Question: A sample of 30 registered voters was

> The acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured using pH. A pH less than 7 is acidic, while a pH greater than 7 is alkaline. The following data represent the pH in samples of bottled water and tap water. (a) Which type of water has more dispersion in

> The following data represent exam scores in a statistics class taught using traditional lecture and a class taught using a “flipped” classroom. The “flipped” classroom is one where the content is delivered via video and watched at home, while class time

> (a) Suppose in a certain set of data, there are two observations of 90 and 100. Is 90 far away from 100 if the standard deviation of the data is 10? (b) Suppose in a certain set of data, there are two observations of 90 and 100. Is 90 far away from 100 i

> For each of the following data sets, decide which has the higher standard deviation (set 1 or set 2), if any, without doing any computation. Explain the rationale behind your choice. Then, verify your choice by computing the standard deviation by hand.

> Match the histograms in the next column to the summary statistics given.

> Which histogram depicts a higher standard deviation? Justify your answer.

> The following data represent the flight time (in minutes) of a random sample of seven flights from Las Vegas, Nevada, to Newark, New Jersey, on United Airlines. Compute the range and sample standard deviation of flight time. 282, 270, 260, 266, 257, 260,

> A community college notices that an increasing number of full-time students are working while attending the school. The administration randomly selects 128 students and asks how many hours per week each works.

> A certain type of concrete mix is designed to withstand 3000 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure. The strength of concrete is measured by pouring the mix into casting cylinders after it is allowed to set up for 28 days. The following data represent

> The following data represent the amount of time (in minutes) a random sample of eight students took to complete the online portion of an exam in Sullivan’s Statistics course. Compute the range, sample variance, and sample standard deviation time. 60.5, 1

> The following data represent the miles per gallon for a 2013 Ford Fusion for six randomly selected vehicles. Compute the range, sample variance, and sample standard deviation miles per gallon. Source: www.fueleconomy.gov 34.0, 33.2, 37.0, 29.4, 23.6, 25.

> Population: 4, 10, 12, 12, 13, 21

> Sample: 6, 52, 13, 49, 35, 25, 31, 29, 31, 29

> Population: 1, 19, 25, 15, 12, 16, 28, 13, 6

> Population: 3, 6, 10, 12, 14

> Sample: 83, 65, 91, 87, 84

> Sample: 20, 13, 4, 8, 10

> True or False: Chebyshev’s Inequality applies to all distributions regardless of shape, but the Empirical Rule holds only for distributions that are bell shaped

> Researchers want to determine whether or not higher folate intake is associated with a lower risk of hypertension (high blood pressure) in women (27 to 44 years of age). To make this determination, they look at 7373 cases of hypertension in these women a

> True or False: When comparing two populations, the larger the standard deviation, the more dispersion the distribution has, provided that the variable of interest from the two populations has the same unit of measure.

> The standard deviation is used in conjunction with the____ to numerically describe distributions that are bell shaped. The_____ measures the center of the distribution, while the standard deviation measures the ______of the distribution.

> True or False: A data set will always have exactly one mode.

> If a data set contains 10,000 values arranged in increasing order, where is the median located?

> A histogram of a set of data indicates that the distribution of the data is skewed right. Which measure of central tendency will likely be larger, the mean or the median? Why?

> The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) uses the median to report the average price of a home in the United States. Why do you think HUD uses the median?

> The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reported two average personal incomes for 2018: $33,706 and $50,731. One of these averages is the mean and the other is the median. Which is the mean? Support your answer.

> What does it mean if a statistic is resistant?

> For each of the following situations, determine which measure of central tendency is most appropriate and justify your reasoning. (a) Average price of a home sold in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2019 (b) Most popular major for students enrolled in a stat

> In January 2020, the mean amount of money lost per visitor to a local riverboat casino was $135. Do you think the median was more than, less than, or equal to this amount? Why?

> Every year the U.S. Census Bureau releases the Current Population Report based on a survey of 50,000 households. The goal of this report is to learn the demographic characteristics, such as income, of all households within the United States.

> You are negotiating a contract for the Players Association of the NBA. Which measure of central tendency will you use to support your claim that the average player’s salary needs to be increased? Why? As the chief negotiator for the owners, which measure

> According to MarketWatch, the mean net worth of all individuals in the United States in 2016 was $692,100, while the median net worth was $97,300. (a) Which measure do you believe better describes the typical individual’s net worth? Support your opinion.

> A researcher with the Department of Energy wants to determine the mean natural gas bill of households throughout the United States. He knows the mean natural gas bill of households for each state, so he adds together these 50 values and divides by 50 to

> Why is the median resistant, but the mean is not?

