How far will the thread of mercury move for a change of 1.00°C? Remember to take into acco

> A bubble rises from the bottom of a lake of depth 80.0 m, where the temperature is 4°C. The water temperature at the surface is 18°C. If the bubble's initial diameter is 1.00 mm, what is its diameter when it reaches the surface? (Ignore the surface tensi

> A steel ring of inner diameter 7.000 00 cm at 20.0°C is to be heated and placed over a brass shaft of outer diameter 7.002 00 cm at 20.0°C. (a) To what temperature must the ring be heated to fit over the shaft? The shaft remains at 20.0°C. (b) Once the

> In the Netherlands, a dike holds back the sea from a town below sea level. The dike springs a leak 3.0 m below the water surface. If the area of the hole in the dike is 1.0 cm2, what force must the Dutch boy exert to save the town?

> Verify, using the ideal gas law, the assertion in Problem 38 that 1.00 mol of a gas at 0.0°C and 1.00 atm occupies a volume of 0.0224 m3.

> During hibernation, an animal's metabolism slows down, and its body temperature lowers. For example, a California ground squirrel's body temperature lowers from 40.0°C to 10.0°C during hibernation. If we assume that the air in the squirrel's lungs is 75.

> A mass of 0.532 kg of molecular oxygen is contained in a cylinder at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and a temperature of 0.0°C. What volume does the gas occupy?

> In uniform circular motion, is the velocity constant? Is the acceleration constant? Explain.

> A 10.0 L vessel contains 12 g of N2 gas at 20°C. (a) Estimate the nearest-neighbor distance. (b) Can the gas be considered to be dilute? [Hint: Compare the nearest-neighbor distance to the diameter of an N2 molecule, about 0.3 nm.]

> A tank of compressed air of volume 1.0 m3 is pressurized to 20.0 atm at T = 273 K. A valve is opened, and air is released until the pressure in the tank is 15.0 atm. How many molecules were released?

> The alveoli (see Section 13.8) have an average radius of 0.125 mm and are approximately spherical. If the pressure in the sacs is 1.00 × 105 Pa, and the temperature is 310 K (average body temperature), how many air molecules are in an alveolus?

> Rank the time intervals in order of increasing displacement, from largest negative to largest positive.

> In intergalactic space, there is an average of about one hydrogen atom per cubic centimeter and the temperature is 3 K. What is the absolute pressure?

> Show that, in two gases at the same temperature, the rms speeds are inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular masses:

> The density of platinum is 21 500 kg/m3. Find the ratio of the volume of 1.00 kg of platinum to the volume of 1.00 kg of aluminum.

> An ideal gas that occupies 1.2 m3 at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and a temperature of 27°C is compressed to a volume of 0.60 m3 and heated to a temperature of 227°C. What is the new pressure?

> Estimate the average distance between molecules in air at 0.0°C and 1.00 atm.

> A hydrogen balloon at Earth's surface has a volume of 5.0 m3 on a day when the temperature is 27°C and the pressure is 1.00 × 105 N/m2. The balloon rises and expands as the pressure drops. What would the volume of the same number of moles of hydrogen be

> A cylinder with an interior cross-sectional area of 70.0 cm2 has a moveable piston of mass 5.40 kg at the top that can move up and down without friction. The cylinder contains 2.25 × 10−3 mol of an ideal gas at 23.0°C. (a) What is the volume of the gas

> A constant volume gas thermometer containing helium is immersed in boiling ammonia (−33°C), and the pressure is read once equilibrium is reached. The thermometer is then moved to a bath of boiling water (100.0°C). After the manometer was adjusted to keep

> From the edge of the rooftop of a building, a boy throws a stone at an angle 25.0° above the horizontal. The stone hits the ground 4.20 s later, 105 m away from the base of the building. (Ignore air resistance.) (a) For the stone's path through the air,

> An ideal gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer (Fig. 13.11) is held at a volume of 0.500 L. As the temperature of the gas is increased by 20.0°C, the mercury level on the right side of the manometer must rise by 8.00 mm in order to keep the gas volume

> What is the mass density of air at P = 1.0 atm and T = (a) −10°C and (b) 30°C? The average molecular mass of air is approximately 29 u.

> The coefficient of static friction between a block and a horizontal floor is 0.35, while the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.22. The mass of the block is 4.6 kg, and it is initially at rest. (a) What is the minimum horizontal applied force required

> A piano “string” is steel wire with radius 0.50 mm and length 1.2 m. It is under 800 N of tension. (a) What is the speed of transverse waves on the string? (b) What is the fundamental frequency for transverse waves? (c) What is the speed of longitudin

> What is the pressure on a fish 10 m under the ocean surface?

