Question: A high school senior uses the Internet

> Developers of a new math curriculum called Accelerated Math compared performances of students taught by their system with control groups of students in the same schools who were taught using traditional instructional methods and materials. S

> Are good grades in high school associated with family togetherness? A Simple Random Sample of 142 high-school students was asked how many meals per week their families ate together. Their responses produced a mean of 3.78 meals per week, with a standard

> We saw in Part II Review Exercise R2.21 that Old Faithful eruptions do not occur at constant intervals and the intervals may vary greatly depending on the duration of the previous eruption. In that exercise, we fit a regression model, which we can now im

> Cereals with bran Exercise R6.41 looked at regressions to model calories in breakfast cereals based on their carbohydrates and fiber content. Here is a scatterplot of carbohydrates vs. fiber content for these cereals: The cereals plotted with green x are

> A 1954 study of 1438 pregnant women examined the association between the woman education level and the occurrence of unplanned pregnancies, producing these data: Do these data provide evidence of an association between family planning and education level

> The first Stat exam had a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 4 points; the second had a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 15 points. Reginald scored an 80 on the first test and an 85 on the second. Sara scored an 88 on the first but only a 65 on

> A regression of the calories in breakfast cereals on their carbohydrate content (g) looks like this: Response variable is: calories A second regression with fiber content included gives this model: Response variable is: calories 1. Give an interpretation

> At a barbershop music singing competition, choruses are judged on three scales: Music (quality of the arrangement, etc.), Performance, and Singing. The scales are supposed to be independent of each other, and each is scored by a different judge, but a fr

> At the middle of the 2016–2017 NBA season, James Hardin led the league by making 468 of 544 free throws, for a success rate of 86%. But Russell Westbook was close behind with 425 of 517 (82.2%). 1. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in t

> A survey of 1021 school-age children was conducted by randomly selecting children from several large urban elementary schools. Two of the questions concerned eye and hair color. In the survey, the following codes were used: The statistics students analyz

> The Pew Research Center conducted a representative telephone survey in October of 2016. Among the reported results was the following table concerning the preferred political party affiliation of respondents and their ages for white voters. Is there evide

> According to the 2011 Retirement Confidence Survey, run by the Employee Benefit Research Institute, 37% of men reported being a lot behind schedule while 43% of women answered in the same way. Is this evidence that in general, more women are feeling this

> Are twin births becoming more common? Part II Review Exercise R2.5 looked at the number of twin births by year from 1980 to 2014. Now we can include some inference: Response variable is: TwinBirths/1000 1. State and test the standard null hypothesis for

> In 2000, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study that examined a sample of pregnancies that resulted in the birth of twins. Births were classified as preterm with intervention (induced labor or cesarean), preterm without such pr

> In 2016, about 200,000 statistics students nationwide took the Advanced Placement Examination in statistics. The national distribution of scores and the results at Ithaca High School are shown in the table. Is the distribution of scores at this high scho

> In an experiment to see if left- and right-handed people have different abilities in music, subjects heard a tone and were then asked to identify which of several other tones matched the first. Of 76 right-handed subjects, 38 were successful in completin

> The first Stats exam had a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of 10 points; the second had a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 5 points. Derrick scored an 80 on both tests. Julie scored a 70 on the first test and a 90 on the second. They both total

> Large herds of wild horses can become a problem on some federal lands in the West. Researchers hoping to improve the management of these herds collected data to see if they could predict the number of foals that would be born based on the size of the cur

> The following table is based on a Gallup Poll of 1015 U.S. adults on April 912, 2015. Respondents were classified as high income (over $75,000), middle income ($30k $75k), or low income (less than $30k). Those polled were asked for their views on redist

> In an investigation of environmental causes of disease, data were collected on the annual mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) for males in 61 large towns in England and Wales. In addition, the water hardness was recorded as the calcium concentration (par

> Joseph Lister (for whom Listerine is named!) was a British physician who was interested in the role of bacteria in human infections. He suspected that germs were involved in transmitting infection, so he tried using carbolic acid as an operating room dis

