Question: a. Determine the average ac resistance for

> Describe in your own words the meaning of the word ideal as applied to a device or a system.

> Determine the forward voltage drop across the diode whose characteristics appear in Fig. 1.19 at temperatures of —75°C, 25°C, 125°C and a current of 10 mA. For each temperature, determine the level of saturation current. Compare the extremes of each and

> Compare the characteristics of a silicon and a germanium diode and determine which you would prefer to use for most practical applications. Give some details. Refer to a manufacturer’s listing and compare the characteristics of a germanium and a silicon

> In the reverse-bias region the saturation current of a silicon diode is about 0.1 mA (T = 20°C). Determine its approximate value if the temperature is increased 40°C.

> a. Plot the function y = ex for x from 0 to 10. Why is it difficult to plot? b. What is the value of y = ex at x = 0? c. Based on the results of part (b), why is the factor —1 important in Eq. (1.2)?

> In your own words, define an intrinsic material, a negative temperature coefficient, and cova- lent bonding.

> Given a diode current of 6 mA, VT = 26 mV, n = 1, and Is = 1 nA, find the applied voltage VD.

> Given a diode current of 8 mA and n = 1, find Is if the applied voltage is 0.5 V and the tem- perature is room temperature (25°C).

> a. Using Eq. (1.2), determine the diode current at 20°C for a silicon diode with n = 2, Is = 0.1 mA at a reverse-bias potential of -10 V. b. Is the result expected? Why?

> Repeat Problem 15 for T = 100°C (boiling point of water). Assume that Is has increased to 5.0 mA.

> a. Determine the thermal voltage for a diode at a temperature of 20°C. b. For the same diode of part (a), find the diode current using Eq. 1.2 if Is = 40 nA, n = 2 (low value of VD), and the applied bias voltage is 0.5 V.

> Find the saturation current (ICsat) for the fixed-bias configuration of Fig. 4.118.

> Given the information appearing in Fig. 4.120, determine: a. IC. b. VCC. c. . d. RB.

> Given the information appearing in Fig. 4.119, determine: a. IC. b. RC. c. RB. d. VCE.

> For the fixed-bias configuration of Fig. 4.118, determine: a. IBQ. b. ICQ. c. VCEQ. d. VC. e. VB. f. VE.

> Given the information provided in Fig. 4.123, determine: a. RC. b. RE. c. RB. d. VCE. e. VB.

> a. Draw the load line for the network of Fig. 4.122 on the characteristics of Fig. 4.121 using  from problem 8 to find IBQ. b. Find the Q-point and resulting values ICQ and VCEQ. c. Find the value of  at the Q-point. d. How does the value of part (c) c

> For the emitter-stabilized bias circuit of Fig. 4.122, determine: a. IBQ. b. ICQ. c. VCEQ. d. VC. e. VB. f. VE.

> If the base resistor of Fig. 4.118 is increased to 910 kΩ, find the new Q-point and resulting values of ICQ and VCEQ.

> a. Ignoring the provided value of (120) draw the load line for the network of Fig. 4.118 on the characteristics of Fig. 4.121. b. Find the Q-point and the resulting ICQ and VCEQ. c. What is the beta value at this Q-point?

> Describe how you will remember the forward- and reverse-bias states of the p–n junction diode. That is, how will you remember which potential (positive or negative) is applied to which terminal?

> Given the BJT transistor characteristics of Fig. 4.121: a. Draw a load line on the characteristics determined by E = 21 V and RC = 3 kΩ for a fixed-bias configuration. b. Choose an operating point midway between cutoff and saturation. Determine the value

> What is the source of the leakage current in a transistor?

> How must the two transistor junctions be biased for proper transistor amplifier operation?

> What is the major difference between a bipolar and a unipolar device?

