Question: A generation ago men were more likely

> (EDCL Education category of head of household: 1 = No high school diploma, 2 = High school diploma, 3 = Some college, 4 = College degree) with respect to several demographic and financial variables. For each variable, test to determine whether there are

> Can we infer from the data that there are differences in the total unrealized capital gains (KGTOTAL) between the three industry classifications?

> Can we infer from the data that there are differences in the amount of debt (DEBT) between the three industry classifications?

> Can we infer from the data that there are differences in net worth (NETWORTH) between the heads of households whose jobs are in one of the three industry classifications?

> Are some industries better than others in terms of financial remuneration? Conduct a test to determine whether there are differences in income (INCOME) between the three categories of industry.

> Is there enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in total annual amount spent on food away from home between the four categories (FOODAWAY)?

> Do households headed by a more educated person spend their food dollars differently from households headed by less-educated people? Is there enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in the annual expenditures on food at home between the fou

> Is education a factor in the amount of debt carried by heads of households? Conduct a statistical test to determine whether the amount of debt (DEBT) differs between the four categories.

> Are more educated individuals likely to have more unrealized capital gains? Is there enough evidence to infer that there are differences in total unrealized capital gains (KGTOTAL)?

> Refer to Exercise 15.45. Random samples from Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Sweden were drawn. Is the sufficient evidence to infer that there are differences in household types between the four countries? Data from Exercise 15.45: Household type

> Does the education category affect the net worth of households? Is so, there should be differences in net worth between the four categories of education. Conduct a test to determine whether there are such differences (NETWORTH).

> How much evidence is there that more education leads to higher incomes and more financial success? Test to determine whether differences in income (INCOME) exist between the four education categories.

> Can we infer that the Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 overrepresented at least one education category (EDCL)?

> Test to determine whether there is sufficient evidence that the Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 overrepresented at least one race (RACE).

> Baseball fans who watch games on television can usually see something called the pitch tracker. It allows viewers to see whether the umpire made the correct call. According to rule 2.00 of the Major League Baseball rule book, a strike zone is defined as

> There are many other forms of electronic entertainment available. This may impact television. a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the amount of time watching television (TVHOURS) differs between 2004 and 2014? b. Are the required conditions

> Are workers in 2014 working less than they did in 2004 (HRS1)? a. Test to determine whether there is enough evidence to answer the question affirmatively. b. Check the required conditions.

> Innovation may be the key to creating high-value jobs. And innovation depends on education. a. Is there sufficient evidence to infer that the United States in 2014 is more educated than it was in 2004? b. Are the required conditions satisfied?

> If the number of children per family is decreasing is it because families are postponing the start of a family? a. Conduct a test to determine if the age at which families have their first child has increased between 2004 and 2014 (AGEKDBRN). b. Check th

> Another way of measuring an aging society is to compute the number of children per family. a. Is there enough evidence to infer that the number of children per family has decreased in the decade 2004–2014 (CHILDS)? b. Are the required conditions satisfie

> Household types are categorized in the following way: 1. Married couple with children, 2. Married couple without children, 3. Single parent, 4. One person, 5. Other. Random samples of families in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom were dra

> Do you need more education (EDUC) to be self-employed (WRKSLF: 1 = Self-employed, 2 = Someone else)? a. Conduct a test to answer the question. b. Are the required conditions satisfied?

> One of the advantages of working for someone else is that the number of hours of work per week is limited as opposed to the number of hours for self-employed people. a. Is there sufficient evidence to infer that self- employed individuals (WRKSLF: 1 = Se

> Estimate with 95% confidence the difference in income (RINCOME) between 2014 and 2012.

> One measure of the health of the economy is the number of hours of work. Using this gauge can we conclude that the economy improved between 2010 and 2014? That is, can we conclude that Americans were working longer hours (HRS1) in 2014 than they did in 2

> Judging from rising enrollments there are more people attending colleges and universities. However, does this include students going on their masters and doctoral degrees? Is there enough statistical evidence to conclude that the percentage of American a

> The amount of money television networks charge the advertisers is very much dependent on how many people see the commercials. Thus, any decrease in viewers is a problem. Is there a downward trend in viewers? Were American adults watching less television

> The United States has one of the highest rates of post-secondary education. However, is the rate increasing? Can we infer from the data that the Americans were more educated (EDUC) in 2014 than they were in 2012?

> During difficult economic times governments stimulate the economy to reduce the unemployment rate. Governments do this by hiring more workers. Did this process take place between 2008 and 2014? Conduct a test to determine whether there is enough evidence

> In recent years, women have made up an increasing proportion of university students. a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that females and males (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female) differ in their years of education (EDUC)? b. What are the required condit

> Does the Earth go around the Sun, or does the Sun go around the Earth (EARTHSUN: 1 = Earth around Sun, 2 = Sun around Earth)? Correct answer: Earth around Sun.

