A scuba diver in a lake aims her underwater spotlight at the lake surface. (a) If the beam makes a 75° angle of incidence with respect to a normal to the water surface, is it reflected, transmitted, or both? Find the angles of the reflected and transmitted beams (if they exist). (b) Repeat for a 25° angle of incidence.
> A dissecting microscope is designed to have a large distance between the object and the objective lens. Suppose the focal length of the objective of a dissecting microscope is 5.0 cm, the focal length of the eyepiece is 4.0 cm, and the distance between t
> In Fig. 3.30 an astronaut is playing shuffleboard on Earth. The puck has a mass of 2.0 kg. Between the board and puck the coefficient of static friction is 0.35 and that of kinetic friction is 0.25. (a) If she pushes the puck with a force of 5.0 N in the
> The image sensor of a camera measures 24 mm by 36 mm. The focal length of the camera lens is 50.0 mm. A picture is taken of a person 182 cm tall. What is the minimum distance from the camera for the person to stand so that the image fits on the sensor? G
> In Example 3.10, find T3, the tension in the coupling between cars 2 and 3.
> An astronomical telescope provides an angular magnification of 12. The two converging lenses are 66 cm apart. Find the focal length of each of the lenses.
> Five objects all start from rest at t = 0. Each is pushed to the right by a constant net force. Rank the objects according to their speeds at the instants of time indicated, from largest to smallest. (a) mass m, net force F; speed at time t1; (b) mass 2
> Two lenses, of focal lengths 3.0 cm and 30.0 cm, are used to build a small telescope. (a) Which lens should be the objective? (b) What is the angular magnification? (c) What is the distance between the intermediate image (formed by the eyepiece) and th
> In each motion diagram, the dots are labeled with the “frame” number (frame 1 is the first position of the object). Choose the x-axis pointing to the right. For each diagram, sketch graphs of x(t), vx(t), and ax(t) and
> When a steel cable supports a heavy load of weight W, its length increases by an amount ΔL compared with its length without a load. Suppose the cable is cut into three equal pieces, and the three resulting cables are used side by side to support the same
> A slide projector, using slides of width 5.08 cm, produces an image that is 2.00 m wide on a screen 3.50 m away. What is the focal length of the projector lens?
> In a binary star system, two stars orbit their common center of mass. In one such system, star A has 4.0 times the mass of star B. (a) Draw and label vector arrows for the gravitational forces that each star exerts on the other, showing how their direct
> A slide projector has a projection lens of 10.0 cm focal length, and the screen is located 2.5 m from the projector. (a) What is the distance between the slide and the projection lens? (b) What is the magnification of the image? (c) How wide is the im
> Draw a motion diagram and sketch graphs of x(t), vx(t), and ax(t) for a sprinter running a short race on a straight track, from just before the start of the race until the sprinter has stopped after finishing the race. Sketch FBDs for the runner while sp
> You have two lenses of focal lengths 25.0 cm and 5.0 cm. (a) To build an astronomical telescope that gives an angular magnification of 5.0, how should you use the lenses (which for objective and which for eyepiece)? Explain. (b) How far apart should th
> A tennis ball (mass 57.0 g) moves toward the player’s racquet at 47.5 m/s. It is in contact with the racquet for 3.60 ms, after which it moves in the opposite direction at 50.2 m/s. What is the average force on the ball due to the racquet?
> A camera has a telephoto lens of 240 mm focal length. The lens can be moved in and out a distance of 16 mm from the image sensor by rotating the lens barrel. If the lens can focus objects at infinity, what is the closest object distance for which the cam
> (a) Using Fig. 3.26, estimate Damon’s acceleration at t = 2.0 s. (b) Estimate his average velocity between t = 0 and t = 10.0 s.
