Question: A pair of speakers separated by a

> By proper excitation, it is possible to produce both longitudinal and transverse waves in a long metal rod. In a particular case, the rod is 1.50 m long and 0.200 cm in radius and has a mass of 50.9 g. Young’s modulus for the material is 6.80 x 1010 Pa.

> A student stands several meters in front of a smooth reflecting wall, holding a board on which a wire is fixed at each end. The wire, vibrating in its third harmonic, is 75.0 cm long, has a mass of 2.25 g, and is under a tension of 400. N. A second stude

> A stone is dropped from rest into a well. The sound of the splash is heard exactly 2.00 s later. Find the depth of the well if the air temperature is 10.0°C.

> A block with a speaker bolted to it is connected to a spring having spring constant k = 20.0 N/m, as shown in Figure P14.79. The total mass of the block and speaker is 5.00 kg, and the amplitude of the unit’s motion is 0.500 m. If the s

> A flute is designed so that it plays a frequency of 261.6 Hz, middle C, when all the holes are covered and the temperature is 20.0°C. (a) Consider the flute to be a pipe open at both ends and find its length, assuming the middle-C frequency is the fundam

> On a workday, the average decibel level of a busy street is 70.0 dB, with 100 cars passing a given point every minute. If the number of cars is reduced to 25 every minute on a weekend, what is the decibel level of the street?

> The evaporation of perspiration is the primary mechanism for cooling the human body. Estimate the amount of water you will lose when you bake in the sun on the beach for an hour. Use a value of 1000 W/m2 for the intensity of sunlight and note that the en

> Two ships are moving along a line due east (Fig. P14.76). The trailing vessel has a speed relative to a land-based observation point of v1 = 64.0 km/h, and the leading ship has a speed of v2 = 45.0 km/h relative to that point. The two ships are in a regi

> A stereo speaker is placed between two observers who are 36.0 m apart, along the line connecting them. If one observer records an intensity level of 60.0 dB, and the other records an intensity level of 80.0 dB, how far is the speaker from each observer?

> A student uses an audio oscillator of adjustable frequency to measure the depth of a water well. He reports hearing two successive resonances at 52.0 Hz and 60.0 Hz. How deep is the well?

> An interstate highway has been built through a neighborhood in a city. In the afternoon, the sound level in an apartment in the neighborhood is 80.0 dB as 100 cars pass outside the window every minute. Late at night, the traffic flow is only five cars pe

> Two small loudspeakers emit sound waves of different frequencies equally in all directions. Speaker A has an output of 1.00 mW, and speaker B has an output of 1.50 mW. Determine the sound level (in decibels) at point C in Figure P14.72 assuming (a) Only

> Assume a 150. - W loudspeaker broadcasts sound equally in all directions and produces sound with a level of 103 dB at a distance of 1.60 m from its center. (a) Find its sound power output. If a salesperson claims the speaker is rated at 150. W, he is ref

> A typical sound level for a buzzing mosquito is 40 dB, and that of a vacuum cleaner is approximately 70 dB. Approximately how many buzzing mosquitoes will produce a sound intensity equal to that of a vacuum cleaner?

> Calculate the reflected percentage of an ultrasound wave passing from human muscle into bone. Muscle has a typical density of 1.06 x 103 kg/m3 and bone has a typical density of 1.90 x 103 kg/m3.

> Some studies suggest that the upper frequency limit of hearing is determined by the diameter of the eardrum. The wavelength of the sound wave and the diameter of the eardrum are approximately equal at this upper limit. If the relationship holds exactly,

> If a human ear canal can be thought of as resembling an organ pipe, closed at one end, that resonates at a fundamental frequency of 3.0 x 103 Hz, what is the length of the canal? Use a normal body temperature of 37.0°C for your determination of the speed

> The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5800 K. The radius of the Sun is 6.96 x 108 m. Calculate the total energy radiated by the Sun each second. Assume the emissivity of the Sun is 0.986.

> A student holds a tuning fork oscillating at 256 Hz. He walks toward a wall at a constant speed of 1.33 m/s. (a) What beat frequency does he observe between the tuning fork and its echo? (b) How fast must he walk away from the wall to observe a beat freq

> Two pipes of equal length are each open at one end. Each has a fundamental frequency of 480. Hz at 300. K. In one pipe the air temperature is increased to 305 K. If the two pipes are sounded together, what beat frequency results?

