Question: A mercury manometer (ρ = 13,600 kg/m3

> Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to-exit area ratio of 2:1 with a velocity of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine (a) the exit temperature and (b) the exit pressure of the air.

> Air enters a nozzle steadily at 50 psia, 140°F, and 150 ft/s and leaves at 14.7 psia and 900 ft/s. The heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 6.5 Btu/lbm of air flowing. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.1 ft2. Determine (a) the exit temperature of

> The diffuser in a jet engine is designed to decrease the kinetic energy of the air entering the engine compressor without any work or heat interactions. Calculate the velocity at the exit of a diffuser when air at 100 kPa and 30°C enters it with a veloci

> The stators in a gas turbine are designed to increase the kinetic energy of the gas passing through them adiabatically. Air enters a set of these nozzles at 300 psia and 700°F with a velocity of 80 ft/s and exits at 250 psia and 645°F. Calculate the velo

> Blood pressure is usually measured by wrapping a closed air-filled jacket equipped with a pressure gage around the upper arm of a person at the level of the heart. Using a mercury manometer and a stethoscope, the systolic pressure (the maximum pressure w

> The kinetic energy of a fluid increases as it is accelerated in an adiabatic nozzle. Where does this energy come from?

> A diffuser is an adiabatic device that decreases the kinetic energy of the fluid by slowing it down. What happens to this lost kinetic energy?

> Can a steady-flow system involve boundary work?

> How is a steady-flow system characterized?

> Steam is leaving a pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 20 psia. It is observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased by 0.6 gal in 45 minutes after the steady operating conditions are established, and the cross-sectional area of t

> Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigeration system as saturated vapor at 0.14 MPa and leaves as superheated vapor at 0.8 MPa and 60°C at a rate of 0.06 kg/s. Determine the rates of energy transfers by mass into and out of the compressor. As

> Define mass and volume flow rates. How are they related to each other?

> A house is maintained at 1 atm and 24°C, and warm air inside a house is forced to leave the house at a rate of 90 m3/h as a result of outdoor air at 5°C infiltrating into the house through the cracks. Determine the rate of net energy loss of the house du

> An air compressor compresses 6 L of air at 120 kPa and 20°C to 1000 kPa and 400°C. Determine the flow work, in kJ/kg, required by the compressor.

> How do the energies of a flowing fluid and a fluid at rest compare? Name the specific forms of energy associated with each case.

> Repeat Prob. 2–50E by replacing air with oil with a specific gravity of 0.69. Data from Prob 2-50: The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer shown in Fig. P2–50E with one of the arms open to

> An adiabatic air compressor is to be powered by a direct-coupled adiabatic steam turbine that is also driving a generator. Steam enters the turbine at 12.5 MPa and 500°C at a rate of 25 kg/s and exits at 10 kPa and a quality of 0.92. Air enter

> In a single-flash geothermal power plant, geothermal water enters the flash chamber (a throttling valve) at 230°C as a saturated liquid at a rate of 50 kg/s. The steam resulting from the flashing process enters a turbine and leaves at 20 kPa w

> A pressure cooker is a pot that cooks food much faster than ordinary pots by maintaining a higher pressure and temperature during cooking. The pressure inside the pot is controlled by a pressure regulator (the petcock) that keeps the pressure at a consta

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 1.2 kg of air at 700 kPa and 200°C. At this state, the piston is touching on a pair of stops. The mass of the piston is such that 600-kPa pressure is required to move it. A valve at

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 2 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa and 80°C. At this state, the piston is touching on a pair of stops at the top. The mass of the piston is such that a 500-kPa pressure is required to move it. A valve at the b

> A liquid R-134a bottle has an internal volume of 0.0015 m3. Initially it contains 0.55 kg of R-134a (saturated mixture) at 26°C. A valve is opened and R-134a vapor only (no liquid) is allowed to escape slowly such that temperature remains constant until

> It is proposed to have a water heater that consists of an insulated pipe of 7.5-cm diameter and an electric resistor inside. Cold water at 20°C enters the heating section steadily at a rate of 24 L/min. If water is to be heated to 48°C, determine (a) the

> Reconsider Prob. 6–159. Using appropriate software, investigate the effects of turbine exit area and turbine exit pressure on the exit velocity and power output of the turbine. Let the exit pressure vary from 10 to 50 kPa (with the same quality), and let

> What are the different mechanisms for transferring energy to or from a control volume?