> Good lenses used in cameras and other optical devices are actually compound lenses made of several lenses put together to minimize aberrations. Suppose a converging lens with a focal length of 4.00 cm is placed right next to a diverging lens with focal l
> An automobile is traveling along a straight road to the southeast at 24 m/s when the driver sees a deer begin to cross the road ahead of her. She steps on the brake and brings the car to a complete stop in an elapsed time of 8.0 s. A data recording devic
> A police officer is investigating the scene of an accident where two cars collided at an intersection. One car with a mass of 1100 kg moving west had collided with a 1300 kg car moving north. The two cars, stuck together, skid at an angle of 30° north of
> (a) Sunlight reflected from the smooth ice surface of a frozen lake is totally polarized when the incident light is at what angle with respect to the horizontal? (b) In what direction is the reflected light polarized? (c) What is the direction of the m
> A 1200 kg airplane starts from rest and, with a constant acceleration of magnitude 5.0 m/s2, reaches its takeoff speed in 9.00 s. (a) What is the magnitude of the net force on the airplane during this time interval? (b) Assume that when the plane is ju
> A diamond in air is illuminated with white light. On one particular facet, the angle of incidence is 26.00°. Inside the diamond, red light (λ = 660.0 nm in vacuum) is refracted at 10.48° with respect to the normal; blue light (λ = 470.0 nm in vacuum) is
> A cannonball is catapulted toward a castle. The cannonball's velocity when it leaves the catapult is 40 m/s at an angle of 37° with respect to the horizontal, and the cannonball is 7.0 m above the ground at this time. (a) What is the maximum height abov
> Show that the deviation angle δ for a ray striking a thin converging lens at a distance d from the principal axis is given by δ = d/f. Therefore, a ray is bent through an angle δ that is proportional to d and does n
> A circus performer is shot out of a cannon and flies over a vertical net that is placed at a horizontal distance of 6.0 m from the cannon. When the cannon is aimed at an angle of 40° above the horizontal, the performer is moving in the horizontal directi
> A ray of light passes from air through dense flint glass and then back into air. The angle of incidence on the first glass surface is 60.0°. The thickness of the glass is 5.00 mm; its front and back surfaces are parallel. How far is the ray displaced as
> How much energy is released in the fusion reaction 2H + 3H - 4He + n?
> A ray of light in air is incident on benzene contained in a shallow tank made of crown glass, making an angle of 60.0° with the surface. What is the angle of refraction of the light ray (measured from the normal) when it enters the glass at th
> What is the total energy released by the proton-proton cycle [Eq. (29- 54)]?
> A roller coaster has a vertical loop with radius 29.5 m. With what minimum speed should the roller coaster car be moving at the top of the loop so that the passengers do not lose contact with the seats?
> (a) A particle is made up of the quarks sū. Is this a meson or a baryon? What is the charge of this particle? (b) A particle is made up of the quarks udc. Is this a meson or a baryon? What is the charge of this particle? (c) The particle in (b) can decay
> Draw a ray diagram and locate the image for the object shown in the figure.
> One possible fission reaction for 235U is 235U + n → 141Cs + 93Rb + ?n, where “?n” represents one or more neutrons. (a) How many neutrons? (b) From the graph in Fig. 29.2, you can read the approximate binding energies per nucleon for the three nuclides
> A glass block (n = 1.7) is submerged in an unknown liquid. A ray of light inside the block undergoes total internal reflection. What can you conclude concerning the index of refraction of the liquid?
> Calculate the energy released in the fission reaction of Eq. (29-47).
> A beam of light consisting of a mixture of red, yellow, and blue light originates from a source submerged in some carbon disulfide. The light beam strikes an interface between the carbon disulfide and air at an angle of incidence of 37.5° as s
> Estimate the energy released in the fission reaction of Eq. (29-48) from the values of the binding energy per nucleon in Fig. 29.2.
> A ray of light is reflected from two mirrored surfaces as shown in the figure. If the initial angle of incidence is 34°, what are the values of angles α and β? (The figure is not to scale.)
> A 235U nucleus captures a low-energy neutron to form the compound nucleus 236U*. Find the excitation energy of the compound nucleus. Ignore the small initial kinetic energy of the captured neutron.