> Nambe Mills manufactures plates, bowls, and other tableware made from an alloy of several metals. Each item must go through several steps, including polishing. To better understand the production process and its impact on pricing, the company checked the

> Two human traits controlled by a single gene are the ability to roll one tongue and whether one ear lobes are free or attached to the neck. Genetic theory says that people will have neither, one, or both of these traits in the ratio 1:3:3:9 (1 attached,

> 1. Make histograms of the cloud seeding data for both unseeded and seeded clouds. Do you think either of the inference methods used in Exercise R6.26 is appropriate? 2. Find a re-expression that improves the distributions of the cloud seeding rainfall am

> In an experiment to determine whether seeding clouds with silver iodide increases rainfall, 52 clouds were randomly assigned to be seeded or not. The amount of rain they generated was then measured (in acre-feet). a. Create a 95% confidence interval for

> A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association examined people to see if they showed any signs of IRS (insulin resistance syndrome) involving major risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Among 102 subjects who consumed

> In 1936 Sir Ronald Fisher presented data on irises as the example in a famous statistics paper. Ever since, Fisher Iris data have been a feature of statistics texts. We didn’t want to be an exception. Can measurements of the petal lengt

> In the last chapter, we looked we look at three outliers arising from a plot of Average Wind Speed by Month in the Hopkins Forest. Each was is associated with an unusually strong storm, but which was is the most remarkable for its month? Here are the sum

> The study described in Exercise R6.21 also looked at scores in mathematics and language. Here are software outputs for the appropriate tests. Explain what they show. Mathematics T-TEST OF Mu(1) Mu(2)=0Mu(Cert) Mu(NoCert)=4.53t(86)=2.95p=0.002 Language T

> In 1974, the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia was the scene of an outbreak of what later became known as Legionnaires disease. The cause of the disease was finally discovered to be bacteria that thrived in the air-conditioning units of the hotel.

> Several programs attempt to address the shortage of qualified teachers by placing uncertified instructors in schools with acute needs often in inner cities. A study compared students taught by certified teachers to others taught by uncertified teachers i

> Some people fear that differences in insurance coverage can affect health care decisions. A survey of several randomly selected hospitals found that 16.6% of 223 recent births in Vermont involved cesarean deliveries, compared to 18.8% of 186 births in Ne

> During a 2-month period, 72 babies were born at the Tompkins Community Hospital in upstate New York. The table shows how many babies were born on each day of the week. 1. If births are uniformly distributed across all days of the week, how many would you

> A study conducted in the multicultural Spanish city of Ceuta investigated the relationship between religion and the prevalence of eating disorders. Students aged 12-20 were selected from three public schools. In the study, suppose there were 150 Muslim s

> In the depression and heart attack research described in Exercise R6.17, 32% of the diseased group were smokers, compared with only 23.7% of those free of heart disease. 1. Create a 95% confidence interval for the difference in the proportions of smokers

> In a study of how depression may affect one ability to survive a heart attack, the researchers reported the ages of the two groups they examined. The mean age of 2397 patients without cardiac disease was 69.8 years (SD=8.7Â years), while for the 450 pati

> The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported seat belt use and fatalities in car accidents. (Seat belt use in 2015 use rates in the states and territories. Report no. DOT HS-812-274) Is the rate of seat belt use different in New England co

> In the midwestern United States, a large aquaculture industry raises largemouth bass. Researchers wanted to know whether the fish would grow better if fed a natural diet of fathead minnows or an artificial diet of food pellets. They stocked six ponds wit

> Corey has 4929 songs in his computer music library. The songs have a mean duration of 242.4 seconds with a standard deviation of 114.51 seconds. On the Nickel, by Tom Waits, is 380 seconds long. What is its z-score?