> Refer to Exercise 12.139. The engineering team took samples of bridges in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 and recorded whether each bridge was structurally deficient, functionally obsolete, or structurally sound. These three categories were recorded as 1, 2,

> True or false, the center of the earth is very hot (HOTCORE: 1 = True, 2 = False)? Correct answer: True.

> A doctor tells a couple that there is one chance in four that their child will have an inherited disease. Does this mean that each of the couple’s children will have the same risk of suffering the illness (ODDS2: 1 = Yes, 2 = No)? Correct answer: Yes.

> A doctor tells a couple that there is one chance in four that their child will have an inherited disease. Does this mean that if the first child has the illness, the next three will not (ODDS1: 1 = Yes, 2 = No)? Correct answer: No.

> Are foreign-born people (BORN: 1 = In the United States, 2 = Elsewhere) more likely to work for themselves (WRKSLF: 1 = Work for themselves, 2 = Work for someone else) than Americans born in the United States? Conduct a test to answer the question.

> Is there enough statistical evidence to conclude that people born (BORN: 1 = In the United States, 2 = Elsewhere) in the United States are more likely to work for the government (WRKGVT: 1 = Government, 2 = Other) than people born outside the United Stat

> It is generally understood that working for the government means more job security than working for private enterprise. Are married people (MARITAL: 1 = Married, 5 = Never married) more likely to work for the government (WRKGOVT: 1 = Government) than do

> Can we infer from the data that married and never married people (MARITAL: 1 = Married, 5 = Never married) differ in their completion of a graduate degree (DEGREE: 4 = Graduate degree)?

> Half a century ago men were far more likely to be the breadwinner and women were far more likely to be homemakers. There are now many households where women are the breadwinners and many households where both work outside the home. Is there a difference

> Is there enough statistical evidence to conclude that married people (MARITAL: 1 = Married, 5 = Never married) are more likely to work for themselves (WRKSLF: 1 = Work for themselves, 2 = Work for someone else) than married people?

> Are married people more likely to be working full time (WRKSTAT: 1 = Full time,)? Conduct a test to determine whether there are differences between married and never married (MARITAL: 1 = Married, 5 = Never married) American adults.

> Every year, there are more than 300,000 robberies in the United States. A researcher took a random sample of robberies in 2000, 2005, and 2010, and recorded the weapon used (1 = Firearm, 2 = Knife or other cutting instrument, 3 = Other, 4 = No weapon). I

> In theory, Republicans are more supportive of free enterprise. Do the data allow us to infer that Republicans (PARTYID3 1 = Democrat, 3 = Republican) are more likely to work for themselves (WRKSLF: 1 = Work for themselves, 2 = Other) than Democrats?

> Is working full time and earning more money than part time workers the prime reason why some people are Republicans. This raises the question, Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that Republicans (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat, 3 = Republican) are more lik

> Can we infer from the data that Democrats (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat; 3 = Republican) are more likely to work for the government (WRKGOVT: 1 = Government, 2 = Private enterprise)?

> Is there a difference between men and women in their preference for working for some government agency? Conduct a test to determine whether there is enough evidence to infer that women (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female) are more likely to work for the governmen

> Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that foreign-born people (BORN: 1 = In the United States, 2 = Elsewhere) are more likely to have a graduate degree (DEGREE: 4 = Graduate) than people born in the United States?

> The deep recession of 2008–2010 may have changed patterns of employment. Because of the large number of layoffs an increasing number of individuals have chosen to work for themselves. Does this apply equally to men and women (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female)?

> Most people who work for someone else are likely to have a set number of hours that does not vary. In most cases this will be around 40 hours per week. Self-employed people do not have the luxury of having a limit on the hours they work. As a result we w

> There are advantages and disadvantages to working for one’s self. The advantages are that the rewards can be substantial. However it is also possible to have nothing to show for a lot of work. In theory the variation in income for self-employed individua

> Do most two-income families try to have both spouses work the same number of hours? To answer the question conduct a test to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to infer that the respondent and his or her spouse differ in the number of hours p

> After a thorough analysis of the market, a publisher of business and economics statistics books has divided the market into three general approaches to teach applied statistics. These are (1) use of a computer and statistical software with no manual calc

> The survey asks for total family income and respondents’ income. The difference between them is the amount earned by the members of the respondent’s family. Estimate with 95% confidence the mean income of the other members of the respondent’s family (INC

> Is there sufficient evidence to infer that Americans are more educated than their mothers (EDUC and MAEDUC)?