> The focal length of a thin lens is −20.0 cm. A screen is placed 160 cm from the lens. What is the y-coordinate of the point where the light ray shown hits the screen? The incident ray is parallel to the central axis and is 1.0 cm from t
> An effective treatment for cancer takes advantage of the fact that boron readily captures slow neutrons. In the body, boron is much more likely to capture a neutron than are carbon, oxygen, or hydrogen. Because of the chemical similarity of boron and car
> A man with a mass of 65 kg skis down a frictionless hill that is 5.0 m high. At the bottom of the hill the terrain levels out. As the man reaches the horizontal section, he grabs a 20 kg backpack and skis off a 2.0 m high ledge. At what horizontal distan
> A letter on a page of the compact edition of the Oxford English Dictionary is 0.60 mm tall. A magnifying glass (a single thin lens) held 4.5 cm above the page forms an image of the letter that is 2.4 cm tall. (a) Is the image real or virtual? (b) Where
> The reactions listed in Problem 53 did not stop there. To the surprise of the Curies, the phosphorus decay continued after the alpha bombardment ended with the phosphorus/ emitting a β+ to form yet another product. Write out this reaction, identifying
> An object of height 5.00 cm is placed 20.0 cm from a converging lens of focal length 15.0 cm. Draw a ray diagram to find the height and position of the image.
> Irène and Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie, in an experiment that led to the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry, bombarded aluminum / with alpha particles to form a highly unstable isotope of phosphorus, / . The phosphoru
> A 3.00 cm high pin, when placed at a certain distance in front of a concave mirror, produces an upright image 9.00 cm high, 30.0 cm from the mirror. Find the position of the pin relative to the mirror and the image. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate.
> A certain nuclide absorbs a neutron. It then emits an electron, and then breaks up into two alpha particles. (a) Identify the original nuclide and the two intermediate nuclides (after absorbing the neutron and after emitting the electron). (b) Would an
> A neutron-activated sample emits gamma rays at energies that are consistent with the decay of mercury-198 nuclei from an excited state to the ground state. If the reaction that takes place is , what is the nuclide “(?)”
> A laser beam is traveling through an unknown substance. When it encounters a boundary with air, the angle of reflection is 25.0° and the angle of refraction is 37.0°. (a) What is the index of refraction of the substance? (b) What is the speed of light
> Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the amount of radon- 222 gas, measured in curies, found in the lungs of an average person. Assume an average exposure of 1 mSv/yr due to the alpha particles emitted by radon-222. The half-life is 3.8 days. You will
> While on an elevator, Jaden's apparent weight is 550 N. When he was on the ground, the scale reading was 600 N. What is Jaden's acceleration?
> In many cars the passenger's side mirror says: “Objects in the mirror are closer than they appear.” (a) Does this mirror form real or virtual images? (b) Since the image is diminished in size, is the mirror concave or convex? Why? (c) Show that the im
> The greatest concentration of iodine in the body is in the thyroid gland, so radioactive iodine-131 is often used as a tracer to help diagnose thyroid problems. Suppose the activity of 131I in a patient’s thyroid is initially 1.85 × 106 Bq. 131I decays v
> Samantha puts her face 32.0 cm from a makeup mirror and notices that her image is magnified by 1.80 times. (a) What kind of mirror is this? (b) Where is her face relative to the radius of curvature or focal length? (c) What is the radius of curvature
> Some types of cancer can be effectively treated by bombarding the cancer cells with high energy protons. Suppose 1.16 × 1017 protons, each with an energy of 950 keV, are incident on a tumor of mass 3.82 mg. If the RBE for these protons is 3.0, what is th
> A 5.0 cm tall object is placed 50.0 cm from a lens with focal length −20.0 cm. (a) How tall is the image? (b) Is the image upright or inverted?
> If meat is irradiated with 2000.0 Gy of x-rays, most of the bacteria are killed and the shelf life of the meat is greatly increased. (a) How many 100.0 keV photons must be absorbed by a 0.30 kg steak so that the absorbed dose is 2000.0 Gy? (b) Assuming
> A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 14 cm. If a pointlike object is placed 9.0 cm away from the mirror on its principal axis, where is the image?
