Question: A proton (q = 1.60 × 10-19

> A 2.0-m length of wire is made by welding the end of a 120-cm-long silver wire to the end of an 80-cm-long copper wire. Each piece of wire is 0.60 mm in diameter. The wire is at room temperature, so the resistivities are as given in Table 25.1. A potenti

> On your first day at work as an electrical technician, you are asked to determine the resistance per meter of a long piece of wire. The company you work for is poorly equipped. You find a battery, a voltmeter, and an ammeter, but no meter for directly me

> An overhead transmission cable for electrical power is 2000 m long and consists of two parallel copper wires, each encased in insulating material. A short circuit has developed somewhere along the length of the cable where the insulation has worn thin an

> Two very long, parallel wires carry equal currents in opposite directions. (a). Is there any place that their magnetic fields completely cancel? If so, where? If not, why not? (b). How would the answer to part (a) change if the currents were in the sam

> An electrical conductor designed to carry large currents has a circular cross section 2.50 mm in diameter and is 14.0 m long. The resistance between its ends is 0.104 Ω. (a). What is the resistivity of the material? (b). If the electric-field magnitude

> In an ionic solution, a current consists of Ca2+ ions (of charge +2e) and Cl- ions (of charge -e) traveling in opposite directions. If 5.11 × 1018 Cl- ions go from A to B every 0.50 min, while 3.24 × 1018 Ca2+ ions move from B to A, what is the current (

> (a). What would have to be the self-inductance of a solenoid for it to store 10.0 J of energy when a 2.00-A current runs through it? (b). If this solenoid’s cross-sectional diameter is 4.00 cm, and if you could wrap its coils to a density of 10 coils/mm

> In the circuit in Fig. P29.47, an emf of 90.0 V is added in series with the capacitor and the resistor, and the capacitor is initially uncharged. The emf is placed between the capacitor and switch S, with the positive terminal of the emf adjacent to the

> In the circuit shown in Fig. P29.47, the capacitor has capacitance C = 20 µF and is initially charged to 100 V with the polarity shown. The resistor R0 has resistance 10 Ω. At time t = 0 the switch S is closed. The small

> A very long, rectangular loop of wire can slide without friction on a horizontal surface. Initially the loop has part of its area in a region of uniform magnetic field that has magnitude B = 2.90 T and is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The loop

> A uniform rectangular coil of total mass 212 g and dimensions 0.500 m × 1.00 m is oriented with its plane parallel to a uniform 3.00-T magnetic field (Fig. E27.43). A current of 2.00 A is suddenly started in the coil. Fig. E27.43: (a). A

> Magnetic fields within a sunspot can be as strong as 0.4 T. (By comparison, the earth’s magnetic field is about 1/10,000 as strong.) Sunspots can be as large as 25,000 km in radius. The material in a sunspot has a density of about 3 × 10-4 kg/m3. Assume

> For the circuit of Fig. 30.17, let C = 15.0 nF, L = 22 mH, and R = 75.0 Ω. Fig. 30.17: (a). Calculate the oscillation frequency of the circuit once the capacitor has been charged and the switch has been connected to point a. (b).

> An L-R-C series circuit has L = 0.400 H, C = 7.00 µF, and R = 320 Ω. At t = 0 the current is zero and the initial charge on the capacitor is 2.80 × 10-4 C. (a). What are the values of the constants A and

> The minimum capacitance of a variable capacitor in a radio is 4.18 pF. (a). What is the inductance of a coil connected to this capacitor if the oscillation frequency of the L-C circuit is 1600 × 103 Hz, corresponding to one end of the AM radio broadcast

> What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of Ampere’s law and the law of Biot and Savart for practical calculations of magnetic fields?

> A capacitor with capacitance 6.00 × 10-5 F is charged by connecting it to a 12.0-V battery. The capacitor is disconnected from the battery and connected across an inductor with L = 1.50 H. (a). What are the angular frequency v of the electrical oscillat

> A 18.0-µF capacitor is placed across a 22.5-V battery for several seconds and is then connected across a 12.0-mH inductor that has no appreciable resistance. (a). After the capacitor and inductor are connected together, find the maximum current in the c

> A 7.50-nF capacitor is charged up to 12.0 V, then disconnected from the power supply and connected in series through a coil. The period of oscillation of the circuit is then measured to be 8.60 × 10-5 s. Calculate: (a). the inductance of the coil; (b).