> Steam enters a turbine steadily at 7 MPa and 600°C with a velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at 25 kPa with a quality of 95 percent. A heat loss of 20 kJ/kg occurs during the process. The inlet area of the turbine is 150 cm2, and the exit area is 1400 cm2. D

> The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer shown in Fig. P2–50E with one of the arms open to the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psia. Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline.

> What is the driving force for (a) heat transfer, (b) electric current, and (c) fluid flow?

> Reconsider Prob. 6–157. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the inlet temperature of cold water on the energy saved by using the low-flow shower head. Let the inlet temperature vary from 10°C to 20°C. Plot the electric energy savings ag

> The maximum flow rate of standard shower heads is about 3.5 gpm (13.3 L/min) and can be reduced to 2.75 gpm (10.5 L/min) by switching to low-flow shower heads that are equipped with flow controllers. Consider a family of four, with each person taking a 5

> A building with an internal volume of 400 m3 is to be heated by a 30-kW electric resistance heater placed in the duct inside the building. Initially, the air in the building is at 14°C, and the local atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. The buildin

> An air-conditioning system requires airflow at the main supply duct at a rate of 130 m3/min. The average velocity of air in the circular duct is not to exceed 8 m/s to avoid excessive vibration and pressure drops. Assuming the fan converts 80 percent of

> Consider a large classroom on a hot summer day with 150 students, each dissipating 60 W of sensible heat. All the lights, with 6.0 kW of rated power, are kept on. The room has no external walls, and thus heat gain through the walls and the roof is neglig

> Determine the rate of sensible heat loss from a building due to infiltration if the outdoor air at –5°C and 95 kPa enters the building at a rate of 60 L/s when the indoors is maintained at 25°C.

> The ventilating fan of the bathroom of a building has a volume flow rate of 30 L/s and runs continuously. The building is located in San Francisco, California, where the average winter temperature is 12.2°C, and it is maintained at 22Â&d

> It is well established that indoor air quality (IAQ) has a significant effect on general health and productivity of employees at a workplace. A study showed that enhancing IAQ by increasing the building ventilation from 5 cfm (cubic feet per minute) to 2

> Steam at 80 psia and 400°F is mixed with water at 60°F and 80 psia steadily in an adiabatic device. Steam enters the device at a rate of 0.05 lbm/s, while the water enters at 1 lbm/s. Determine the temperature of the mixture leaving this device when the

> Refrigerant-134a enters a 28-cm-diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of 5 m/s. The refrigerant gains heat as it flows and leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and 40°C. Determine (a) the volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the inlet, (b) t

> Repeat Prob. 2–48 for a differential mercury height of 45 mm. Data from Prob 2-48: A mercury manometer (ρ = 13,600 kg/m3) is connected to an air duct to measure the pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is

> Repeat Prob. 6–148 for a copper wire (ρ = 8950 kg/m3 and cp = 0.383 kJ/kg·°C). Data from Prob. 6-148: Long aluminum wires of diameter 5 mm (ρ = 2702 kg/m3and cp = 0.896 kJ/kgÂ&middot

> Long aluminum wires of diameter 5 mm (ρ = 2702 kg/m3and cp = 0.896 kJ/kg·°C) are extruded at a temperature of 350°C and are cooled to 50°C in atmospheric air at 25°C. If the wire is ext

> In a dairy plant, milk at 4°C is pasteurized continuously at 72°C at a rate of 20 L/s for 24 h a day and 365 days a year. The milk is heated to the pasteurizing temperature by hot water heated in a natural-gas-fired boiler that has

> A glass bottle washing facility uses a well-agitated hot water bath at 50°C that is placed on the ground. The bottles enter at a rate of 450 per minute at an ambient temperature of 20°C and leave at the water temperature. Each bottle has a mass of 150 g

> A refrigeration system is being designed to cool eggs (ρ = 67.4 lbm/ft3 and cp = 0.80 Btu/lbm·°F) with an average mass of 0.14 lbm from an initial temperature of 90°F to a final average temperature of 50°F by air at 34°F at a rate of 3000 eggs per hour.