> A ball of mass 0.10 kg moving with speed 2.0 m/s hits a wall and bounces back with speed 1.0 m/s in the opposite direction. What is the change in the ball’s kinetic energy?

> Incandescent lightbulbs are filled with an inert gas to lengthen the filament life. With the current off (at T = 20.0°C), the gas inside a lightbulb has a pressure of 115 kPa. When the bulb is burning, the temperature rises to 70.0°C. What is the pressur

> The A string on a guitar has length 64.0 cm and fundamental frequency 110.0 Hz. The string's tension is 133 N. It is vibrating in its fundamental standing wave mode with a maximum displacement from equilibrium of 2.30 mm. The air temperature is 20.0°C.

> A patient with emphysema is breathing pure O2 through a face mask. The cylinder of O2 contains 0.0170 m3 of O2 gas at a pressure of 15.2 MPa. (a) What volume would the oxygen occupy at atmospheric pressure (and the same temperature)? (b) If the patient

> A 30.0 cm long string has a mass of 0.230 g and is vibrating at its third-lowest natural frequency f3. The tension in the string is 7.00 N. (a) What is f3? (b) What are the frequency and wavelength of the sound in the surrounding air if the speed of soun

> What fraction of the air molecules in a house must be pushed outside while the furnace raises the inside temperature from 16.0°C to 20.0°C? The pressure does not change since the house is not airtight.

> A child swinging on a swing set hears the sound of a whistle that is being blown directly in front of her. At the bottom of her swing when she is moving toward the whistle, she hears a higher pitch, and at the bottom of her swing when she is moving away

> Six cylinders contain ideal gases (not necessarily the same gas) with the properties given (P = pressure, V = volume, N = number of molecules). Rank them in order of temperature, highest to lowest. (a) P = 100 kPa, V = 4 L, N = 6 × 1023 (b) P = 200 kPa,

> Explain why the orbital radius and the speed of a satellite in circular orbit are not independent.

> (a) Show that since the bulk modulus has SI units N/m2 and mass density has SI units kg/m3, Eq. (12-1) gives the speed of sound in m/s. Thus, the equation is dimensionally consistent. (b) Show that no other combination of B and ρ can give dimensions of

> Two blocks lie side by side on a frictionless table. The block on the left is of mass m; the one on the right is of mass 2m. The block on the right is pushed to the left with a force of magnitude F, pushing the other block in turn. What force does the bl

> Someone steps on your toe, exerting a force of 500 N on an area of 1.0 cm2. What is the average pressure on that area in atm?

> A tire with an inner volume of 0.0250 m3 is filled with air at a gauge pressure of 36.0 lb/in2. If the tire valve is opened to the atmosphere, what volume outside of the tire does the escaping air occupy? Some air remains within the tire occupying the or

> During a rehearsal, all eight members of the first violin section of an orchestra play a very soft passage. The sound intensity level at a certain point in the concert hall is 38.0 dB. What is the sound intensity level at the same point if only one of th

> A cylinder in a car engine takes Vi = 4.50 × 10−2 m3 of air into the chamber at 30°C and at atmospheric pressure. The piston then compresses the air to one-ninth of the original volume (0.111 Vi) and to 20.0 times the original pressure (20.0 Pi). What is

> When playing fortissimo (very loudly), a trumpet emits sound energy at a rate of 0.800 W out of a bell (opening) of diameter 12.7 cm. (a) What is the sound intensity level right in front of the trumpet? (b) If the trumpet radiates sound waves uniformly

> A flight attendant wants to change the temperature of the air in the cabin from 18.0°C to 21.0°C without changing the pressure. What fractional change in the number of moles of air in the cabin would be required?

> According to a treasure map, a treasure lies at a depth of 40.0 fathoms on the ocean floor due east from the lighthouse. The treasure hunters use sonar to find where the depth is 40.0 fathoms as they head east from the lighthouse. What is the elapsed tim

> Sand is composed of SiO2. Find the order of magnitude of the number of silicon (Si) atoms in a grain of sand. Approximate the sand grain as a sphere of diameter 0.5 mm and an SiO2 molecule as a sphere of diameter 0.5 nm.

> Horseshoe bats use the Doppler effect to determine their location. A Horseshoe bat flies toward a wall at a speed of 15 m/s while emitting a sound of frequency 35 kHz. What is the beat frequency between the emission frequency and the echo?