> Two train whistles have identical frequencies of 1.80 x 102 Hz. When one train is at rest in the station and the other is moving nearby, a commuter standing on the station platform hears beats with a frequency of 2.00 beats/s when the whistles operate to

> The G string on a violin has a fundamental frequency of 196 Hz. It is 30.0 cm long and has a mass of 0.500 g. While this string is sounding, a nearby violinist effectively shortens the G string on her identical violin (by sliding her finger down the stri

> In certain ranges of a piano keyboard, more than one string is tuned to the same note to provide extra loudness. For example, the note at 1.10 x 102 Hz has two strings at this frequency. If one string slips from its normal tension of 6.00 x 102 N to 5.40

> Two nearby trumpets are sounded together and a beat frequency of 2 Hz is heard. If one of the trumpets sounds at a frequency of 525 Hz, what are the two possible frequencies of the other trumpet?

> A guitarist sounds a tuner at 196 Hz while his guitar sounds a frequency of 199 Hz. Find the beat frequency.

> Two adjacent natural frequencies of an organ pipe are found to be 550. Hz and 650. Hz. (a) Calculate the fundamental frequency of the pipe. (b) Is the pipe open at both ends or open at only one end? (c) What is the length of the pipe?

> The range of human hearing extends from approximately 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. Find the wavelengths of these extremes at a temperature of 27°C.

> A pipe open at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 3.00 x 102 Hz when the temperature is 0°C. (a) What is the length of the pipe? (b) What is the fundamental frequency at a temperature of 30.0°C?

> For bacteriological testing of water supplies and in medical clinics, samples must routinely be incubated for 24 h at 37°C. A standard constant - temperature bath with electric heating and thermostatic control is not suitable in developing nations withou

> A tunnel under a river is 2.00 km long. (a) At what frequencies can the air in the tunnel resonate? (b) Explain whether it would be good to make a rule against blowing your car horn when you are in the tunnel.

> The human ear canal is about 2.8 cm long. If it is regarded as a tube that is open at one end and closed at the eardrum, what is the fundamental frequency around which we would expect hearing to be most sensitive?

> The overall length of a piccolo is 32.0 cm. The resonating air column vibrates as in a pipe that is open at both ends. (a) Find the frequency of the lowest note a piccolo can play. (b) Opening holes in the side effectively shortens the length of the reso

> The windpipe of a typical whooping crane is about 5.0 ft. long. What is the lowest resonant frequency of this pipe, assuming it is closed at one end? Assume a temperature of 37°C.

> A pipe has a length of 0.750 m and is open at both ends. (a) Calculate the two lowest harmonics of the pipe. (b) Calculate the two lowest harmonics after one end of the pipe is closed.

> A car’s 30.0 - kg front tire is suspended by a spring with spring constant k = 1.00 × 105 N/m. At what speed is the car moving if washboard bumps on the road every 0.750 m drive the tire into a resonant oscillation?

> Standing - wave vibrations are set up in a crystal goblet with four nodes and four antinodes equally spaced around the 20.0 - cm circumference of its rim. If transverse waves move around the glass at 900. m/s, an opera singer would have to produce a high

> A 60.00 - cm guitar string under a tension of 50.000 N has a mass per unit length of 0.10000 g/cm. What is the highest resonant frequency that can be heard by a person capable of hearing frequencies up to 20000 Hz?

> In the arrangement shown in Figure P14.50, an object of mass m = 5.0 kg hangs from a cord around a light pulley. The length of the cord between point P and the pulley is L = 2.0 m. (a) When the vibrator is set to a frequency of 150 Hz, a standing wave wi

> A group of hikers hears an echo 3.00 s after shouting. How far away is the mountain that reflected the sound wave?