> Does race matter when applying for National Institutes of Health grants? A study found that of 58,148 applications submitted by white researchers, 15,700 were accepted and funded by the NIH. Additionally, 198 of the 1164 applications submitted by black r

> Archaeologists can use the chemical composition of clay found in pottery artifacts to determine whether different sites were populated by the same ancient people. They collected five samples of Romano-British pottery from each of two sites in Great Brita

> Can pleasant smells improve learning? Researchers timed 21 subjects as they tried to complete paper-and-pencil mazes. Each subject attempted a maze both with and without the presence of a floral aroma. Subjects were randomized with respect to whether the

> A study found that babies born at different times of the year may develop the ability to crawl at different ages. The authors of the study suggested that these differences may be related to the temperature at the time the infant is 6 months old. (Benson

> Among 242 Cleveland-area children born prematurely at low birthweights between 1977 and 1979, only 74% graduated from high school. Among a comparison group of 233 children of normal birthweight, 83% were high school graduates. (Outcomes in Young Adulthoo

> A report in the New England Journal of Medicine notes growing evidence that the herb Aristolochia fangchi can cause urinary tract cancer in those who take it. Suppose you are asked to design an experiment to study this claim. Imagine that you have data o

> In June 2017, Pew Research asked a random sample of 2504 U.S. adults, Do you strongly favor, favor, oppose, or strongly oppose allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally? (www.people-press.org/2017/06/26/support-for-same-sex-marriage-grows-even-among-g

> We are sampling randomly from a distribution known to be bimodal. 1. As our sample size increases, what the expected shape of the sample distribution? 2. What the expected value of our sample mean? Does the size of the sample matter? 3. How is the variab

> Using a computer to play many simulated games of Scrabble, researcher Charles Robinove found that the letter A occurred in 54% of the hands. This study had a margin of error of ±10% (Chance, 15, no. 1 [2002]) 1. Explain what the margin of error means in

> In a survey of 1002 U.S. adults in December 2016 by Pew Research (www.journalism.org/2016/12/15/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/), 64% of adult respondents say they think that made-up news is causing a great deal of confusion about t

> The fastest horse in Kentucky Derby history was Secretariat in 1973. The scatterplot shows speed (in miles per hour) of the winning horses each year. What do you see? In most sporting events, performances have improved and continue to improve, so surely

> The 2016 U.S. presidential election was unusual in several ways. First, the candidate who won the most electoral votes, Donald Trump, did not win the most popular votes. Second, several minor-party candidates received enough votes to possibly affect the

> In a car rental company fleet, 70% of the cars are American brands, 20% are Japanese, and the rest are German. The company notes that manufacturers recalls seem to affect 2% of the American cars, but only 1% of the others. 1. What the probability that a

> How large are hamster litters? Among 47 golden hamster litters recorded, there were an average of 7.72 baby hamsters, with a standard deviation of 2.5 hamsters per litter. 1. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval. 2. Would a 98% confidence inter

> We work for the Watchdog for the Consumer consumer advocacy group. We’ve been asked to look at a battery company that claims its batteries last an average of 100 hours under normal use. There have been several complaints that the batteries don’t last tha

> Every statement about a confidence interval contains two parts the level of confidence and the interval. Suppose that an insurance agent estimating the mean loss claimed by clients after home burglaries created the 95% confidence interval ($1644, $2391).

> As a project for an Introductory Statistics course, students checked 6 bags of Fritos marked with a net weight of 35.4 grams. They carefully weighed the contents of each bag, recording the following weights (in grams): 35.5, 35.3, 35.1, 36.4, 35.4, 35.5.

> Clarksburg Bakery is trying to predict how many loaves to bake. In the past 100 days, the bakery has sold between 95 and 140 loaves per day. Here are a histogram and the summary statistics for the number of loaves sold for the past 100 days. 1. Can you u

> In February 2012, MedPage Today reported that researchers used vemurafenib to treat metastatic melanoma (skin cancer). Out of 152 patients, 53% had a partial or complete response to vemurafenib. 1. Write a 95% confidence interval for the proportion helpe

> Researchers in the Adirondack Mountains collect data on a random sample of streams each year. One of the variables recorded is the substrate of the stream the type of soil and rock over which they flow. The researchers found that 69 of the 172 sampled st

> In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement protested the concentration of wealth and power in the United States. A 2012 University of Delaware survey asked a random sample of 901 American adults whether they agreed or disagreed with the following statement

> Each year thousands of high school students take either the SAT or the ACT, standardized tests used in the college admissions process. Combined SAT Math and Verbal scores go as high as 1600, while the maximum ACT composite score is 36. Since the two exam