> Repeat Prob. 6–143 assuming that the heat gain of the chiller is negligible. Data from Prob. 6-143: Chickens with an average mass of 2.2 kg and average specific heat of 3.54 kJ/kg·°C are to be cooled by chilled water that enters a continuous-flow-type i

> Chickens with an average mass of 2.2 kg and average specific heat of 3.54 kJ/kg·°C are to be cooled by chilled water that enters a continuous-flow-type immersion chiller at 0.5°C. Chickens are dropped into the chiller at a uniform temperature of 15°C at

> Determine the power input for a compressor that compresses helium from 110 kPa and 20°C to 400 kPa and 200°C. Helium enters this compressor through a 0.1-m2 pipe at a velocity of 7 m/s.

> An ideal gas expands in an adiabatic turbine from 1200 K and 900 kPa to 800 K. Determine the turbine inlet volume flow rate of the gas, in m3/s, required to produce turbine work output at the rate of 650 kW. The average values of the specific heats for t

> Cold water enters a steam generator at 20°C and leaves as saturated vapor at 200°C. Determine the fraction of heat used in the steam generator to preheat the liquid water from 20°C to the saturation temperature of 200°C.

> A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. If the density of air is 1.20 kg/m3 at the inlet and 0.95 k

> In large gas-turbine power plants, air is preheated by the exhaust gases in a heat exchanger called the regenerator before it enters the combustion chamber. Air enters the regenerator at 1 MPa and 550 K at a mass flow rate of 800 kg/min. Heat is trans

> In large steam power plants, the feedwater is frequently heated in a closed feedwater heater by using steam extracted from the turbine at some stage. Steam enters the feedwater heater at 1 MPa and 200°C and leaves as saturated liquid at the same pressure

> Steam at 40°C condenses on the outside of a 5-m-long, 3-cm-diameter thin horizontal copper tube by cooling water that enters the tube at 25°C at an average velocity of 2 m/s and leaves at 35°C. Determine the rate of conde

> Consider a heat exchanger that uses hot air to heat cold water. Air enters this heat exchanger at 20 psia and 200°F at a rate of 100 ft3/min and leaves at 17 psia and 100°F. Water enters this unit at 20 psia and 50°F at a

> Steam enters a nozzle with a low velocity at 150°C and 200 kPa, and leaves as a saturated vapor at 75 kPa. There is a heat transfer from the nozzle to the surroundings in the amount of 26 kJ for every kilogram of steam flowing through the nozzle. Determi

> Steam enters a long, insulated pipe at 1200 kPa, 250°C, and 4 m/s, and exits at 1000 kPa. The diameter of the pipe is 0.15 m at the inlet, and 0.1 m at the exit. Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam and its speed at the pipe outlet.

> A fan is powered by a 0.5-hp motor and delivers air at a rate of 85 m3/min. Determine the highest value for the average velocity of air mobilized by the fan. Take the density of air to be 1.18 kg/m3.

> A 110-V electric water heater warms 0.1 L/s of water from 18 to 30°C. Calculate the current in amperes that must be supplied to this heater.

> Nitrogen gas flows through a long, constant-diameter adiabatic pipe. It enters at 100 psia and 120°F and leaves at 50 psia and 70°F. Calculate the velocity of the nitrogen at the pipe’s inlet and outlet.