> A “solar cooker” consists of a curved reflecting mirror that focuses sunlight onto the object to be heated (Fig. P11.69). The solar power per unit area reaching the Earth at the location of a 0.50 - m - diameter solar

> An electron is released from rest in a uniform electric field. Determine whether the following quantities increase, decrease, or remain unchanged as the electron moves. Indicate your answers with I (increase), D (decrease), or U (unchanged), respectively

> A 12.0 - kg object hangs in equilibrium from a string with total length of L = 5.00 m and linear mass density of μ = 0.00100 kg/m. The string is wrapped around two light, frictionless pulleys that are separated by the distance d = 2.00 m (F

> A standing wave is set up in a string of variable length and tension by a vibrator of variable frequency. Both ends of the string are fixed. When the vibrator has a frequency fA, in a string of length LA and under tension TA, nA antinodes are set up in t

> A steel wire with mass 25.0 g and length 1.35 m is strung on a bass so that the distance from the nut to the bridge is 1.10 m. (a) Compute the linear density of the string. (b) What velocity wave on the string will produce the desired fundamental frequen

> A distance of 5.00 cm is measured between two adjacent nodes of a standing wave on a 20.0 - cm - long string. (a) In which harmonic number n is the string vibrating? (b) Find the frequency of this harmonic if the string has a mass of 1.75 x 10–2 kg and a

> A stretched string of length L is observed to vibrate in five equal segments when driven by a 630.-Hz oscillator. What oscillator frequency will set up a standing wave so that the string vibrates in three segments?

> How far, and in what direction, should a cellist move her finger to adjust a string’s tone from an out - of - tune 449 Hz to an in - tune 440 Hz? The string is 68.0 cm long, and the finger is 20.0 cm from the nut for the 449-Hz tone.

> A stretched string fixed at each end has a mass of 40.0 g and a length of 8.00 m. The tension in the string is 49.0 N. (a) Determine the positions of the nodes and antinodes for the third harmonic. (b) What is the vibration frequency for this harmonic?

> A steel wire in a piano has a length of 0.700 0 m and a mass of 4.300 x 10-3 kg. To what tension must this wire be stretched so that the fundamental vibration corresponds to middle C (fC = 261.6 Hz on the chromatic musical scale)?

> Two loudspeakers are placed above and below each other, as in Figure P14.40 and driven by the same source at a frequency of 4.50 x 102 Hz. An observer is in front of the speakers (to the right) at point O, at the same distance from each speaker. What min

> Two small containers, each with a volume of 1.00 x 102 cm3, contain helium gas at 0°C and 1.00 atm pressure. The two containers are joined by a small open tube of negligible volume, allowing gas to flow from one container to the other. What common pressu

> A dolphin located in seawater at a temperature of 25°C emits a sound directed toward the bottom of the ocean 150 m below. How much time passes before it hears an echo?

> The ship in Figure P14.39 travels along a straight line parallel to the shore and a distance d = 600 m from it. The ship’s radio receives simultaneous signals of the same frequency from antennas A and B, separated b y a distance L = 800

> The acoustical system shown in Figure P14.38 is driven by a speaker emitting sound of frequency 756 Hz. (a) If constructive interference occurs at a particular instant, by what minimum amount should the path length in the upper U-shaped tube be increased

> Two cars are stuck in a traffic jam and each sounds its horn at a frequency of 625 Hz. A bicyclist between the two cars, 4.50 m from each horn (Fig. P14.37), is disturbed to find she is at a point of constructive interference. How far backward must she m

> A yellow submarine traveling horizontally at 11.0 m/s uses sonar with a frequency of 5.27 x 103 Hz. A red submarine is in front of the yellow submarine and moving 3.00 m/s relative to the water in the same direction. A crewman in the red submarine observ

> A supersonic jet traveling at Mach 3.00 at an altitude of h = 2.00 x 104 m is directly over a person at time t = 0 as shown in Figure P14.35. Assume the average speed of sound in air is 335 m/s over the path of the sound. (a) At what time will the person

> Expectant parents are thrilled to hear their unborn baby’s heartbeat, revealed by an ultrasonic motion detector. Suppose the fetus’s ventricular wall moves in simple harmonic motion with amplitude 1.80 mm and frequency 115 beats per minute. The motion de

> A tuning fork vibrating at 512 Hz falls from rest and accelerates at 9.80 m/s2. How far below the point of release is the tuning fork when waves of frequency 485 Hz reach the release point?

> An alert physics student stands beside the tracks as a train rolls slowly past. He notes that the frequency of the train whistle is 465 Hz when the train is approaching him and 441 Hz when the train is receding from him. Using these frequencies, he calcu

> At rest, a car’s horn sounds the note A (440 Hz). The horn is sounded while the car is moving down the street. A bicyclist moving in the same direction with one-third the car’s speed hears a frequency of 415 Hz. (a) Is the cyclist ahead of or behind the

> Following a collision in outer space, a copper disk at 850°C is rotating about its axis with an angular speed of 25.0 rad/s. As the disk radiates infrared light, its temperature falls to 20.0°C. No external torque acts on the disk. (a) Does the angular s

> On a hot summer day, the temperature of air in Arizona reaches 114°F. What is the speed of sound in air at this temperature?