> A college student is on a meal program. His budget allows him to spend an average of $10 per day for the semester. He keeps track of his daily food expenses for 2 weeks; the data are given in the table below. Is there strong evidence that he will overspe

> To get a voter initiative on a state ballot, petitions that contain at least 250,000 valid voter signatures must be filed with the Elections Commission. The board then has 60 days to certify the petitions. A group wanting to create a statewide system of

> A newspaper report in August 2002 raised the issue of racial bias in the issuance of speeding tickets. The following facts were noted: Sixteen percent of drivers registered in New Jersey are black. Of the 324 speeding tickets issued in one month on a 65-

> Medical literature says that about 8% of males are color-blind. A university introductory psychology course is taught in a large lecture hall. Among the students, there are 325 males. Each semester when the professor discusses visual perception, he shows

> The U.S. Census Bureau reports that 36% of all U.S. businesses are owned by women (www.entrepreneur.com/article/252048). A Colorado consulting firm surveys a random sample of 410 businesses in the Denver area and finds that 164 of them have women owners.

> One study comparing various treatments for the eating disorder anorexia nervosa initially enlisted 198 subjects, but found overall that 105 failed to complete their assigned treatment programs. Construct and interpret an appropriate confidence interval.

> The advertising company described in Exercise R5.26 is thinking about signing a WNBA star to an endorsement deal. In its poll, 27% of the respondents could identify her. 1. Fans who never took statistics can’t understand why the company did not offer thi

> An advertising agency won’t sign an athlete to do product endorsements unless it is sure the person is known to more than 25% of its target audience. The agency always conducts a poll of 500 people to investigate the athlete name recognition before offer

> In 1996, 20% of all students at a major university had an overall grade point average of 3.5 or higher (on a scale of 4.0). In 2012, a random sample of 1100 student records found that 25% had a GPA of 3.5 or higher. Is this evidence of grade inflation?

> President Obama was very popular at the end of his eight years in office. A CNN/ORC poll of 1000 U.S. adults conducted in the week before the end of his term found that 63% of Americans said they held a favorable view of the President (elections.huffingt

> A specialty foods company sells gourmet hams by mail order. The hams vary in size from 4.15 to 7.45 pounds, with a mean weight of 6 pounds and standard deviation of 0.65 pounds. The quartiles and median weights are 5.6, 6.2, and 6.55 pounds. 1. Find the

> We are replicating an experiment. How will each of the following changes affect the power of our test? Indicate whether it will increase, decrease, or remain the same, assuming that all other aspects of the situation remain unchanged. 1. We increase the

> A computer company recently experienced a disastrous fire that ruined some of its inventory. Unfortunately, during the panic of the fire, some of the damaged computers were sent to another warehouse, where they were mixed with undamaged computers. The en

> Observers in Texas watched children at play in eight communities. Of the 814 children seen biking, roller skating, or skateboarding, only 14% wore a helmet. 1. Create and interpret an appropriate 95% confidence interval. 2. What concerns do you have abou

> An auto parts company advertises that its special oil additive will make the engine run smoother, cleaner, longer, with fewer repairs. An independent laboratory decides to test part of this claim. It arranges to have a taxicab company fleet of cars use t

> A champion archer can generally hit the bull-eye 80% of the time. Suppose she shoots 200 arrows during competition. Let p^ represent the percentage of bull-eyes she gets (the sample proportion). 1. What are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling

> Growing concern about binge drinking among college students has prompted one large state university to conduct a survey to assess the size of the problem on its campus. The university plans to randomly select students and ask how many have been drunk dur

> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 9.3% of surveyed high school students reported in 2015 that they had smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days. A college has 522 students in its freshman class. How likely is it that more than 10%

> The 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study interviewed more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states about their beliefs and the role of religion in their lives. The fastest-growing group is the 22.8% who are Nones those who are not affiliated with any orga

> Neurological research has shown that in about 80% of people language abilities reside in the brain left side. Another 10% display right-brain language centers, and the remaining 10% have two-sided language control. (The latter two groups are mainly left-

