Question: An old gas turbine has an efficiency

> An automotive air conditioner produces a 1-kW cooling effect while consuming 0.75 kW of power. What is the rate at which heat is rejected from this air conditioner?

> Describe an imaginary process that satisfies the second law but violates the first law of thermodynamics.

> A food freezer is to produce a 5-kW cooling effect, and its COP is 1.3. How many kW of power will this refrigerator require for operation?

> The average temperature of the atmosphere in the world is approximated as a function of altitude by the relation Tatm = 288.15 − 6.5z where Tatm is the temperature of the atmosphere in K and z is the altitude in km with z = 0 at sea level. Determine the

> Show that the Kelvin–Planck and the Clausius expressions of the second law are equivalent.

> What is the Clausius expression of the second law of thermodynamics?

> A heat pump is a device that absorbs energy from the cold outdoor air and transfers it to the warmer indoors. Is this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Explain.

> In a refrigerator, heat is transferred from a lower temperature medium (the refrigerated space) to a higher temperature one (the kitchen air). Is this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Explain.

> A refrigerator has a COP of 1.5. That is, the refrigerator removes 1.5 kWh of energy from the refrigerated space for each 1 kWh of electricity it consumes. Is this a violation of the first law of thermodynamics? Explain.

> A heat pump that is used to heat a house has a COP of 2.5. That is, the heat pump delivers 2.5 kWh of energy to the house for each 1 kWh of electricity it consumes. Is this a violation of the first law of thermodynamics? Explain.

> Define the coefficient of performance of a heat pump in words. Can it be greater than unity?

> What is the difference between a refrigerator and an air conditioner?

> Define the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator in words. Can it be greater than unity?

> Describe an imaginary process that satisfies the first law but violates the second law of thermodynamics.

> The average body temperature of a person rises by about 2°C during strenuous exercise. What is the rise in the body temperature in (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) R during strenuous exercise?

> What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump?

> Repeat Prob. 7–26 for a simple payback period of three years instead of five years. Data from Prob. 7-26: A country needs to build new power plants to meet the increasing demand for electric power. One possibility is to build coal-fired power plants, wh

> Reconsider Prob. 7–26. Using appropriate software, investigate the price of coal for varying simple payback periods, plant construction costs, and operating efficiency. Data from Prob. 7-26: A country needs to build new power plants to meet the increasi

> A country needs to build new power plants to meet the increasing demand for electric power. One possibility is to build coal-fired power plants, which cost $1300 per kW to construct and have an efficiency of 40 percent. Another possibility is to build cl

> An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plant built in Hawaii in 1987 was designed to operate between the temperature limits of 86°F at the ocean surface and 41°F at a depth of 2100 ft. About 13,300 gpm of cold seawater was to be pumped from deep

> A coal-burning steam power plant produces a net power of 300 MW with an overall thermal efficiency of 32 percent. The actual gravimetric air–fuel ratio in the furnace is calculated to be 12 kg air/kg fuel. The heating value of the coal is 28,000 kJ/kg.

> Solar energy stored in large bodies of water, called solar ponds, is being used to generate electricity. If such a solar power plant has an efficiency of 3 percent and a net power output of 150 kW, determine the average value of the required solar energy

> An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 22 L/h and delivers 55 kW of power to the wheels. If the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg and a density of 0.8 g/cm3, determine the efficiency of this engine.

> A steam power plant with a power output of 150 MW consumes coal at a rate of 60 tons/h. If the heating value of the coal is 30,000 kJ/kg, determine the overall efficiency of this plant.

> A heat engine that propels a ship produces 500 Btu/lbm of work while rejecting 300 Btu/lbm of heat. What is its thermal efficiency?

> A house is losing heat at a rate of 1800 kJ/h per °C temperature difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperatures. Express the rate of heat loss from this house per (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) R difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperat

> Describe an imaginary process that violates both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics.

> A heat engine with a thermal efficiency of 45 percent rejects 500 kJ/kg of heat. How much heat does it receive?

> A 600-MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a nearby river, has a thermal efficiency of 40 percent. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the river water. Will the actual heat transfer rate be higher or lower than this value? Why?

> A heat engine has a heat input of 3 × 104 Btu/h and a thermal efficiency of 40 percent. Calculate the power it will produce, in hp.

> A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the pipes and other components are estimated to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the coolin

> A heat engine has a total heat input of 1.3 kJ and a thermal efficiency of 35 percent. How much work will it produce?