> Two trains on separate tracks move toward each other. Train 1 has a speed of 1.30 x 102 km/h; train 2, a speed of 90.0 km/h. Train 2 blows its horn, emitting a frequency of 5.00 x 102 Hz. What is the frequency heard by the engineer on train 1?

> An airplane traveling at half the speed of sound emits a sound of frequency 5.00 kHz. At what frequency does a stationary listener hear the sound (a) As the plane approaches? (b) After it passes?

> A commuter train passes a passenger platform at a constant speed of 40.0 m/s. The train horn is sounded at its characteristic frequency of 320. Hz. (a) What overall change in frequency is detected by a person on the platform as the train moves from appro

> A train is moving past a crossing where cars are waiting for it to pass. While waiting, the driver of the lead car becomes sleepy and rests his head on the steering wheel, unintentionally activating the car’s horn. A passenger in the back of the train he

> A baseball hits a car, breaking its window and triggering its alarm which sounds at a frequency of 1250 Hz. What frequency is heard by a boy on a bicycle riding away from the car at 6.50 m/s?

> A skyrocket explodes 100 m above the ground (Fig. P14.24). Three observers are spaced 100 m apart, with the first (A) directly under the explosion. (a) What is the ratio of the sound intensity heard by observer A to that heard by observer B? (b) What is

> Show that the difference in decibel levels β1 and β 2 of a sound source is related to the ratio of its distances r1 and r2 from the receivers by the formula

> An outside loudspeaker (considered a small source) emits sound waves with a power output of 100 W. (a) Find the intensity 10.0 m from the source. (b) Find the intensity level in decibels at that distance. (c) At what distance would you experience the sou

> A train sounds its horn as it approaches an intersection. The horn can just be heard at a level of 50. dB by an observer 10 km away. (a) What is the average power generated by the horn? (b) What intensity level of the horn’s sound is observed by someone

> A 250-m-long bridge is improperly designed so that it cannot expand with temperature. It is made of concrete with α = 12 x 10-6 (°C)-1. (a) Assuming the maximum change in temperature at the site is expected to be 20°C, find the change in length the span

> A family ice show is held at an enclosed arena. The skaters perform to music playing at a level of 80.0 dB. This intensity level is too loud for your baby, who yells at 75.0 dB. (a) What total sound intensity engulfs you? (b) What is the combined sound l

> Earthquakes at fault lines in Earth’s crust create seismic waves, which are longitudinal (P - waves) or transverse (S - waves). The P-waves have a speed of about 7 km/s. Estimate the average bulk modulus of Earth’s crust given that the density of rock is

> There is evidence that elephants communicate via in-frasound, generating rumbling vocalizations as low as 14 Hz that can travel up to 10.km. The intensity level of these sounds can reach 103 dB, measured a distance of 5.0 m from the source. Determine the

> A trumpet creates a sound intensity level of 1.15 X 102 dB at a distance of 1.00 m. (a) What is the sound intensity of a trumpet at this distance? (b) What is the sound intensity of five trumpets at this distance? (c) Find the sound intensity of five tru

> The toadfish makes use of resonance in a closed tube to produce very loud sounds. The tube is its swim bladder, used as an amplifier. The sound level of this creature has been measured as high as 100. dB. (a) Calculate the intensity of the sound wave emi

> The area of a typical eardrum is about 5.0 x 10-5 m2. Calculate the sound power (the energy per second) incident on an eardrum at (a) The threshold of hearing and (b) The threshold of pain.

