Question: At the surface of a freshwater lake

> The water passing over Victoria Falls, located along the Zambezi River on the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia, drops about 105 m. How much internal energy is produced per kilogram as a result of the fall?

> A mass of 1.00 kg of water at temperature T is poured from a height of 0.100 km into a vessel containing water of the same temperature T, and a temperature change of 0.100°C is measured. What mass of water was in the vessel? Ignore heat flow into the ves

> It takes 880 J to raise the temperature of 350 g of lead from 0°C to 20.0°C. What is the specific heat of lead?

> What is the period of oscillation for small amplitudes?

> (a) Given two identical, ideal batteries (/ ) and two identical incandescent lightbulbs (resistance = R assumed constant), design a circuit to make both bulbs glow as brightly as possible. (b) What is the power dissipated by each bulb? (c) Design a c

> Describe the use of “color” as a quantum number for the quarks.

> What is the heat capacity of a system consisting of (a) a 0.450 kg brass cup filled with 0.050 kg of water? (b) 7.5 kg of water in a 0.75 kg aluminum bucket?

> Rank these six situations in order of the temperature increase, largest to smallest. (a) 1 kJ of heat into 400 g of steel with c = 0.45 kJ/(kg·K) (b) 2 kJ of heat into 400 g of steel (c) 2 kJ of heat into 800 g of steel (d) 1 kJ of heat into 400 g of alu

> If 125.6 kJ of heat are supplied to 5.00 × 102 g of water at 22°C, what is the final temperature of the water?

> Convert 1.00 kJ to kilowatt-hours (kWh).

> Show that 1 kilowatt-hour (kW·h) is equal to 3.6 MJ.

> In a tornado or hurricane, a roof may tear away from the house because of a difference in pressure between the air inside and the air outside. Suppose that air is blowing across the top of a 2000 ft2 roof at 150 mi/h. What is the magnitude of the force o

> A nozzle of inner radius 1.00 mm is connected to a hose of inner radius 8.00 mm. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25.0 m/s. (a) At what speed is the water in the hose moving? (b) What is the volume flow rate? (c) What is the mass flow rate?

> A meson with charge −e composed of up and/or down quarks and/or antiquarks.

> An object of mass 2.0 kg (the “projectile”) approaches a stationary object (the “target”) at 8.0 m/s. The projectile is deflected through an angle of 90.0° and its speed after the collision is 6.0 m/s. What is the speed of the target after the collision

> If the average volume flow of blood through the aorta is 8.5 × 10−5 m3/s and the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 3.0 × 10−4 m2, what is the average speed of blood in the aorta?

> A 0.15 kg baseball is pitched with a speed of 35 m/s (78 mi/h). When the ball hits the catcher's glove, the glove moves back by 5.0 cm (2 in.) as it stops the ball. (a) What was the change in momentum of the baseball? (b) What impulse was applied to th

> A garden hose of inner radius 1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The nozzle at the end has inner radius 0.20 cm. How fast does the water move through the nozzle?

> A stationary 0.1 g fly encounters the windshield of a 1000 kg automobile traveling at 100 km/h. (a) What is the change in momentum of the car due to the fly? (b) What is the change of momentum of the fly due to the car? (c) Approximately how many flie

> A piece of metal is released under water. The volume of the metal is 50.0 cm3 and its specific gravity is 5.0. What is its initial acceleration?

> If a car (mass 1200 kg) traveling at 28 m/s is brought to a full stop in 4.0 s after the brakes are applied, find the average frictional force exerted on the car.

> An inexperienced catcher catches a 130 km/h fastball of mass 140 g within 1 ms, whereas an experienced catcher slightly retracts his hand during the catch, extending the stopping time to 10 ms. What are the average forces imparted to the two gloved hands

> A stone used to grind wheat into flour is turned through 12 revolutions by a constant force of 20.0 N applied to the rim of a 10.0 cm radius shaft connected to the wheel. How much work is done on the stone during the 12 revolutions?