> Consider a pan of water being heated (a) by placing it on an electric range and (b) by placing a heating element in the water. Which method is a more efficient way of heating water? Explain.

> Show that COPHP = COPR + 1 when both the heat pump and the refrigerator have the same QL and QH values.

> Calculate and plot the thermal efficiency of a completely reversible heat engine as a function of the source temperature up to 2000 R with the sink temperature fixed at 500 R.

> A Carnot heat engine is operating between a source at TH and a sink at TL. If we wish to double the thermal efficiency of this engine, what should the new source temperature be? Assume the sink temperature is held constant.

> The boiling temperature of water decreases by about 3°C for each 1000-m rise in altitude. What is the decrease in the boiling temperature in (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) R for each 1000-m rise in altitude?

> Cold water at 10°C enters a water heater at the rate of 0.02 m3/min and leaves the water heater at 50°C. The water heater receives heat from a heat pump that receives heat from a heat source at 0°C. (a) Assuming the water

> A heat pump supplies heat energy to a house at the rate of 140,000 kJ/h when the house is maintained at 25°C. Over a period of one month, the heat pump operates for 100 hours to transfer energy from a heat source outside the house to inside the house. Co

> Replacing incandescent lights with energy-efficient fluorescent lights can reduce the lighting energy consumption to one-fourth of what it was before. The energy consumed by the lamps is eventually converted to heat, and thus switching to energy-efficien

> A homeowner is trying to decide between a high efficiency natural gas furnace with an efficiency of 97 percent and a ground-source heat pump with a COP of 3.5. The unit costs of electricity and natural gas are $0.115/kWh and $0.75/therm (1 therm = 105,50

> Baseboard heaters are basically electric resistance heaters and are frequently used in space heating. A homeowner claims that her 5-year-old baseboard heaters have a conversion efficiency of 100 percent. Is this claim in violation of any thermodynamic la

> Reconsider Prob. 7–128. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the heat pump COP on the yearly operation costs and the number of years required to break even. Let the COP vary from 2 to 5. Plot the payback period against

> A typical electric water heater has an efficiency of 95 percent and costs $350 a year to operate at a unit cost of electricity of $0.11/kWh. A typical heat pump–powered water heater has a COP of 3.3 but costs about $800 more to install.

> The drinking water needs of a production facility with 20 employees is to be met by a bubbler type water fountain. The refrigerated water fountain is to cool water from 22 to 8°C and supply cold water at a rate of 0.4 L per hour per person. He

> The maximum flow rate of a standard shower head is about 3.5 gpm (13.3 L/min) and can be reduced to 2.75 gpm (10.5 L/min) by switching to a low-flow shower head that is equipped with flow controllers. Consider a family of four, with each person taking a

> The cargo space of a refrigerated truck whose inner dimensions are 12 m × 2.3 m × 3.5 m is to be precooled from 25°C to an average temperature of 5°C. The construction of the truck is such that a transmissi

> Hyperthermia of 5°C (i.e., 5°C rise above the normal body temperature) is considered fatal. Express this fatal level of hyperthermia in (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) R.

> Consider a Carnot heat-pump cycle executed in a steady-flow system in the saturated liquid vapor mixture region using refrigerant-134a flowing at a rate of 0.18 kg/s as the working fluid. It is known that the maximum absolute temperature in the cycle is

> A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 800 and 20°C. One-half of the work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot heat pump that removes heat from the cold surroundings at 2°C and transfers it to a house maintained at 22°C. If the h

> Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat from the reservoir at 1400 K and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature T. The second engine receives this energy rejected by the first one, converts

> Consider a Carnot heat-engine cycle executed in a steady-flow system using steam as the working fluid. The cycle has a thermal efficiency of 30 percent, and steam changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 275°C during the heat addition process.

> Are the efficiencies of all the work-producing devices, including the hydroelectric power plants, limited by the Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law? Explain.