> A 15.0-µF capacitor is charged by a 150.0-V power supply, then disconnected from the power and connected in series with a 0.280-mH inductor. Calculate: (a). the oscillation frequency of the circuit; (b). the energy stored in the capacitor at time t = 0

> In Fig. 30.11, R = 15.0 and the battery emf is 6.30 V. With switch S2 open, switch S1 is closed. After several minutes, S1 is opened and S2 is closed. Fig. 30.11: (a) At 2.00 ms after S1 is opened, the current has decayed to 0.280 A. Calculate the i

> A rectangular coil of wire, 22.0 cm by 35.0 cm and carrying a current of 1.95 A, is oriented with the plane of its loop perpendicular to a uniform 1.50-T magnetic field (Fig. E27.42). Fig. E27.42: (a). Calculate the net force and torque that the magn

> An inductor with an inductance of 2.50 H and a resistance of 8.00 Ω is connected to the terminals of a battery with an emf of 6.00 V and negligible internal resistance. Find (a). the initial rate of increase of current in the circuit; (b). the rate of

> Consider the circuit in Exercise 30.23. Exercise 30.23: An inductor with an inductance of 2.50 H and a resistance of 8.00 Ω is connected to the terminals of a battery with an emf of 6.00 V and negligible internal resistance. Find (a). Just after the

> In Fig. 30.11, suppose that

> In Fig. 30.11, suppose that

> In Fig. 30.11, switch S1 is closed while switch S2 is kept open. The inductance is L = 0.115 H, and the resistance is R = 120 Ω. Fig. 30.11: (a). When the current has reached its final value, the energy stored in the inductor is 0

> How might a loop of wire carrying a current be used as a compass? Could such a compass distinguish between north and south? Why or why not?

> A solenoid 25.0 cm long and with a cross-sectional area of 0.500 cm2 contains 400 turns of wire and carries a current of 80.0 A. Calculate: (a). the magnetic field in the solenoid; (b). the energy density in the magnetic field if the solenoid is filled

> An inductor used in a dc power supply has an inductance of 12.0 H and a resistance of 180 Ω. It carries a current of 0.500 A. (a). What is the energy stored in the magnetic field? (b). At what rate is thermal energy developed in the inductor? (c). Doe

> It is proposed to store 1.00 kW # h = 3.60 × 106 J of electrical energy in a uniform magnetic field with magnitude 0.600 T. (a). What volume (in vacuum) must the magnetic field occupy to store this amount of energy? (b). If instead this amount of energ

> It has been proposed to use large inductors as energy storage devices. (a). How much electrical energy is converted to light and thermal energy by a 150-W light bulb in one day? (b). If the amount of energy calculated in part (a) is stored in an induct

> A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to north. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that our planet’s magnetic field exerts

> A 2.50-mH toroidal solenoid has an average radius of 6.00 cm and a cross-sectional area of 2.00 cm2. (a). How many coils does it have? (Make the same assumption as in Example 30.3.) (b). At what rate must the current through it change so that a potentia

> A toroidal solenoid has mean radius 12.0 cm and crosssectional area 0.600 cm2. (a). How many turns does the solenoid have if its inductance is 0.100 mH? (b). What is the resistance of the solenoid if the wire from which it is wound has a resistance per

> The inductor shown in Fig. E30.11 has inductance 0.260 H and carries a current in the direction shown. The current is changing at a constant rate. Fig. E30.11: (a). The potential between points a and b is Vab = 1.04 V, with point a at higher potentia

> The inductor in Fig. E30.11 has inductance 0.260 H and carries a current in the direction shown that is decreasing at a uniform rate, di/dt = -0.0180 A/s. Fig. E30.11: (a). Find the self-induced emf. (b). Which end of the inductor, a or b, is at a h

> A toroidal solenoid has 500 turns, cross-sectional area 6.25 cm2, and mean radius 4.00 cm. (a). Calculate the coil’s self-inductance. (b). If the current decreases uniformly from 5.00 A to 2.00 A in 3.00 ms, calculate the self-induced emf in the coil. (

> Two coils are wound around the same cylindrical form, like the coils in Example 30.1. When the current in the first coil is decreasing at a rate of -0.242 A/s, the induced emf in the second coil has magnitude 1.65 × 10-3 V. (a). What is the mutual induc

> At any point in space, the electric field

> A solenoidal coil with 25 turns of wire is wound tightly around another coil with 300 turns (see Example 30.1). The inner solenoid is 25.0 cm long and has a diameter of 2.00 cm. At a certain time, the current in the inner solenoid is 0.120 A and is incre

> A 10.0-cm-long solenoid of diameter 0.400 cm is wound uniformly with 800 turns. A second coil with 50 turns is wound around the solenoid at its center. What is the mutual inductance of the combination of the two coils?