> When photons with a wavelength of 120.0 nm are incident on a metal, electrons are ejected that can be stopped with a stopping potential of 6.00 V. (a) What stopping potential is needed when the photons have a wavelength of 240.0 nm? (b) What happens wh

> (a) A piece of balsa wood with density 0.50 g/cm3 is released under water. What is its initial acceleration? (b) Repeat for a piece of maple with density 0.750 g/cm3. (c) Repeat for a ping-pong ball with an average density of 0.125 g/cm3.

> In the circuit and R = 100.0 Ω. Assume the emf is ideal. If a voltage Vx = 30.0 V is needed for a circuit, what should resistance Rx be?

> A helicopter is flying horizontally at 8.0 m/s and an altitude of 18 m when a package of emergency medical supplies is ejected horizontally backward with a speed of 12 m/s relative to the helicopter. Ignoring air resistance, what is the horizontal distan

> To contain a violent mob, the riot squad approaches with fire hoses. Suppose that the rate of flow of water through a fire hose is 24 kg/s, and the stream of water from the hose moves at 17 m/s. What force is exerted by such a stream on a person in the c

> On a kitchen scale you measure the coin’s mass to be 49.7 g. You measure the mass of a small bowl of water as 314.8 g. You tie a slender thread around the coin and suspend it completely submerged in the water but not touching the bottom. The scale readin

> A child places 12 wooden blocks together, as shown in the figure. If each block has the same mass and density, where is the CM of these blocks? Each block is a cube with sides of 1.0 inch length. The origin of the coordinate system is at the center of th

> You suspend the coin from a spring scale and find that its mass is 49.7 g. You then let the coin hang completely submerged in a glass of water but not touching the bottom and find that the scale reads 47.1 g. Should you get excited about the possibility

> A uniform rod of length 30.0 cm is bent into the shape of an inverted U. Each of the three sides is of length 10.0 cm. Find the location, in x- and y-coordinates, of the CM as measured from the origin.

> The average density of a fish can be found by first weighing it in air and then finding the scale reading for the fish completely immersed in water and suspended from a scale. If a fish has weight 200.0 N in air and scale reading 15.0 N in water, what is

> An intergalactic spaceship is traveling through space far from any planets or stars, where no human has gone before. The ship carries a crew of 30 people (of total mass 2.0 × 103 kg). If the speed of the spaceship is 1.0 × 105 m/s and its mass (excluding

> A pilot without special training or equipment can tolerate a horizontal acceleration of up to about 9g for a short period of time (about a minute) without losing consciousness. (a) How long would it take a supersonic jet in horizontal flight to accelera

> Nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) have a typical mass density of 1200 kg/m3 and a mass of 7.0 kg (including their armor). When faced with a body of water to cross, the armadillo has two choices: to hold its breath and walk across the bottom o

> A plate of uniform thickness is shaped as shown. Where is the center of gravity? Assume the origin (0, 0) is located at the lower left corner of the plate; the upper left corner is at (0, s); and the upper right corner is at (s, s).

> A square loop of wire of side 3.0 cm carries 3.0 A of current. A uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.67 T makes an angle of 37° with the plane of the loop. (a) What is the magnitude of the torque on the loop? (b) What is the net magnetic force on the l

> Why does a 1 kg sandbag fall with the same acceleration as a 5 kg sandbag? Explain in terms of Newton's second law and his law of gravitation.

> For a system of three particles moving along a line, an observer in a laboratory measures the following masses and velocities. What is the velocity of the CM of the system?

> A car traveling at 29 m/s runs into a bridge abutment after the driver falls asleep at the wheel. (a) If the driver is wearing a seat belt and comes to rest within a 1.0 m distance, what is his acceleration (assumed constant)? (b) A passenger who isn't

> A solid piece of plastic, with a density of 890 kg/m3, is placed in oil with a density of 830 kg/m3 and the plastic sinks (1). Then the plastic is placed in water and it floats (2). (a) What percentage of the plastic is submerged in the water? (b) Fina

> A 0.122 kg dart is fired from a gun with a speed of 132 m/s horizontally into a 5.00 kg wooden block. The block is attached to a spring with a spring constant of 8.56 N/m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the horizontal surface i

> A fish uses a swim bladder to change its density so it is equal to that of water, enabling it to remain suspended under water. If a fish has an average density of 1080 kg/m3 and mass 10.0 g with the bladder completely deflated, to what volume must the fi

> Two pendulum bobs have equal masses and lengths (5.1 m). Bob A is initially held horizontally while bob B hangs vertically at rest. Bob A is released and collides elastically with bob B. How fast is bob B moving immediately after the collision?