> A 65 kg patient undergoes a diagnostic chest x-ray and receives a biologically equivalent dose of 0.2 mSv distributed over 33% of the patient’s body mass. If the x-rays have a relative biological effectiveness of 0.90, how much energy is absorbed by the
> An object is placed 10.0 cm in front of a lens. An upright, virtual image is formed 30.0 cm away from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens? Is the lens converging or diverging?
> An alpha particle produced in radioactive decay has a kinetic energy of typically about 6 MeV. When an alpha particle passes through matter (e.g., biological tissue), it makes ionizing collisions with molecules, giving up some of its kinetic energy to su
> A 115 g ball is traveling to the left with a speed of 30 m/s when it is struck by a racket. The force on the ball, directed to the right and applied over 21 ms of contact time, is shown in the graph. What is the speed of the ball immediately after it lea
> An object 8.0 cm high forms a virtual image 3.5 cm high located 4.0 cm behind a mirror. (a) Find the object distance. (b) Describe the mirror: is it plane, convex, or concave? (c) What are its focal length and radius of curvature?
> A sample of potassium-40 has an activity of 9.0 mCi. What is its mass?
> A point source of light is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror; the reflected rays are parallel. What is the radius of curvature of the mirror?
> A radioactive sample has equal numbers of 15O and 19O nuclei. Use the half-lives found in Appendix B.8 to determine how long it will take before there are twice as many 15O nuclei as 19O. What percent of the 19O nuclei have decayed during this time?
> You are standing 1.2 m from a heat lamp that draws an rms current of 12.5 A when connected to 120 V rms. (a) Assuming that the energy of the heat lamp is radiated uniformly in a hemispherical pattern, what is the intensity of the light on your face? (b
> To perform a bone scan, 3.8 × 106 Bq of 85Sr is injected into a patient. The half-life of 85Sr is 30.1 yr, and its mass is 84.9 u. What mass of 85Sr is injected into the patient?
> Using Faraday’s law, show that if a magnetic dipole antenna’s axis makes an angle θ with the magnetic field of an EM wave, the induced emf in the antenna is reduced from its maximum possible value by a factor of cos θ. [Hint: Assume that, at any instant,
> In this problem, you will verify the statement (in Section 29.4) that the 14C activity in a living sample is 0.25 Bq per gram of carbon. (a) What is the decay constant λ for 14C? (b) How many 14C atoms are in 1.00 g of carbon? One mole of carbon atoms h
> Verify that the equation I = 〈u〉c is dimensionally consistent (i.e., check the units).
> A certain radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 200.0 s. A sample containing just this one radioactive nuclide has an initial activity of 80 000.0 s−1. (a) What is the activity 600.0 s later? (b) How many nuclei were there initially? (c) What is the
> When on the ground, Ian's weight is measured to be 640 N. When Ian is on an elevator, his apparent weight is 700 N. What is the net force on the system (Ian and the elevator) if their combined mass is 1050 kg?
> A microwave oven can heat 350 g of water from 25.0°C to 100.0°C in 2.00 min. (a) At what rate is energy absorbed by the water? (b) These microwaves pass through a waveguide of cross-sectional area 88.0 cm2. What is the average intensity of the microwav
> Refer to Example 28.6. Estimate the percentage change in the tunneling current if the distance between the sample surface and the STM tip increases 2.0%.
> By expressing ϵ0 and μ0 in base SI units (kg, m, s, A), show that the only combination of the two with dimensions of speed is (ϵ0μ0)−1/2.