> Reconsider Prob. 7–118. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the network input on the minimum pressure. Let the work input vary from 10 to 30 kJ. Plot the minimum pressure in the refrigeration cycle as a function of network input, and di

> Consider a Carnot refrigeration cycle executed in a closed system in the saturated liquid–vapor mixture region using 0.96 kg of refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. It is known that the maximum absolute temperature in the cycle is 1.2 times the minimum

> Reconsider Prob. 7–116. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the network output on the required temperature of the steam during the heat rejection process. Let the work output vary from 40 to 60 kJ. Data from Prob. 7-116: Consider a Car

> Consider a Carnot heat-engine cycle executed in a closed system using 0.025 kg of steam as the working fluid. It is known that the maximum absolute temperature in the cycle is twice the minimum absolute temperature, and the net work output of the cycle i

> The average atmospheric pressure on earth is approximated as a function of altitude by the relation Patm = 101.325 (1 − 0.02256z)5.256, where Patm is the atmospheric pressure in kPa and z is the altitude in km with z = 0 at sea level. Determine the appro

> A heat pump with a COP of 2.8 is used to heat an airtight house. When running, the heat pump consumes 5 kW of power. If the temperature in the house is 7°C when the heat pump is turned on, how long will it take for the heat pump to raise the temperature

> A refrigeration system is to cool bread loaves with an average mass of 350 g from 30 to –10°C at a rate of 1200 loaves per hour with refrigerated air at –30°C. Taking the average specific and latent heats of bread to be 2.93 kJ/kg·°C and 109.3 kJ/kg, res

> A refrigeration system uses a water-cooled condenser for rejecting the waste heat. The system absorbs heat from a space at 25°F at a rate of 21,000 Btu/h. Water enters the condenser at 65°F at a rate of 1.45 lbm/s. The COP of the system is estimated to b

> A Carnot heat pump is used to heat and maintain a residential building at 75°F. An energy analysis of the house reveals that it loses heat at a rate of 2500 Btu/h per °F temperature difference between the indoors and the outdoors. For an outdoor temperat

> An air-conditioning system is used to maintain a house at a constant temperature of 20°C. The house is gaining heat from outdoors at a rate of 20,000 kJ/h, and the heat generated in the house from the people, lights, and appliances amounts to 8000 kJ/h.

> A heat pump designer claims to have an air-source heat pump whose coefficient of performance is 1.8 when heating a building whose interior temperature is 300 K and when the atmospheric air surrounding the building is at 260 K. Is this claim valid?

> In the absence of any friction and other irreversibility, can a heat engine have an efficiency of 100 percent? Explain.

> A manufacturer of ice cream freezers claims that its product has a coefficient of performance of 1.3 while freezing ice cream at 250 K when the surrounding environment is at 300 K. Is this claim valid?

> Derive an expression for the COP of a completely reversible refrigerator in terms of the thermal energy reservoir temperatures, TL and TH.

> The structure of a house is such that it loses heat at a rate of 4500 kJ/h per °C difference between the indoors and outdoors. A heat pump that requires a power input of 4 kW is used to maintain this house at 24°C. Determine the lowest outdoor temperatur

> A hydraulic lift is to be used to lift a 1900-kg weight by putting a weight of 25 kg on a piston with a diameter of 10 cm. Determine the diameter of the piston on which the weight is to be placed.

> A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 900°C at a rate of 800 kJ/min and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 27°C. The entire work output of the heat engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated

> A Carnot heat pump is to be used to heat a house and maintain it at 25°C in winter. On a day when the average outdoor temperature remains at about 2°C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 55,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump c

> A completely reversible heat pump has a COP of 1.6 and a sink temperature of 300 K. Calculate (a) the temperature of the source and (b) the rate of heat transfer to the sink when 1.5 kW of power is supplied to this heat pump.

> A heat pump is to be used for heating a house in winter. The house is to be maintained at 78°F at all times. When the temperature outdoors drops to 25°F, the heat losses from the house are estimated to be 70,000 Btu/h. Determine the minimum power require

> The performance of a heat pump degrades (i.e., its COP decreases) as the temperature of the heat source decreases. This makes using heat pumps at locations with severe weather conditions unattractive. Consider a house that is heated and maintained at 20°

> A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at –35°C by rejecting waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s

> A heat pump is used to heat a house and maintain it at 24°C. On a winter day when the outdoor air temperature is –5°C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. Determine the minimum power required to operate this heat pump.

> Does a heat engine that has a thermal efficiency of 100 percent necessarily violate (a) the first law and (b) the second law of thermodynamics? Explain.

> A mechanic claims to have developed a car engine that runs on water instead of gasoline. What is your response to this claim?