> A streetcar named Desire travels between two stations 0.60 km apart. Leaving the first station, it accelerates for 10.0 s at 1.0 m/s2 and then travels at a constant speed until it is near the second station, when it brakes at 2.0 m/s2 in order to stop at

> An aluminum cylinder weighs 1.03 N. When this same cylinder is completely submerged in alcohol, the volume of the displaced alcohol is 3.90 × 10−5 m3. If the cylinder is suspended from a scale while submerged in the alcohol, the scale reading is 0.730 N.

> A boy of mass 60 kg is sledding down a 70 m slope starting from rest. The slope is angled at 15° below the horizontal. After going 20 m along the slope, he passes his friend, who hops onto the sled. The friend has a mass of 50 kg, and the coefficient of

> How should the disk be oriented to prevent rocking from side to side and from bow to stern? Does this orientation make it difficult to steer the ship? Explain.

> A door weighing 300.0 N measures 2.00 m × 3.00 m and is of uniform density; that is, the mass is uniformly distributed throughout the volume. A doorknob is attached to the door as shown. Where is the center of gravity if the doorknob weighs 5.0 N and is

> A Vulcan spaceship has a mass of 65 000 kg and a Romulan spaceship is twice as massive. Both have engines that generate the same total force of 9.5 × 106 N. (a) If each spaceship fires its engine for the same amount of time, starting from rest, which wi

> If the cylinder rotates at 300.0 rev/min, what is the magnitude of the average torque required to tilt its axis by 60.0° in a time of 3.00 s? [Hint: Draw a vector diagram of the initial and final angular momenta.]

> If a feather and a lead brick are dropped simultaneously from the top of a ladder, the lead brick hits the ground first. What would happen if the experiment is repeated on the surface of the Moon?

> A baseball batter hits a long fly ball, giving it an initial velocity 45° above the horizontal. The ball rises to a maximum height of 44 m. An outfielder on the opposing team starts running at 7.6 m/s the instant the ball is hit. What is the farthest the

> At the beginning of a scene in an action movie, the 78.0 kg star, Indianapolis Jones, stands on a ledge 3.70 m above the ground and the 55.0 kg heroine, Georgia Smith, stands on the ground. Jones swings down on a rope, grabs Smith around the waist, and c

> The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is an endangered species that lives in the mountains of central Asia. It is thought to be the longest jumper in the animal kingdom. If a snow leopard jumps at 35° above the horizontal and lands 15.0 m away on flat ground, w

> Consider the merry-go-round of Practice Problem 8.1. The child is initially standing on the ground when the merry-go-round is rotating at 0.75 rev/s. The child then hops onto the merry-go-round. How fast is the merry-go-round rotating now? By how much di

> Pendulum bob A has half the mass of pendulum bob B. Each bob is tied to a string that is 5.1 m long. When bob A is held with its string horizontal and then released, it swings down and, once bob A's string is vertical, it collides elastically with bob B.

> The rotational inertia for a diver in a pike position is about 15.5 kg·m2; it is only 8.0 kg·m2 in a tuck position. (a) If the diver gives himself an initial angular momentum of 106 kg·m2/s as he jumps off the b

> It is the bottom of the ninth inning at a baseball game. The score is tied and there is a runner on second base when the batter gets a hit. The 85 kg base runner rounds third base and is heading for home with a speed of 8.0 m/s. Just before he reaches ho

> A potentiometer is a resistor with a sliding contact. It can be used to measure emfs accurately (Problem 131) or to supply a variable voltage to a circuit (Problem 132). In the diagram with switch S1 closed and S2 open, there is no current through the ga

> A diver can change his rotational inertia by drawing his arms and legs close to his body in the tuck position. After he leaves the diving board (with some unknown angular velocity), he pulls himself into a ball as closely as possible and makes 2.00 compl

> A weightless rod, 10.0 m long, supports three weights as shown. Where is its center of gravity?