> At temperatures near absolute zero, Bc approaches 0.142 T for vanadium, a type-I superconductor. The normal phase of vanadium has a magnetic susceptibility close to zero. Consider a long, thin vanadium cylinder with its axis parallel to an external magne

> The circuit shown in Fig. E27.39 is used to make a magnetic balance to weigh objects. The mass m to be measured is hung from the center of the bar that is in a uniform magnetic field of 1.50 T, directed into the plane of the figure. The battery voltage c

> (a). What is the speed of a beam of electrons when the simultaneous influence of an electric field of 1.56 × 104 V/m and a magnetic field of 4.62 × 10-3 T, with both fields normal to the beam and to each other, produces no deflection of the electrons? (b

> A singly ionized (one electron removed) 40K atom passes through a velocity selector consisting of uniform perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. The selector is adjusted to allow ions having a speed of 4.50 km/s to pass through undeflected when the

> A 150-V battery is connected across two parallel metal plates of area 28.5 cm2 and separation 8.20 mm. A beam of alpha particles (charge +2e, mass 6.64 × 10-27 kg) is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1.75 kV and enters

> An electron at point A in Fig. E27.15 has a speed v0 of 1.41 × 106 m/s. Find Fig. E27.15: (a). the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that will cause the electron to follow the semicircular path from A to B, and (b). the time

> A singly charged ion of 7Li (an isotope of lithium) has a mass of 1.16 × 10-26 kg. It is accelerated through a potential difference of 220 V and then enters a magnetic field with magnitude 0.874 T perpendicular to the path of the ion. What is the radius

> A beam of protons traveling at 1.20 km/s enters a uniform magnetic field, traveling perpendicular to the field. The beam exits the magnetic field, leaving the field in a direction perpendicular to its original direction (Fig. E27.24). The beam travels a

> An electron in the beam of a cathode-ray tube is accelerated by a potential difference of 2.00 kV. Then it passes through a region of transverse magnetic field, where it moves in a circular arc with radius 0.180 m. What is the magnitude of the field?

> In a cyclotron, the orbital radius of protons with energy 300 keV is 16.0 cm. You are redesigning the cyclotron to be used instead for alpha particles with energy 300 keV. An alpha particle has charge q = +2e and mass m = 6.64 × 10-27 kg. If the magnetic

> If the battery in Discussion Question Q26.10 is ideal with no internal resistance, what will happen to the brightness of the bulb when S is closed? Why? Discussion Question Q26.10: A real battery, having nonnegligible internal resistance, is connected

> A deuteron (the nucleus of an isotope of hydrogen) has a mass of 3.34 × 10-27 kg and a charge of +e. The deuteron travels in a circular path with a radius of 6.96 mm in a magnetic field with magnitude 2.50 T. (a). Find the speed of the deuteron. (b). F

> Cyclotrons are widely used in nuclear medicine for producing short-lived radioactive isotopes. These cyclotrons typically accelerate H- (the hydride ion, which has one proton and two electrons) to an energy of 5 MeV to 20 MeV. This ion has a mass very cl

> In an experiment with cosmic rays, a vertical beam of particles that have charge of magnitude 3e and mass 12 times the proton mass enters a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.250 T and is bent in a semicircle of diameter 95.0 cm, as shown in Fig. E27

> An alpha particle (a He nucleus, containing two protons and two neutrons and having a mass of 6.64 × 10-27 kg) traveling horizontally at 35.6 km/s enters a uniform, vertical, 1.80-T magnetic field. (a). What is the diameter of the path followed by this

> A 150-g ball containing 4.00 × 108 excess electrons is dropped into a 125-m vertical shaft. At the bottom of the shaft, the ball suddenly enters a uniform horizontal magnetic field that has magnitude 0.250 T and direction from east to west. If air resist