> A Rutgers University study found that many high school students cheat on tests. The researchers surveyed a random sample of 4500 high school students nationwide; 74% of them said they had cheated at least once. 1. Create a 90% confidence interval for the

> Here are the summary statistics for the weekly payroll of a small company: lowest salary=$300, mean salary=$700, median=$500, range=$1200, IQR=$600, first quartile=$350, standard deviation=$400. 1. Do you think the distribution of salaries is symmetric,

> Organizers of a fishing tournament believe that the lake holds a sizable population of largemouth bass. They assume that the weights of these fish have a model that is skewed to the right with a mean of 3.5 pounds and a standard deviation of 2.2 pounds.

> One of the important issues for poultry farmers is the production rate the percentage of days on which a given hen actually lays an egg. Ideally, that would be 100% (an egg every day), but realistically, hens tend to lay eggs on about 3 of every 4 days.

> A newspaper article that reported the results of an election poll included the following explanation: The Associated Press poll on the 2016 presidential campaign is based on telephone interviews with 798 randomly selected registered voters from all state

> According to the U.S. American Community Survey (ACS), by 2014, for the first time in the history of the ACS, more U.S. 18- to 34-year-olds reported living with a parent than were living independently in their own homes. The survey found that 32.1% were

> The 2016 State of Women-Owned Businesses Report commissioned by American Express (www.womenable.com/70/the-state-of-women-owned-businesses-in-the-u.s.:-2016) says that, excluding large, publicly traded firms, women-owned firms make up 38% of the privatel

> The National Perinatal Statistics Unit of the Sydney Children Hospital reports that the mean birth weight of all babies born in birth centers in Australia in a recent year was 3564 grams about 7.86 pounds. A Missouri hospital reports that the average wei

> A group of 5 women became pregnant while undergoing fertility treatments with the drug Clomid, discussed in Exercise 7 . What the probability that 1. none will have twins? 2. exactly 1 will have twins? 3. at least 3 will have twins?

> A car owner may buy insurance that will pay the full price of repairing the car after an at-fault accident, or save $12 a year by getting a policy with a $500 deductible. Her insurance company says that about 0.5% of drivers in her area have an at-fault

> In the United States, the probability of having twins (usually about 1 in 90 births) rises to about 1 in 10 for women who have been taking the fertility drug Clomid. Among a group of 10 pregnant women, what the probability that 1. at least one will have

> Safety engineers must determine whether industrial workers can operate a machine emergency shutoff device. Among a group of test subjects, 66% were successful with their left hands, 82% with their right hands, and 51% with both hands. 1. What percent of

> The mean price of pizza in Baltimore was $2.85, $0.23 higher than the mean price of $2.62 in Dallas. To see if that difference was real, or due to chance, we took the 156 prices from Baltimore and Dallas and mixed those 312 prices together. Then we rando

> To play a game, you must pay $5 for each play. There is a 10% chance you will win $5, a 40% chance you will win $7, and a 50% chance you will win only $3. 1. What are the mean and standard deviation of your net winnings? 2. You play twice. Assuming the p

> You are among 100 people attending a charity fundraiser at which a large-screen TV will be given away as a door prize. To determine who wins, 99 white balls and 1 red ball have been placed in a box and thoroughly mixed. The guests will line up and, one a

> Suppose that 70% of the women who suspect they may be pregnant and purchase an in-home pregnancy test are actually pregnant. Further suppose that the test is 98% accurate. What the probability that a woman whose test indicates that she is pregnant actual

> In a car rental company fleet, 70% of the cars are American brands, 20% are Japanese, and the rest are German. The company notes that manufacturers recalls seem to affect 2% of the American cars, but only 1% of the others. 1. What the probability that a

> In 1961 astronomer Frank Drake developed an equation to try to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy that might be able to communicate with us via radio transmissions. Now largely accepted by the scientific community, the Dr

> A coin is to be tossed 36 times. 1. What are the mean and standard deviation of the number of heads? 2. Suppose the resulting number of heads is unusual, two standard deviations above the mean. How many extra heads were observed? 3. If the coin were toss