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.24, determine ac at IC = 14 mA and VCE = 3 V. b. Determine dc at IC = 1 mA and VCE = 8 V. c. Determine ac at IC = 14 mA and VCE = 3 V. d. Determine dc at IC = 1 mA and VCE = 8 V. e. How does the level of ac and

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.23c, determine the level of dc at IC = 10 mA at the three levels of temperature appearing in the figure. Is the change significant for the specified tem- perature range? Is it an element to be concerned about in the d

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.23b, determine how much the level of hfe has changed from its value at 1 mA to its value at 10 mA. Note that the vertical scale is a log scale that may require reference to Section 11.2. Is the change one that should b

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.23d, determine whether the input capacitance in the common- base configuration increases or decreases with increasing levels of reverse-bias potential. Can you explain why?

> How does the range of hFE (Fig. 3.23c, normalized from hFE = 100) compare with the range of hfe (Fig. 3.23b) for the range of IC from 0.1 to 10 mA?

> Based on the data of Fig. 3.23, what is the expected value of ICEO using the average value of dc?

> Determine Vo and ID for the network of Fig. 2.163.

> Using the information provided in Fig. 3.23 regarding PDmax, VCEmax, ICmax and VCEsat, sketch the boundaries of operation for the device.

> Referring to Fig. 3.23, determine the temperature range for the device in degrees Fahrenheit.

> Determine the region of operation for a transistor having the characteristics of Fig. 3.8 if ICmax = 7 mA, BVCBO = 20 V, and PCmax = 42 mW.

> Determine the region of operation for a transistor having the characteristics of Fig. 3.13 if ICmax = 6 mA, BVCEO = 15 V, and PCmax = 35 mW.

> For a transistor having the characteristics of Fig. 3.13, sketch the input and output characteris- tics of the common-collector configuration.

> An input voltage of 2 V rms (measured from base to ground) is applied to the circuit of Fig. 3.21. Assuming that the emitter voltage follows the base voltage exactly and that Vbe (rms) = 0.1 V, calculate the circuit voltage amplification (Av = Vo/Vi) and

> a. Given that dc = 0.980, determine the corresponding value of dc. b. Given dc = 120, determine the corresponding value of a. c. Given that dc = 120 and IC = 2.0 A, find IE and IB.

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine dc at IB = 25 A and VCE = 10 V. Then calculate dc and the resulting level of IE. (Use the level of IC determined by IC = dcIB.)

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine ac at IB = 60 A and VCE = 4 V. b. Repeat part (a) at IB = 30 A and VCE = 7 V. c. Repeat part (a) at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. d. Reviewing the results of parts (a) through (c), does the value of 

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine dc at IB = 60 A and VCE = 4 V. b. Repeat part (a) at IB = 30 A and VCE = 7 V. c. Repeat part (a) at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. d. Reviewing the results of parts (a) through (c), does the value of 

> Determine Vo1, Vo2, and I for the network of Fig. 2.162.

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine ICEO at VCE = 10 V. b. Determine dc at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. c. Using the dc determined in part (b), calculate ICBO.

> a. For the common-emitter characteristics of Fig. 3.13, find the dc beta at an operating point of VCE = 6 V and IC = 2 mA. b. Find the value of a corresponding to this operating point. c. At VCE = +6 V, find the corresponding value of ICEO. d. Calculate

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13: a. Find the value of IC corresponding to VBE = +750 mV and VCE = +4 V. b. Find the value of VCE and VBE corresponding to IC = 3.5 mA and IB = 30 A.

> a. Given an adc of 0.998, determine IC if IE = 4 mA. b. Determine adc if IE = 2.8 mA, IC = 2.75 mA and ICBO = 0.1 A.

> a. Using the characteristics of Figs. 3.7 and 3.8, determine IC if VCB = 5 V and VBE = 0.7 V. b. Determine VBE if IC = 5 mA and VCB = 15 V. c. Repeat part (b) using the characteristics of Fig. 3.10b. d. Repeat part (b) using the characteristics of Fig. 3

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.8, determine the resulting collector current if IE = 3.5 mA and VCB = 10 V. b. Repeat part (a) for IE = 3.5 mA and VCB = 20 V. c. How have the changes in VCB affected the resulting level of IC? d. On an approximate

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.7, determine VBE at IE = 5 mA for VCB = 1, 10, and 20 V. Is it reasonable to assume on an approximate basis that VCB has only a slight effect on the rela- tionship between VBE and IE?