> A proton and a deuteron (which has the same charge as the proton but 2.0 times the mass) are incident on a barrier of thickness 10.0 fm and “height” 10.0 MeV. Each particle has a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV. (a) Which particle has the higher probability o
> What are the three lowest angular speeds for which the wheel in Fizeau’s apparatus (see Fig. 22.11) allows the reflected light to pass through to the observer? Assume the distance between the notched wheel and the mirror is 8.6 km and that there are 5 no
> In a ruby laser, laser light of wavelength 694.3 nm is emitted. The ruby crystal is 6.00 cm long, and the index of refraction of ruby is 1.75. Think of the light in the ruby crystal as a standing wave along the length of the crystal. How many wavelengths
> To measure the speed of light, Galileo and a colleague stood on different mountains with covered lanterns. Galileo uncovered his lantern and his friend, seeing the light, uncovered his own lantern in turn. Galileo measured the elapsed time from uncoverin
> A photoconductor (see Conceptual Question 13) allows charge to flow freely when photons of wavelength 640 nm or less are incident on it. What is the band gap for this photoconductor?
> You are trying to communicate with a spaceship that is traveling at 1.2 × 108 m/s away from Earth. If you send a message at a frequency of 55 kHz, to what frequency should the astronauts on the ship tune to receive your message?
> A light-emitting diode (LED) has the property that electrons can be excited into the conduction band by the electrical energy from a battery; a photon is emitted when the electron drops back to the valence band. (a) If the band gap for this diode is 2.3
> You take a homemade “accelerometer” to an amusement park. This accelerometer consists of a metal nut attached to a string and connected to a protractor, as shown in the figure. While riding a roller coaster that is mov
> A 10 W laser emits a beam of light 4.0 mm in diameter. The laser is aimed at the Moon. By the time it reaches the Moon, the beam has spread out to a diameter of 85 km. Ignoring absorption by the atmosphere, what is the intensity of the light (a) just ou
> (a) Find the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum L for an electron with n = 2 and I = 1 in terms of ħ. (b) What are the allowed values for Lz? (c) What are the angles between the positive z-axis and / so that the quantized components, Lz, have a
> Energy carried by an EM wave coming through the air can be used to light a bulb that is not connected to a battery or plugged into an electric outlet. Suppose a receiving antenna is attached to a bulb and the bulb is found to dissipate a maximum power of
> An electron in a hydrogen atom has quantum numbers: n = 8; mℓ = 4. What are the possible values for the orbital angular momentum quantum number ℓ of the electron?
> A sinusoidal EM wave has an electric field amplitude Em = 32.0 mV/m. What are the intensity and average energy density? [Hint: Recall the relationship between amplitude and rms value for a quantity that varies sinusoidally.]
> What is the electronic configuration of the ground state of the carbon atom? Write it in the following ways: (a) using spectroscopic notation (1s2 …); (b) listing the four quantum numbers for each of the electrons. Note that there may be more than one
> An unpolarized beam of light (intensity I0) is moving in the x- direction. The light passes through three ideal polarizers whose transmission axes are (in order) at angles 0.0°, 45.0°, and 30.0° counterclockwise from the y-axis in the yz-plane. (a) What
> A muon and an antimuon, each with a mass that is 207 times greater than an electron, were at rest when they annihilated and produced two photons of equal energy. What is the wavelength of each of the photons?
> Polarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a pair of ideal polarizing sheets. Let θ1 and θ2 be the angles between the direction of polarization of the incident light and the transmission axes of the first and second sheets, respectively. Show that th
> A photon passes near a nucleus and creates an electron and a positron, each with a total energy of 8.0 MeV. What was the wavelength of the photon?
> Yolanda, whose mass is 64.2 kg, is riding in an elevator that has an upward acceleration of 2.13 m/s2. What force does she exert on the floor of the elevator?
> The range of wavelengths allotted to the radio broadcast band is from about 190 m to 550 m. If each station needs exclusive use of a frequency band 10 kHz wide, how many stations can operate in the broadcast band?
> A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner detects 511 keV photons emitted when positrons and electrons annihilate each other. What is the wavelength of the photons?
> A 2.0 mW laser pointer has a beam diameter of 1.5 mm. When it is accidentally pointed at a person’s eye, the beam is focused to a spot of diameter 20.0 µm on the retina and the retina is exposed for 80 ms. (a) What is the intensity of the laser beam? (b