> A manometer is used to measure the air pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 1.25, and the differential height between the two arms of the manometer is 28 in. If the local atmospheric pressure is 12.7 psia, determine the absolute p

> Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor at 15 psia and 20°F with a volume flow rate of 10 ft3/s and leaves at a pressure of 100 psia. The power input to the compressor is 45 hp. Find (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and (b) th

> A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan whose flow rate is 0.34 m3/min. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the fan at an elevation of 3400 m where the air density is 0.7 kg/m3. Also, if the average velocity of air is not to exceed 110 m/min,

> A steam turbine operates with 1.6 MPa and 350°C steam at its inlet and saturated vapor at 30°C at its exit. The mass flow rate of the steam is 22 kg/s, and the turbine produces 12,350 kW of power. Determine the rate at which heat is

> An air compressor compresses 15 L/s of air at 120 kPa and 20°C to 800 kPa and 300°C while consuming 6.2 kW of power. How much of this power is being used to increase the pressure of the air versus the power needed to move the fluid through the compressor

> Water is boiled at 100°C electrically by a 3-kW resistance wire. Determine the rate of evaporation of water.

> Air at 4.18 kg/m3 enters a nozzle that has an inlet-to exit area ratio of 2:1 with a velocity of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine the density of air at the exit.

> Helium steadily enters a pipe with a mass flow rate of 8 kg/s at 427°C and 100 kPa and leaves the pipe at 27°C. The pressure during the process is constant at 100 kPa. (a) Determine the heat transfer for the process, in kW. (b) Determine the volume flow

> A long roll of 1-m-wide and 0.5-cm-thick 1-Mn manganese steel plate (ρ = 7854 kg/m3) coming off a furnace is to be quenched in an oil bath to a specified temperature. If the metal sheet is moving at a steady velocity of 1 0 m/min, determine th

> Underground water is being pumped into a pool whose cross section is 6 m × 9 m while water is discharged through a 7-cm-diameter orifice at a constant average velocity of 4 m/s. If the water level in the pool rises at a rate of 2.5 cm/min, determine the

> Repeat Prob. 6–121E when the supply line carries oxygen at 300 psia and 450°F. Data from Prob. 6-121E: The weighted piston of the device shown in Fig. P6–121E maintains the pressure of the piston cylinder c

> A manometer containing oil (ρ = 850 kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the oil-level difference between the two columns is 80 cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the absolute pressure of the air in the tank.

> The weighted piston of the device shown in Fig. P6–121E maintains the pressure of the piston cylinder contents at 200 psia. Initially, this system contains no mass. The valve is now opened, and steam from the line flows into the cylinde

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.6 kg of steam with a volume of 0.1 m3. The mass of the piston is such that it maintains a constant pressure of 800 kPa. The cylinder is connected through a valve to a supply line that carrie

> Water enters the constant 130-mm inside-diameter tubes of a boiler at 7 MPa and 65°C and leaves the tubes at 6 MPa and 450°C with a velocity of 80 m/s. Calculate the velocity of the water at the tube inlet and the inlet volume flow rate.

> A vertical piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.01 m3 of steam at 200°C. The mass of the frictionless piston is such that it maintains a constant pressure of 500 kPa inside. Now steam at 1 MPa and 350°C is allowed to enter the cylinder from a supp

> A vertical piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.25 m3 of air at 600 kPa and 300°C. A valve connected to the cylinder is now opened, and air is allowed to escape until three quarters of the mass leaves the cylinder, at

> A vertical piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.2 m3 of air at 20°C. The mass of the piston is such that it maintains a constant pressure of 300 kPa inside. Now a valve connected to the cylinder is opened, and air is allowed to escape until the vo

> An insulated 0.15-m3 tank contains helium at 3 MPa and 130°C. A valve is now opened, allowing some helium to escape. The valve is closed when one-half of the initial mass has escaped. Determine the final temperature and pressure in the tank.