> If the emitter current of a transistor is 8 mA and IB is 1/100 of IC, determine the levels of IC and IB.

> Which of the transistor currents is always the largest? Which is always the smallest? Which two currents are relatively close in magnitude?

> Repeat Problem 10, but insert an impurity of indium.

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 2.152b, determine ID and VD for the circuit of Fig. 2.153. b. Repeat part (a) with R = 0.47 kΩ. c. Repeat part (a) with R = 0.68 kΩ. d. Is the level of VD relatively close to 0.7 V in each case? How do the resulting l

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 2.152b, determine ID, VD, and VR for the circuit of Fig. 2.152a. b. Repeat part (a) using the approximate model for the diode, and compare results. c. Repeat part (a) using the ideal model for the diode, and compare r

> Determine the required PIV ratings of the diodes of Fig. 2.123 in terms of the peak secondary voltage Vm.

> Determine the voltage available from the voltage doubler of Fig. 2.123 if the secondary voltage of the transformer is 120 V (rms).

> Sketch the output of the network of Fig. 2.145 if the input is a 50-V square wave. Repeat for a 5-V square wave.

> Design a voltage regulator that will maintain an output voltage of 20 V across a 1-kΩ load with an input that will vary between 30 V and 50 V. That is, determine the proper value of RS and the maximum current IZM.

> For the network of Fig. 2.188, determine the range of Vi that will maintain VL at 8 V and not exceed the maximum power rating of the Zener diode.

> a. Design the network of Fig. 2.187 to maintain V L at 12 V for a load variation (IL) from 0 mA to 200 mA. That is, determine RS and VZ. b. Determine PZ max for the Zener diode of part (a).

> a. Determine VL, IL, IZ, and IR for the network of Fig. 2.186 if RL = 180 Ω. b. Repeat part (a) if RL = 470 Ω. c. Determine the value of RL that will establish maximum power conditions for the Zener diode. d. Determine the minimum value of RL to ensure t

> Design a clamper to perform the function indicated in Fig. 2.185.

> Sketch the atomic structure of silicon and insert an impurity of arsenic as demonstrated for silicon in Fig. 1.7.

> Sketch the atomic structure of copper and discuss why it is a good conductor and how its struc- ture is different from that of germanium, silicon, and gallium arsenide.

> The equation for the speed of sound in a gas states that. Speed v is measured in m/s, γ is a dimensionless constant, T is temperature in kelvins (K), and m is mass in kg. What are the units of the Boltzmann constant, k

> How many significant figures should be written in the sum 4.56 g + 9.032 g + 580.0078 g + 540.439 g? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7

> In terms of the original diameter d, what new diameter will result in a new spherical volume that is a factor of eight times the original volume? (a) 8d (b) 2d (c) d/2 (d) d × ∛2 (e) d/8

> An equation for potential energy states U = mgh. If U is in kg·m2·s−2, m is in kg, and g is in m·s−2, what are the units of h? (a) s (b) s2 (c) m−1 (d) m (e) g-1

> If the area of a circle is found to be half of its original value after the radius is multiplied by a certain factor, what was the factor used? (a) 1/(2π) (b) ½ (c) √2 (d) 1/√2 (e) 1/4

> If the length of a box is reduced to one third of its original value and the width and height are doubled, by what factor has the volume changed? (a) 2/3 (b) 1 (c) 4/3 (d) 3/2 (e) depends on relative proportion of length to height and width

> A student's lab report concludes, “The speed of sound in air is 327.” What is wrong with that statement?

> Why do scientists plot graphs of their data instead of just listing values?

> What are the first two steps to be followed in solving almost any physics problem?