> The general trend over the last century is that each generation is more educated that its predecessor. Has this trend continued? To answer this question, determine whether there is sufficient evidence that Americans are more educated than their fathers (

> Repeat Exercise 14.98 for the 2012 General Social Survey. Data from Exercise 14.98: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there are differences in the years of education between American adults and their fathers and mothers (EDUC, PAEDUC, MAEDUC

> Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there are differences in the years of education between American adults and their fathers and mothers (EDUC, PAEDUC, MAEDUC)?

> Perhaps another way to explain the outcome of the test in Exercise 13.59 is that Republicans wait longer to have children. a. Test to determine whether Republicans are older than Democrats (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat; 3 = Republican) when their first child i

> Does education play a role to explain the results in Exercise 13.59. a. Test to determine whether there is enough evidence to infer that Republicans (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat; 3 = Republican) more educated than Democrats (EDUC). b. Estimate the difference

> Refer to Exercise 13.59. If it is true that Republicans (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat; 3 = Republican) have higher incomes than Democrats, is it because they work harder? a. Conduct a statistical test to determine whether Republicans work longer hours (HRS1).

> Republicans tend to prefer smaller less intrusive government and lower taxes. Is this because Republicans have higher incomes (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat; 3 = Republican)? a. Do the data allow us to conclude that Republicans earn more income (RINCOME) than D

> In most countries including the United States, younger people tend to be on the left side of the political spectrum. If so, we would expect Republicans to be older than Democrats. a. Conduct a test to determine whether there is enough evidence to infer t

> The relationship between drug companies and medical researchers is under scrutiny because of possible conflict of interest. The issue that started the controversy was a 1995 case control study that suggested that the use of calcium-channel blockers to tr

> For Exercise 15.5, retest the hypotheses, assuming that the experiment involved twice as many trials (n = 300) and that the observed frequencies were twice as high as before, as shown here. Cell 1 2 3 4 Frequency 76 100 76 48

> Because many immigrants come to the United States with little money they often are willing to take risks that can result in high incomes. However, is this enough to overcome language and culture difficulties? a. Is there sufficient evidence to infer that

> Immigration has become an important topic in American politics. Some immigrants came to the United States to do jobs that Americans do not want to do. Many of these immigrants have little formal education. Other immigrants came to the United States with

> Some economists have theorized that one of the reasons that men earn higher incomes than women (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female) is that men work longer hours (HRS1). a. Conduct a statistical test to determine whether this contention is true. b. Are the requir

> Study after study indicate that men earn higher incomes than women (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female). a. To determine the extent of the differential in 2014 estimate the difference between male and female annual incomes (RINCOME). b. What are the required cond

> The upside to working for self-employment is that there is virtually no upper limit to income. If so, we would expect self-employed individuals (WRKSLF: 1 = Self-employed, 2 = Someone else) to have higher incomes (RINCOME). a. Conduct a test to determine

> As a general rule government employees (WRKGOVT: 1 = Government, 2 = Private) have more job security than do private sector employees. Do they also have higher incomes RINCOME)? a. Conduct a test to answer the question. b. Are the required conditions sat

> Refer to Exercise 14.34. Suppose that you want to determine which of the following pairs of means differ (POLVIEWS: 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 2 and 3). a. Which technique should you use? b. Use the technique and describe your results. Data from Exercise 14.34:

> Refer to Exercise 14.39. Use Tukey’s multiple comparison method to determine which pairs differ. Data from Exercise 14.39: Television networks and their advertisers are constantly surveying viewers to determine their likes and dislikes and how much time

> a. Use the analysis of variance to determine whether there is enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in the years of education (EDUC) between the liberals, moderates, and conservatives (POLVIEWS3: 1 = Liberal, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Conservati

> Refer to Exercise 14.31. Apply Tukey’s multiple comparison method to test for differences in income for each pair of political views. Data from Exercise 14.31: What happens to Americans’ political philosophies as they grow richer? If they change we woul

> (Exercise 2.44 revisited) The associate dean of a business school was looking for ways to improve the quality of the applicants to its MBA program. Inparticular, she wanted to know whether the undergraduate degree of applicants differed among her school

> Refer to Exercise 14.30. Suppose that you want to determine whether there are differences in the amount of education between each pair of liberals: POLVIEWS: 1 = Extremely liberal, 2 = Liberal, 3 = Slightly liberal. a. Which procedure should you use? b.