> A balloon initially contains 40 m3 of helium gas at atmospheric conditions of 100 kPa and 17°C. The balloon is connected by a valve to a large reservoir that supplies helium gas at 125 kPa and 25°C. Now the valve is opened, and heli

> The air-release flap on a hot-air balloon is used to release hot air from the balloon when appropriate. On one hot-air balloon, the air release opening has an area of 0.5 m2, and the filling opening has an area of 1 m2. During a two-minute adiabatic flig

> A 0.3-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid water at 200°C. A valve at the bottom of the tank is opened, and liquid is withdrawn from the tank. Heat is transferred to the water such that the temperature in the tank remains constant. De

> Reconsider Prob. 2–44. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the manometer fluid density in the range of 800 to 13,000 kg/m3 on the differential fluid height of the manometer. Plot the differential fluid height against t

> A 0.05-m3 rigid tank initially contains refrigerant-134a at 0.8 MPa and 100 percent quality. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that carries refrigerant-134a at 1.2 MPa and 40°C. Now the valve is opened, and the refrigerant is allowed to e

> Oxygen is supplied to a medical facility from ten 1.5-ft3 compressed oxygen tanks. Initially, these tanks are at 1500 psia and 80°F. The oxygen is removed from these tanks slowly enough that the temperature in the tanks remains at 80°F. After two weeks,

> An air-conditioning system is to be filled from a rigid container that initially contains 5 kg of liquid R-134a at 24°C. The valve connecting this container to the air-conditioning system is now opened until the mass in the container is 0.25 k

> Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 40 m/s and leaves at 0.762 kg/m3 and 180 m/s. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 90 cm2, determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle, and (b) the exit area of the nozzle.

> A 4-L pressure cooker has an operating pressure of 175 kPa. Initially, one-half of the volume is filled with liquid and the other half with vapor. If it is desired that the pressure cooker not run out of liquid water for 75 min, determine the highest rat

> A 3-ft3 rigid tank initially contains saturated water vapor at 300°F. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 200 psia and 400°F. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to enter the tank. Heat transfer takes place w

> A 0.2-m3 rigid tank equipped with a pressure regulator contains steam at 2 MPa and 300°C. The steam in the tank is now heated. The regulator keeps the steam pressure constant by letting out some steam, but the temperature inside rises. Determine the amou

> A 2-m3 rigid tank initially contains air at 100 kPa and 22°C. The tank is connected to a supply line through a valve. Air is flowing in the supply line at 600 kPa and 22°C. The valve is opened, and air is allowed to enter the tank u

> Consider a 35-L evacuated rigid bottle that is surrounded by the atmosphere at 100 kPa and 22°C. A valve at the neck of the bottle is now opened and the atmospheric air is allowed to flow into the bottle. The air trapped in the bottle eventual

> A 2-m3 rigid insulated tank initially containing saturated water vapor at 1 MPa is connected through a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 400°C. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow slowly into the tank until the pre

> Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure. If the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury (ρ = 13,600 kg/m3)

> A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 4 MPa. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow into the tank until the pressure reaches 4 MPa, at which point the valve

> An insulated rigid tank is initially evacuated. A valve is opened, and atmospheric air at 95 kPa and 17°C enters the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches 95 kPa, at which point the valve is closed. Determine the final temperature of the air in the

> Air enters the duct of an air-conditioning system at 15 psia and 50°F at a volume flow rate of 450 ft3/min. The diameter of the duct is 10 in, and heat is transferred to the air in the duct from the surroundings at a rate of 2 Btu/s. Determine (a) the ve

> Reconsider Prob. 6–99. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the exit cross sectional area of the hair dryer on the exit velocity. Let the exit area vary from 25 to 75 cm2. Plot the exit velocity against the exit cross-s

> A 2-m3 rigid tank initially contains air whose density is 1.18 kg/m3. The tank is connected to a high-pressure supply line through a valve. The valve is opened, and air is allowed to enter the tank until the density in the tank rises to 5.30 kg/m3. Deter

> Name four physical quantities that are conserved and two quantities that are not conserved during a process.

> A mass of 12 kg of saturated refrigerant-134a vapor is contained in a piston–cylinder device at 240 kPa. Now 300 kJ of heat is transferred to the refrigerant at constant pressure while a 110-V source supplies current to a resistor withi