> Sort the following units into three groups of dimensions and identify the dimensions: fathoms, grams, years, kilometers, miles, months, kilograms, inches, seconds.

> In the following calculations, be sure to use an appropriate number of significant figures. 3.68 × 107 g − 4.759 × 105 g

> What are some of the differences between the SI and the customary U.S. system of units? Why is SI preferred for scientific work?

> List three of the base units used in SI.

> Why is it important to write quantities with the correct number of significant figures?

> Are all the digits listed as “significant figures” definitely known? Might any of the significant digits be less definitely known than others? Explain.

> After which numeral is the decimal point usually placed in scientific notation? What determines the number of numerical digits written in scientific notation?

> What are some of the advantages of scientific notation?

> Once the solution of a problem has been found, what should be done before moving on to solve another problem?

> Why are simplified models used in scientific study if they do not exactly match real conditions?

> Why must words be carefully defined for scientific use?

> Give a few reasons for studying physics.

> Write these numbers in scientific notation: (a) the mass of a blue whale, 170 000 kg (b) the diameter of a helium nucleus, 0.000 000000 000 003 8 m.

> The population of a culture of yeast cells is studied to see the effects of limited resources (food, space) on population growth. (a) Make a graph of the yeast population (measured as the total mass of yeast cells, tabulated below) versus time. Draw a be

> On April 15, 1999, a South Korean cargo plane crashed due to a confusion over units. After takeoff, the first officer was instructed by the Shanghai tower to climb to 1500 m and maintain that altitude. The captain, after reaching 1450 m, twice asked the

> A baby was persistently spitting up after nursing, so the pediatrician prescribed ranitidine syrup to reduce the baby's stomach acid. The prescription called for 0.75 mL to be taken twice a day for a month. The pharmacist printed a label for the bottle o

> (a) How many center-stripe road reflectors, separated by 17.6 yd., are required along a 2.20-mile section of curving mountain roadway? (b) Solve the same problem for a road length of 3.54 km with the markers placed every 16.0 m. Would you prefer to be t

> Astronauts aboard the International Space Station use a massing chair to measure their mass. The chair is attached to a spring and is free to oscillate back and forth. The frequency of the oscillation is measured and is used to calculate the total mass m

> Use dimensional analysis to determine how the period T of a swinging pendulum (the elapsed time for a complete cycle of motion) depends on some, or all, of these properties: the length L of the pendulum, the mass m of the pendulum bob, and the gravitatio

> Three of the fundamental constants of physics are the speed of light, c = 3.0 × 108 m/s, the universal gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10−11 m3·kg−1·s−2, and Planck's constant, h = 6.6 × 10−34 kg·m2·s −1. (a) Find a combination of these three constant

> The electric power P drawn from a generator by a lightbulb of resistance R is P = V2/R, where V is the line voltage. The resistance of bulb B is 42% greater than the resistance of bulb A. What is the ratio PB/PA of the power drawn by bulb B to the power

> Without looking up any data, make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the annual consumption of gasoline (in gallons) by passenger cars in the United States. Make reasonable estimates for any quantities you need. Think in terms of average quantities. (1 ga

> The speed of ocean waves depends on their wavelength λ (measured in meters) and the gravitational field strength g (measured in m/s2) in this way: where K is a dimensionless constant. Find the values of the exponents p and q.

> Perform these operations with the appropriate number of significant figures. (a) 3.783 × 106 kg + 1.25 × 108 kg (b) (3.783 × 106 m)/ (3.0 × 10−2 s)

> The weight of an object at the surface of a planet is proportional to the planet's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the planet. Jupiter's radius is 11 times Earth's, and its mass is 320 times Earth's. An apple weighs 1.0 N o

> A car has a gas tank that holds 12.5 U.S. gal. Using the conversion factors from Appendix B. (a) determine the size of the gas tank in cubic inches. (b) A cubit is an ancient measurement of length that was defined as the distance from the elbow to the t