> Repeat Exercise 27.15 for the case in which the particle is a proton rather than an electron. Exercise 27.15: An electron at point A in Fig. E27.15 has a speed v0 of 1.41 × 106 m/s. Find Fig. E27.15: A B -10.0 cm-

> The magnetic field

> An open plastic soda bottle with an opening diameter of 2.5 cm is placed on a table. A uniform 1.75-T magnetic field directed upward and oriented 250 from vertical encompasses the bottle. What is the total magnetic flux through the plastic of the soda bo

> A horizontal rectangular surface has dimensions 2.80 cm by 3.20 cm and is in a uniform magnetic field that is directed at an angle of 30.0 above the horizontal. What must the magnitude of the magnetic field be to produce a flux of 3.10 × 10-4 Wb through

> A circular area with a radius of 6.50 cm lies in the xy-plane. What is the magnitude of the magnetic flux through this circle due to a uniform magnetic field B = 0.230 T (a). in the +z-direction; (b). at an angle of 53.1 from the +z-direction; (c). i

> A real battery, having nonnegligible internal resistance, is connected across a light bulb as shown in Fig. Q26.10. When the switch S is closed, what happens to the brightness of the bulb? Why? Fig. Q26.10: S.

> A sheet of copper is placed between the poles of an electromagnet with the magnetic field perpendicular to the sheet. When the sheet is pulled out, a considerable force is required, and the force required increases with speed. Explain. Is a force require

> The following dose-response curve plots the central estimate of the adverse (toxic) response from a series of doses. The dose (i.e., body burden) is plotted on a linear scale and the adverse response is a percentage of the exposed population. Estimate

> The exposure factor Ei,j for the shrew—the US EPA mammalian insectivore test specie—is given by the first expression below. The U.S. EPA wildlife risk model assumes the mammalian insectivore food-source biota Bi,j

> The lung cancer incremental excess lifetime cancer risk ILECR is estimated to be 10−4 resulting from chronic 222Rn(g) exposure at a level of 10 mBq dm−3. The ILECR due to 222Rn(g) exposure in Dane County, Wisconsin can

> An adult Bengali has been drinking water from a tube wells in Lalpur, Nadia District, Bangladesh installed 35 years ago. The well water contains cw = 17 mg • dm−3 total dissolved arsenic. Select an appropriate intake rate and exposure frequency to estim

> The U.S. EPA PBT Profiler (cf. Appendix D, Chapter 8, Surface Chemistry and Adsorption) tabulates selected environmental properties for a broad range of organic compounds. Identify the toxicological end-point on a dose-response curve represented by the

> The U.S. EPA PBT Profiler (cf. Appendix D, Chapter 8, Surface Chemistry and Adsorption) tabulates selected environmental properties for a broad range of organic compounds. Among the tabulated environmental properties are the distribution and half-life of

> Mackay (1982) reports a linear correlation between the bio-concentration factor BCF of organic compounds in fish and the octanol-water partition coefficients Ko−◦/w. The U.S. EPA PBT Profiler (cf. Appendix D, Chapter

> According to a 1992 survey, the drinking water in one-third of Chicago homes had lead levels of 10 ppb. Identify the most sensitive receptor (resident child or resident adult) and calculate the lead average daily dose ADD for a Chicago resident from expo

> In 1996, the U.S. EPA developed a new reference dose for methylmercury CH3Hg+: Rf D = 0.1 mg • kg−1 • day−1. Estimate the amount of fish a 60 kg woman can safely eat each week if the average CH3Hg+ content in the fish consumed is 0.30 ppm.

> An adult consuming 100 micrograms a day of a substance whose steady-state level in the body is later established to be 0.1 mg • kg−1 . Estimate the biological half-life t1/2 for elimination of this substance from the body.

> The following data are the vanadium content of samples of Canadian granite (Ahrens, 1954). Determine the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation from this data set. w(V) Sample mg - kg-1 Sample w(V) mg · kg-1 G-1 21 КВ-1 75 KB-2 43 КВ-3 200

> Estimate the average daily dose ADD of methylmercury CH3Hg+ for an adult who eats 56 g of tuna daily containing 0.2 ppm CH3Hg+. The biological half-life of CH3Hg+ in humans is 70 days.