> Gerald wants to know how fast he can throw a ball, so he hangs a 2.30 kg target on a rope from a tree. He picks up a 0.50 kg ball of putty and throws it horizontally against the target. The putty sticks to the target and the putty and target swing up a v

> A spoked wheel with a radius of 40.0 cm and a mass of 2.00 kg is mounted horizontally on frictionless bearings. JiaJun puts his 0.500 kg guinea pig on the outer edge of the wheel. The guinea pig begins to run along the edge of the wheel with a speed of 2

> A radium nucleus (mass 226 u) at rest decays into a radon nucleus (symbol Rn, mass 222 u) and an alpha particle (symbol α, mass 4 u). (a) Find the ratio of the speeds vα/vRn after the decay. (b) Find the ratio of the magnitudes of the momenta pα/pRn. (

> Two otherwise identical conducting spheres carry charges of +5.0 µC and −1.0 µC. They are initially a distance L apart. The distance L is much larger than the radii of the spheres. The spheres are brought together, touched together, and then returned to

> A uniform disk with a mass of 800 g and radius 17.0 cm is rotating on frictionless bearings with an angular speed of 18.0 Hz when Jill drops a 120 g clod of clay on a point 8.00 cm from the center of the disk, where it sticks. What is the new angular spe

> A particle has a constant acceleration of 5.0 m/s2 to the east. At time t = 0, it is 2.0 m east of the origin and its velocity is 20 m/s north. What are the components of its position vector at t = 2.0 s?

> Can a body in free fall be in equilibrium? Explain.

> In Example 7.8, suppose instead that the fragment of mass 2M/3 has zero velocity immediately after the explosion. Where does the other fragment land?

> A figure skater is spinning at 10.0 rad/s with her arms extended. Her rotational inertia is 2.50 kg·m2. After pulling her arms in, her rotational inertia is 1.60 kg·m2. How much work does she do to pull her arms in while spinning?

> In each of six electric motors, a cylindrical coil with N turns and radius r is immersed in a magnetic field of magnitude B. The current in the coil is I. Rank the motors in order of the maximum torque on the coil, greatest to smallest. (a) N = 100, r =

> Two identical gliders, each with elastic bumpers and mass 0.10 kg, are on a horizontal air track. Friction is negligible. Glider 2 is stationary. Glider 1 moves toward glider 2 from the left with a speed of 0.20 m/s. They collide. After the collision, wh

> A skater is initially spinning at a rate of 10.0 rad/s with a rotational inertia of 2.50 kg·m2 when her arms are extended. What is her angular velocity after she pulls her arms in and reduces her rotational inertia to 1.60 kg·m2?

> A trap door, of length and width 1.65 m, is held open at an angle of 65.0° with respect to the floor. A rope is attached to the raised edge of the door and fastened to the wall behind the door in such a position that the rope pulls perpendicul

> A flat, circular metal disk of uniform thickness has a radius of 3.0 cm. A hole is drilled in the disk that is 1.5 cm in radius. The hole is tangent to one side of the disk. Where is the CM of the disk now that the hole has been drilled? [Hint: The origi

> Find the mass (in kg) of one molecule of CO2.

> A figure skater is spinning at a rate of 1.0 rev/s with her arms outstretched. She then draws her arms in to her chest, reducing her rotational inertia to 67% of its original value. What is her new rate of rotation?

> Plot a graph of this data for a spring resting horizontally on a table. Use your graph to find (a) the spring constant and (b) the relaxed length of the spring.

> Six flywheels have masses, thicknesses, radii, and angular speeds as given in the table. Each flywheel is a solid disk. Rank the flywheels in order of their angular momentum, smallest to largest.