> A person wears a hearing aid that uniformly increases the intensity level of all audible frequencies of sound by 30.0 dB. The hearing aid picks up sound having a frequency of 250 Hz at an intensity of 3.0 x 10-11 W/m2. What is the intensity delivered to

> A sound wave from a siren has an intensity of 100.0 W/m2 at a certain point, and a second sound wave from a nearby ambulance has an intensity level 10 dB greater than the siren’s sound wave at the same point. What is the intensity level of the sound wave

> One of the loudest sounds in recent history was that made by the explosion of Krakatoa on August 26–27, 1883. According to barometric measurements, the sound had a decibel level of 180 dB at a distance of 161 km. Assuming the intensity falls off as the i

> The intensity level produced by a jet airplane at a certain location is 150 dB. (a) Calculate the intensity of the sound wave generated by the jet at the given location. (b) Compare the answer to part (a) to the threshold of pain and explain why employee

> A bimetallic strip of length L is made of two ribbons of different metals bonded together. (a) First assume the strip is originally straight. As the strip is warmed, the metal with the greater average coefficient of expansion expands more than the other,

> The mating call of a male cicada is among the loudest noises in the insect world, reaching decibel levels of 105 dB at a distance of 1.00 m from the insect. (a) Calculate the corresponding sound intensity. (b) Calculate the sound intensity at a distance

> A person standing 1.00 m from a portable speaker hears its sound at an intensity of 7.50 x 10-3 W/m2. (a) Find the corresponding decibel level. (b) Find the sound intensity at a distance of 35.0 m, assuming the sound propagates as a spherical wave. (c) F

> Suppose you hear a clap of thunder 16.2 s after seeing the associated lightning stroke. The speed of light in air is 3.00 x 108 m/s. (a) How far are you from the lightning stroke? (b) Do you need to know the value of the speed of light to answer? Explain

> A slingshot consists of a light leather cup containing a stone. The cup is pulled back against two parallel rubber bands. It takes a force of 15.0 N to stretch either one of these bands 1.00 cm. (a) What is the potential energy stored in the two bands to

> A block of mass m = 2.00 kg is attached to a spring of force constant k = 5.00 x 102 N/m that lies on a horizontal frictionless surface as shown in Figure P13.8. The block is pulled to a position xi = 5.00 cm to the right of equilibrium and released from

> A system consists of a vertical spring with force constant k = 1250 N/m, length L = 1.50 m, and object of mass m = 5.00 kg attached to the end (Fig. P13.76). The object is placed at the level of the point of attachment with the spring un-stretched, at po

> A 2.00 - kg block hangs without vibrating at the end of a spring (k = 500. N/m) that is attached to the ceiling of an elevator car. The car is rising with an upward acceleration of g/3 when the acceleration suddenly ceases (at t = 0). (a) What is the ang

> Figure P13.74 shows a crude model of an insect wing. The mass m represents the entire mass of the wing, which pivots about the fulcrum F. The spring represents the surrounding connective tissue. Motion of the wing corresponds to vibration of the spring.

> Assume a hole is drilled through the center of the Earth. It can be shown that an object of mass m at a distance r from the center of the Earth is pulled toward the center only by the material in the shaded portion of Figure P13.73. Assume Earth has a un

> An object of mass m is connected to two rubber bands of length L, each under tension F, as in Figure P13.72. The object is displaced vertically by a small distance y. assuming the tension does not change, show that (a) The restoring force is -(2F/L)y and

> An expandable cylinder has its top connected to a spring with force constant 2.00 x 103 N/m (Fig. P10.64). The cylinder is filled with 5.00 L of gas with the spring relaxed at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 20.0°C. (a) If the lid

> A light balloon filled with helium of density 0.179 kg/ m3 is tied to a light string of length L = 3.00 m. The string is tied to the ground, forming an “inverted” simple pendulum (Fig. P13.71a). If the balloon is displ

> A spring in a toy gun has a spring constant of 9.80 N/m and can be compressed 20.0 cm beyond the equilibrium position. A 1.00 - g pellet resting against the spring is propelled forward when the spring is released. (a) Find the muzzle speed of the pellet.

> A spring 1.50 m long with force constant 475 N/m is hung from the ceiling of an elevator, and a block of mass 10.0 kg is attached to the bottom of the spring. (a) By how much is the spring stretched when the block is slowly lowered to its equilibrium poi

> A large block P executes horizontal simple harmonic motion as it slides across a frictionless surface with a frequency f = 1.50 Hz. Block B rests on it, as shown in Figure P13.69, and the coefficient of static friction between the two is μs

> A 5.00 - g bullet moving with an initial speed of 400. m/s is fired into and passes through a 1.00 - kg block, as in Figure P13.68. The block, initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface, is connected to a spring with a spring constant of 900.