> A construction worker, age 50 years, ingests soil containing 10 mg kg−1 toluene (CAS Registry Number 108-88-3). The worker’s oral soil ingestion rate is IR = 330 mg day−1. Work-related exposure duration of a typical construction worker in this case is 30

> The two molecular structures below are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2). Reduced flavin mononucleotide FMNH2 serves as an electron donor in a variety of biochemical reduction- oxidation reactions. Identify which ato

> Given the relation between the Gibbs energy of reaction and the electrochemical potential E of reduction-oxidation reactions, calculate the Standard reduction potential E−◦ for a balanced reduction half-reaction invo

> Given the relation between the Free Energy of reaction and the Electro- chemical Potential for reduction (∆rtt = n F E), calculate the electrochemical potential for the 4,4’-DDT dechlorination half-reaction. The essent

> The molecular structures of 4,4’-DDT (1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4- chlorophenyl) ethyl] benzene, CAS Registry Number 50-29-3) and 4,4’-DDD (1- chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene, CAS Registry Number 72-54-8) appear below. Determi

> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving the mineral s hausmanite Mn3O4(s) and manganite MnOOH(s).

> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving cystine18 and cysteine19. NH2 но. HO. HS OH NH2 NH2 cystine CAS Registry Number RN 56-89-3 L-cysteine CAS Registry Number RN 52-90-4

> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving the anions S3O 2 –6 and S2O 2 –3.

> The transport of 1,2-dibromoethane (CAS Registry Number 106-93-4) in an aquifer can be estimated using the organic carbon-water partition coefficient measured by any material containing natural organic matter. The adsorption of 1,2-dibromoethane by whole

> Explain the significance of the following geochemical terms: atmophilic, lithophilic, siderophilic, and chalcophilic.

> An Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) adsorption experiment by a specimen collected from a shallow, organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. Aquifer porosity was reported to be 37%. (Source: Springer

> An Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) adsorption experiment by a specimen collected from a shallow, organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. The organic carbon content of the aquifer is 0.02%. (Sour

> The following data from Clark and McBride (1984) measures Cu 2+ adsorption by imogolite Al2SiO3(OH)4(s) covering a pH range from about 4 to 7. The suspensions, which were prepared with 5 g • dm−3 synthetic imogolite,

> The following data (courtesy of T. Ranatunga and R. W. Taylor, Alabama A & M University) are from an experiment measuring Pb2+ adsorption at pH 4 by kaolinite (Clay Minerals Society specimen: KGa-1). Specimen KGa-1 has a specific surface area of as =

> An experiment measuring SO24 adsorption by a by the aluminum oxide γ– Al2O3(s) yielded the results listed in the following table. Determine whether the adsorption isotherm is best represented by a partitioning isotherm mod

> An adsorption experiment of the chloroacetanilide herbicide Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) by a shallow organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. (Source: Springer, A.E. 1994. Characterization and m

> An experiment measuring adsorption of the triazine herbicide Cynazine by a Cheshire soil specimen yielded the results listed in the following table (Xing and Pignatello, 1996). Determine whether the adsorption isotherm is best represented by a partiti

> The International Humic Substances Society IHSS supplies reference specimens to researchers. Using IHSS elemental composition and acidic functional group data, determine the oxygen mole-fraction attributable to carboxyl and phenol groups xtitr in the Sum

> Fungal cell walls contain the polymer chitin (CAS Registry Number 1398- 61-4) with chemical formula (C8H13O5N)n . Verify the formal oxidation state of nitrogen OS(N) = 3 and calculate the mean carbon oxidation state OS(C) for chitin. CH3 HO NH HO 5

> Salibia et al. (2002) reports the following composition of corncob lignin: C9H9.84O3.33(OCH3)0.38. Determine the mean carbon oxidation state OS(C) and carbon reduction ΓC of corncob lignin.

> The Earth’s crust is depleted of certain elements relative to the overall composition of the Solar System. Explain why the following elements (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, silver, gold, platinum) are depleted in the crust.

> The International Humic Substances Society supplies reference samples to researchers (IHSS Products link at the website www.ihss.gatech.edu/). The Chemical Properties link leads you to data on the Elemental Composition. Using the Elemental Composition fo

> The International Humic Substances Society supplies reference samples to researchers (IHSS Products link at the website www.ihss.gatech.edu/). The Chemical Properties menu leads you to data for Elemental Composition. Using the Elemental Composition for t