> Refer to Exercise 14.29. If you wanted to determine whether the following pairs of means differ: PARTYID: 1 and 3, 1 and 5, 3 and 5, which multiple comparison method would you select? What value of a would you use? Perform the test. Data from Exercise 1

> Is it a myth that Democrats are more educated than Republicans and Independents? a. Use the analysis of variance to determine whether the years of education (EDUC) differ among Democrats, Independents, and Republicans (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat, 2 = Indepen

> a. Use the analysis of variance to test for differences in the number of hours worked (HRS1) between races (RACE: 1 = White, 2 = Black, 3 = Other). b. Apply Tukey’s method to determine whether there are differences. c. Describe what you have discovered.

> a. Apply the analysis of variance to determine whether there is enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in income (RINCOME) between the races (RACE: 1 = White, 2 = Black, 3 = Other). b. Use Tukey’s method to determine which means differ.

> Refer to Exercise 14.27. a. Use Tukey’s multiple comparison method to determine which pairs of political parties differ. b. Use an appropriate method the compare the three Independents with the other. That is, test for the following pairs of means PARTYI

> Refer to Exercise 14.26. a. Apply Tukey’s multiple comparison method to determine which pairs of means differ. b. Use the Bonferroni adjustment test to determine whether there are differences between each of the following pairs of Independents: PARTYID:

> Refer to Exercise 14.25. a. Apply Tukey’s multiple comparison method to determine whether any means differ b. Is this result different from analysis of variance F-test? Data from Exercise 14.25: If differences in income exist, is it because higher-incom

> Refer to Exercise 14.24. Suppose that all you want to know is whether there are statistically significant differences in income between the three Independents (PARTYID: 2, 3, and 4). Perform the appropriate statistical procedure. Data from Exercise 14.2

> Refer to Exercise 14.23. a. Apply Tukey’s multiple comparison method to determine which pairs of means differ. b. Use the Bonferroni adjustment test to determine whether there are differences between each of the following pairs: PARTYID: 0 and 1, 0 and 2

> Because television audiences of newscasts tend to be older (and because older people suffer from a variety of medical ailments), pharmaceutical companies’ advertising often appears on national news on the three networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC). To determine

> Are government jobs more complex requiring more education than do private sector jobs? a. Test to determine whether there is enough evidence to conclude that government workers (WRKGOVT: 1 = Government, 2 = Private) have more education than do private se

> Another way to explain the results of Exercise 13.64 is to look at the differences in the number of hours of work. a. Is there sufficient evidence to infer that Conservatives work longer hours than Liberals (POLVIEWS3: 1 = Liberal, 3 = Conservative) (HRS

> We can attempt to explain the results in Exercise 13.63 by determining whether Conservatives are more educated than Liberals (POLVIEWS3: 1 = Liberal, 3 = Conservative). Test to determine whether Conservatives have more education than Liberals (EDUC). Wha

> As was the case with Democrats and Republicans we would expect that Conservatives would have higher incomes (POLVIEWS3: 1 = Liberal, 3 = Conservative) a. Conduct a statistical test to determine whether we can conclude that Conservatives, income exceeds t

> Is there sufficient evidence to infer that there are differences in marital status between people born in the United States and those born outside the United States (BORN: 1 = U.S., 2 = outside U.S.; MARITAL: Marital status: 1. Married, 2. Widowed, 3. Di

> Immigration has become a hot-button issue in American politics. One question that arises is: Are immigrants’ educational attainments differentfrom those born in the United States? Conduct a test to answer the question (BORN: 1 = U.S., 2 = outside U.S.; D

> Is there sufficient evidence to infer that support for capital punishment (CAPPUN: 1 = Favor, 2 = Oppose) is related to political affiliation (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat, 2 = Republican, 3 = Independent)?

> In the last two decades, an increasing proportion of women have entered the workforce. Determine whether there is enough evidence to conclude that men and women (SEX) differ in their work status (WRKSTAT).

> The issue of gun control in the United States is one that is often debated particularly during elections. The question arises, What does the public think about the issue and does support vary from year to year? Test to determine whether there is enough e

> Are government workers more or less conservative than people who work in the private sector? Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that government workers (WRKGOVT: 1 = Government, 2 = Someone else) differ from private-sector workers in terms of their

> During the past decade, many cigarette smokers have attempted to quit. Unfortunately, nicotine is highly addictive. Smokers use a large number of different methods to help them quit. These include nicotine patches, hypnosis, and various forms of therapy.

> Do Americans who work for themselves (WRKSLF: 1 = Self-employed, 2 = Someone else) support the same political groups (PARTYID3: 1 = Democrat, 2 = Independent, 3 = Republican) as Americans who work for someone else? Conduct a statistical test to answer th

> Is it a myth that men are more conservative and women more liberal? Conduct a test to determine whether men and women (SEX: 1 = Male, 2 = Female) differ in their political views (POLVIEWS3: 1 = Liberal, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Conservative).