> The Fair Isaacs Corporation has devised a model that is used to determine creditworthiness of individuals, called a FICO score. FICO scores range in value from 300 to 850, with a higher score indicating a more creditworthy individual. The distribution of

> As part of a semester project in a statistics course, Carlos surveyed a sample of 50 high school students and asked, “How many days in the past week have you consumed an alcoholic beverage?” The results of the survey are shown next. (a) Is this data disc

> The data set “Tornadoes_2017” located at www.pearsonhighered.com/sullivanstats contains a variety of variables that were measured for all tornadoes in the United States in 2017. (a) Determine the mean and median length for all tornadoes. What shape would

> The midrange is also a measure of central tendency. It is computed by adding the smallest and largest observed values of a data set and dividing the result by 2; that is, Compute the midrange for the data in Problem 25. Is the midrange resistant? Explain

> Another measure of central tendency is the trimmed mean. It is computed by determining the mean of a data set after deleting the smallest and largest observed values. Compute the trimmed mean for the data in Problem 25. Is the trimmed mean resistant? Exp

> Use the five test scores of 65, 70, 71, 75, and 95 to answer the following questions: (a) Find the sample mean. (b) Find the median. (c) Which measure of central tendency better describes the typical test score? (d) Suppose the professor decides to curve

> A farmer interested in the weight of his soybean crop randomly samples 100 plants and weighs the soybeans on each plant.

> Benjamin owns a small Internet business. Besides himself, he employs nine other people. The salaries earned by the employees are given next in thousands of dollars (Benjamin’s salary is the largest, of course): 30, 30, 45, 50, 50, 50, 55, 55, 60, 75 (a)

> Go to http://www.pearsonhighered.com/ sullivanstats and download the SullivanStatsSurvey I data. The data represent the results of a survey conducted by the author. The column “Texts” represents the number of texts the individual sent for the month prior

> Go to http://www.pearsonhighered.com/sullivanstats to obtain the data 3_1_35. The data represent the blood alcohol concentration (BAC), in percent, of a random sample of drivers involved in fatal car accidents. A BAC of 0 indicates that no alcohol was pr

> Unfortunately, a friend of yours has been diagnosed with cancer. A histogram of the survival time (in months) of patients diagnosed with this form of cancer is shown in the figure; the median survival time is 11 months, while the mean survival time is 69

> A professor has recorded exam grades for 20 students in his class, but one of the grades is no longer readable. If the mean score on the exam was 82 and the mean of the 19 readable scores is 84, what is the value of the unreadable score?

> Mr. Zuro finds the mean height of all 14 students in his statistics class to be 68.0 inches. Just as Mr. Zuro finishes explaining how to get the mean, Danielle walks in late. Danielle is 65 inches tall. What is the mean height of the 15 students in the c

> Each of the following three data sets in the next column represents the IQ scores of a random sample of adults. IQ scores are known to have a mean and median of 100. For each data set, determine the mean and median. For each data set recalculate the mean

> The following data represent the diagnosis of a random sample of 20 patients admitted to a hospital. Determine the mode diagnosis.

> The following data represent the number of days between grocery orders at the online delivery company Instacart. Determine the shape of the distribution of days between orders by drawing a frequency histogram. Find the mean and median days between orders

> A quality-control manager randomly selects 50 bottles of Coca-Cola that were filled on October 15 to assess the calibration of the filling machine.

> The following data represent the wait time (in minutes) for a random sample of 40 visitors to Disney’s Dinosaur Ride in Animal Kingdom. Determine the shape of the distribution of wait time by drawing a frequency histogram. Find the mean and median wait t

> We have all heard of the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park. However, there is another, less famous, Old Faithful geyser in Calistoga, California. The following data represent the length of eruption (in seconds) for a random sample of erupt

> The following data represent the weights (in grams) of a simple random sample of 50 M&M plain candies. Determine the shape of the distribution of weights of M&Ms by drawing a frequency histogram. Find the mean and median. Which measure of central tendenc

> A histogram of the annual subscription cost (in dollars) for 26 biology journals is shown. The mean subscription cost is $1846 and the median subscription cost is $1142. Identify the shape of the distribution. Which measure of central tendency better des

> A histogram of the download time of a movie, in minutes, for 30 randomly selected movies is shown. The mean download time is 39.007 minutes and the median download time is 39.065 minutes. Identify the shape of the distribution. Which measure of central t

> The data on the next page represent the travel time (in minutes) to school for nine students enrolled in Sullivan’s College Algebra course. Treat the nine students as a population. (a) Determine the population mean travel time. (b) Find three simple rand

> The following data represent the pulse rates (beats per minute) of nine students enrolled in a section of Sullivan’s Introductory Statistics course. Treat the nine students as a population. (a) Determine the population mean pulse. (b) Find three simple r

> The acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured using pH. A pH less than 7 is acidic; a pH greater than 7 is alkaline. The following data represent the pH in samples of bottled water and tap water. (a) Determine the mean, median, and mode pH for each

> The data in the next column represent exam scores in a statistics class taught using traditional lecture and a class taught using a “flipped” classroom. The “flipped” classroom is one where the content is delivered via video and watched at home, while cl

> Match the histograms shown to the summary statistics:

> The Gallup Organization contacts 1028 teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live in the United States and asks whether or not they had been prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.

> For each of the three histograms shown, determine whether the mean is greater than, less than, or approximately equal to the median. Justify your answer.