> A hair dryer is basically a duct in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. Air enters a 1200-W hair dryer at 100 kPa and 22°C and leaves at 47&A

> The pressure in a steam boiler is given to be 92 kgf/cm2. Express this pressure in psi, kPa, atm, and bars.

> Why is heat transfer a nonequilibrium phenomenon?

> Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a refrigerator at 900 kPa and 60°C and leaves as a saturated liquid at the same pressure. Determine the heat transfer from the refrigerant per unit mass.

> Steam enters a long, horizontal pipe with an inlet diameter of D1 = 16 cm at 2 MPa and 300°C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Farther downstream, the conditions are 1.8 MPa and 250°C, and the diameter is D2 = 14 cm. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the ste

> Argon steadily flows into a constant-pressure heater at 300 K and 100 kPa with a mass flow rate of 6.24 kg/s. Heat transfer in the rate of 150 kW is supplied to the argon as it flows through the heater. (a) Determine the argon temperature at the heater e

> The hot-water needs of a household are to be met by heating water at 55°F to 180°F with a parabolic solar collector at a rate of 4 lbm/s. Water flows through a 1.25-in-diameter thin aluminum tube whose outer surface is black-anodized in order to maximize

> Reconsider Prob. 6–93. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the moving velocity of the steel plate on the rate of heat transfer from the oil bath. Let the velocity vary from 5 to 50 m/min. Plot the rate of heat transfer

> A long roll of 2-m-wide and 0.5-cm-thick 1-Mn manganese steel plate (ρ = 7854 kg/m3 and cp = 0.434 kJ/kg·°C) coming off a furnace at 820°C is to be quenched in an oil bath at 45°C to a temperatu

> A house has an electric heating system that consists of a 300-W fan and an electric resistance heating element placed in a duct. Air flows steadily through the duct at a rate of 0.6 kg/s and experiences a temperature rise of 7°C. The rate of heat loss fr

> A 4-m × 5-m × 6-m room is to be heated by an electric resistance heater placed in a short duct in the room. Initially, the room is at 15°C, and the local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. The room is losing heat steadily to the outside at a rate of 150 kJ/

> Repeat Prob. 6–89 for a computer that consumes 100 W of power. Data from Prob. 6-89: A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan. The electronic components of the computer consume 60 W of power under full-load conditions. The computer is to operate in e

> Air enters the 1-m2 inlet of an aircraft engine at 100 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of 180 m/s. Determine the volume flow rate, in m3/s, at the engine’s inlet and the mass flow rate, in kg/s, at the engine’s exit.

> Repeat Prob. 2–58 for a gage pressure of 40 kPa. Data from Prob 2-58: The gage pressure of the air in the tank shown in Fig. P2–58 is measured to be 80 kPa. Determine the differential height h of the mercury column.

> A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan. The electronic components of the computer consume 60 W of power under full-load conditions. The computer is to operate in environments at temperatures up to 45°C and at elevations up to 3400 m where the averag

> A computer cooled by a fan contains eight PCBs, each dissipating 10 W power. The height of the PCBs is 12 cm and the length is 18 cm. The cooling air is supplied by a 25-W fan mounted at the inlet. If the temperature rise of air as it flows through the c

> Consider a hollow-core printed circuit board 9 cm high and 18 cm long, dissipating a total of 15 W. The width of the air gap in the middle of the PCB is 0.25 cm. If the cooling air enters the 12 cm-wide core at 25°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.8 L/s, determ

> Water enters the tubes of a cold plate at 70°F with an average velocity of 40 ft/min and leaves at 105°F. The diameter of the tubes is 0.25 in. Assuming 15 percent of the heat generated is dissipated from the components to the surroundings by convection

> Saturated liquid water is heated in a steady-flow steam boiler at a constant pressure of 2 MPa at a rate of 4 kg/s to an outlet temperature of 250°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the boiler.

> The fan on a personal computer draws 0.3 ft3/s of air at 14.7 psia and 70°F through the box containing the CPU and other components. Air leaves at 14.7 psia and 83°F. Calculate the electrical power, in kW, dissipated by the PC components.

> The ducts of an air heating system pass through an unheated area. As a result of heat losses, the temperature of the air in the duct drops by 4°C. If the mass flow rate of air is 120 kg/min, determine the rate of heat loss from the air to the cold enviro

> A 110-volt electrical heater is used to warm 0.3 m3/s of air at 100 kPa and 15°C to 100 kPa and 30°C. How much current in amperes must be supplied to this heater?