> The last step in the carbon cycle CNO-I that takes place inside stars is p + 15N → 12C + (?). (a) Show that the reaction product “(?)” must be an alpha particle. (b) How much energy is released by this step of the cycle? (c) In order for this reaction

> The graph for this problem shows the vertical velocity component vy of a bouncing ball as a function of time. The y-axis points up. Answer these questions based on the data in the graph. (a) At what time does the ball reach its maximum height? (b) For h

> Assume Earth is a uniform solid sphere with radius of 6.37 × 106 m and mass of 5.97 × 1024 kg. Find the magnitude of the angular momentum of Earth due to rotation about its axis.

> A gold wire and an aluminum wire have the same dimensions and carry the same current. The electron density (in electrons/cm3) in aluminum is three times larger than the density in gold. How do the drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires, vAu and v

> Can the velocity of an object be nonzero and the acceleration be zero at the same time? Explain.

> Suppose that a radioactive sample contains equal numbers of two radioactive nuclides A and B at t = 0. A has a half-life of 3.0 h, whereas B has a half-life of 12.0 h. Find the ratio of the decay rates or activities RA/RB at (a) t = 0, (b) t = 12.0 h,

> A uniform disk of mass 5.00 kg has a radius of 0.100 m and spins with a frequency of 0.550 rev/s. What is its angular momentum?

> Hilda holds a gardening book of weight 10 N at a height of 1.0 m above her patio for 50 s. How much work does she do on the book during that 50 s?

> As shown in the top-view diagram, a 46.4 N force is applied to the outer edge of a door of width 1.26 m in such a way that it acts (a) perpendicular to the door, (b) at an angle of 43.0° with respect to the door surface, (c) so that the line

> The natural abundance of deuterium in water is 0.0156% (i.e., 0.0156% of the hydrogen nuclei in water are 2H). If the fusion reaction (2H + 2H) yields 3.65 MeV of energy on average, how much energy could you get from 1.00 L of water? (There are two react

> The string in a yo-yo is wound around an axle of radius 0.500 cm. The yo-yo has both rotational and translational motion, like a rolling object, and has mass 0.200 kg and outer radius 2.00 cm. Starting from rest, it rotates and falls a distance of 1.00 m

> Radon gas (Rn) is produced by the alpha decay of radium / . (a) How many neutrons and how many protons are present in the nucleus of the isotope of Rn produced by this decay? (b) The air in a student’s basement apartment contains 1.0 × 107 Rn nuclei. T

> A solid sphere of mass 0.600 kg rolls without slipping along a horizontal surface with a translational speed of 5.00 m/s. It comes to an incline that makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal surface. Ignoring energy losses due to friction, to what verti

> A neutron star is a star that has collapsed into a collection of tightly packed neutrons. Thus, it is something like a giant nucleus; but since it is electrically neutral, there is no Coulomb repulsion to break it up. The force holding it together is gra

> A solid sphere is released from rest and allowed to roll down a board that has one end resting on the floor and is tilted at 30° with respect to the horizontal. If the sphere is released from a height of 60 cm above the floor, what is the sphere's speed

> Repeat Problem 50 if the magnetic field is 2.5 T in the plane of the loop, 60.0° below the +x-axis.

> Suppose a charge q is placed at point x = 0, y = 0. A second charge q is placed at point x = 8.0 m, y = 0. What charge must be placed at the point x = 4.0 m, y = 0 in order that the field at the point x = 4.0 m, y = 3.0 m be zero?

> Explain why an ideal spring must exert forces of equal magnitude on the objects attached to each end, even if the spring itself has a nonzero acceleration. [Hint: Use one of Newton’s laws of motion and remember that an ideal spring has zero mass.] Is the

> You drop a stone into a deep well and hear it hit the bottom 3.20 s later. This is the time it takes for the stone to fall to the bottom of the well, plus the time it takes for the sound of the stone hitting the bottom to reach you. Sound travels about 3