> The following data represent the flight time (in minutes) of a random sample of seven flights from Las Vegas, Nevada, to Newark, New Jersey, on United Airlines. Compute the mean, median, and mode flight time. 282, 270, 260, 266, 257, 260, 267

> A certain type of concrete mix is designed to withstand 3000 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure. The concrete is poured into casting cylinders and allowed to set for 28 days. The concrete’s strength is then measured. The following data represent th

> The following data represent the amount of time (in minutes) a random sample of eight students took to complete the online portion of an exam in Sullivan’s Statistics course. Compute the mean, median, and mode time. 60.5, 128.0, 84.6, 122.3, 78.9, 94.7,

> The following data represent the miles per gallon for a 2013 Ford Fusion for six randomly selected vehicles. Compute the mean, median, and mode miles per gallon. Source: www.fueleconomy.gov 34.0, 33.2, 37.0, 29.4, 23.6, 25.9

> The median for the given set of six ordered data values is 26.5. What is the missing value? 7 12 21 ______ 41 50

> For Super Bowl LIII, there were 62,612 tickets sold for a total value of $108,005,700. What was the mean price per ticket?

> Population: 1, 19, 25, 15, 12, 16, 28, 13, 6

> Population: 3, 6, 10, 12, 14

> Sample: 83, 65, 91, 87, 84

> Time of day measured in military time

> Sample: 20, 13, 4, 8, 10

> The following relative frequency histogram represents the proportion of employed people aged 15–74 years old who are members of a union. (a) Describe how this graph is misleading. What might a reader conclude from the graph? (b) Redraw the histogram so t

> The graph shows the median income for females from 2010 to 2017 in constant 2017 dollars. (a) How is the graph misleading? What does the graph seem to convey? (b) Redraw the graph so that it is not misleading. What does the new graph seem to convey?

> The following is a USA Today–type graph. (a) Explain how it is misleading. (b) What could be done to improve the graphic?

> Explain how the following graph is misleading.

> The intention of the following graph is to display the ages of U.S. presidents on Inauguration Day. Explain any problems you see with the graph.

> The following pie chart displays the position played by the most valuable player (MVP) in the National League of Major League Baseball from 1931 through 2018. Explain how the graphic is misleading. What should be done to improve the graphic?

> The following USA Today–type graphic illustrates the ideal family size (total children) based on a survey of adult Americans. (a) What type of graphic is being displayed? (b) Describe any problems with the graphic. (c) Construct a graphic that is not mis

> Between 1980 and 2016, the percent of adults in the United States who were overweight more than doubled from 15% to 40%. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (a) Construct a graphic that is not misleading to depict this situation. (b) Cons

> The average per gallon price for regular unleaded gasoline in the United States rose from $1.46 in 2001 to $2.77 in 2018. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. (a) Construct a graphic that is not misleading to depict this situation. (b) Constru

> Assessed value of a house

> The following data represent health care expenditures per capita (per person) and as a percentage of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) from 2007 to 2016. Gross domestic product is the total value of all goods and services created during the course of

> The safety manager at Klutz Enterprises provides the following graph to the plant manager and claims that the rate of worker injuries has been reduced by 67% over a 12-year period. Does the graph support his claim? Explain.

> The USA Today-type graph shown in the next column is based on data from the Department of Agriculture. It represents the percentage of income a middle-class family will spend on their children. (a) How is the graphic misleading? (b) What could be done to

> The U.S. Strategic Oil Reserve is a government-owned stockpile of crude oil. It was established after the oil embargo in the mid-1970s and is meant to serve as a national defense fuel reserve, as well as to offset reductions in commercial oil supplies th

> The following histogram drawn in StatCrunch represents the total tax collected by the Internal Revenue Service for each state plus Washington, DC and Puerto Rico. Explain why the graph is misleading. Note: Puerto Rico paid the least in tax ($3.5 million)

> An article in a student newspaper claims that younger drivers are safer than older drivers and provides the following graph to support the claim. Explain how this graph is misleading.

> A newspaper article claimed that the afternoon hours were the worst in terms of robberies and provided the following graph in support of this claim. Explain how this graph is misleading.

> The____ is the difference between consecutive lower class limits.

> The____ class limit is the smallest value within the class and the____ class limit is the largest value within the class.

> The categories by which data are grouped are called ______.

> Eye color

> In a national survey of 1300 high school students (grades 9 to 12), 32% of respondents reported that someone had bullied them at school. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

> What type of variable is required when drawing a time-series plot? Why do we draw time-series plots?

> Sketch four histograms—one skewed right, one skewed left, one bell-shaped, and one uniform. Label each histogram according to its shape. What makes a histogram skewed left? Skewed right? Symmetric?

> Choose any data set that has at least 50 observations of a quantitative variable. In StatCrunch, open the “Histogram with Sliders” applet. Adjust the bin width and starting point of the histogram. Can the choice of bin width (class width) affect the shap

> Describe the situations in which it is preferable to use relative frequencies over frequencies when summarizing quantitative data.