Question: Cite examples of how older children’s

> How can bilingual education promote ethnic minority children’s cognitive and academic development?

> In addition to gender-stereotyped beliefs, what other aspects of pre-schoolers’ social understanding tend to be rigid and one-sided?

> Explain how guided play is consistent with educational implications of both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories.

> What type of early parenting fosters the development of emotional self-regulation, secure attachment, and self-control? Why, in each instance, is it effective?

> Cognition and language are interrelated. List examples of how cognition fosters language development. Next, list examples of how language fosters cognitive development.

> Provide several examples of how motor development influences infants’ and toddlers’ social experiences. How do social experiences, in turn, influence motor development?

> How do the diverse capacities of new-born babies contribute to their first social relationships? Provide as many examples as you can.

> Explain how each of the following concepts supports the conclusion that genetic influences on human characteristics are not constant but change over time: somatic mutation, niche-picking, and epigenesist.

> A researcher wants to study the thoughts and feelings of children who have a parent on active duty in the military. Which method should she use? Why?

> What cognitive changes, support the transition to a self-concept emphasizing competencies, personality traits, and social comparisons?

> Steve and Marissa are in the midst of an acrimonious divorce. Their 9-year-old son Dennis has become hostile and defiant. How can Steve and Marissa help Dennis adjust?

> After soccer practice, 10-year-old Shana remarked, “I’m wiped out!” Megan, her 5-year-old sister, responded, “What did’ya wipe out?” Explain Shana’s and Megan’s different understandings.

> List findings indicating that language and communication—between parents and children, between teachers and children, and between peers—powerfully affect children’s gender typing. What recommendations would you make to counteract these influences?

> Your senator has heard that IQ and achievement gains resulting from Head Start do not last, so she plans to vote against additional funding. Write a letter explaining why she should support Head Start.

> Len, a caregiver of 1- and 2-year-olds, wonders whether toddlers recognize themselves. List signs of self-recognition in the second year that Len can observe. What behaviours reveal that toddlers are still forming objective representations of their own p

> Fran frequently corrects her 17-month-old son Jeremy’s attempts to talk and—fearing that he won’t use words—refuses to respond to his gestures. How might Fran be contributing to Jeremy’s slow language progress?

> List features of everyday contexts that support infants’ progress in reaching, grasping, sitting, and crawling. Why should caregivers place young infants in a variety of waking-time body positions?

> After a difficult delivery, Jackie observes her 2-day-old daughter, Kelly, being given the NBAS. Kelly scores poorly on many items. Seeing this, Jackie wonders if Kelly will develop normally. How would you respond to Jackie’s concern?

> Bianca’s parents are accomplished musicians. At age 4, Bianca began taking piano lessons. By age 10, she was accompanying the school choir. At age 14, she asked to attend a special music high school. Explain how gene–environment correlation promoted Bian

> Explain how each recent theoretical perspective regards children as active contributors to their own development.

> Explain how advances in perspective taking contribute to school-age children’s improved ability to draw and use maps.

> Describe similarities in development of self-concept, attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities, and gender-stereotyped beliefs in middle childhood.

> Explain how dynamic assessment is consistent with Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development and with scaffolding.

> On Saturdays, 10-year-old Darnell gathers with friends on the driveway of his house to play basketball. Besides improved ball skills, what else is he learning?

> What must parents do to foster conscience development in fearless, impulsive children? How does this illustrate the concept of goodness of fit?

> Cite evidence on the development of pre-schoolers’ executive function, memory, theory of mind, and literacy and mathematical understanding that is consistent with Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

> How are experiences that best support pre-schoolers’ gross-motor development consistent with experience-expectant brain growth of the early years?

> How do the caregiving experiences of securely attached infants promote emotional self-regulation?

> Using what you learned about brain development, explain why it is best to initiate intervention for children living in poverty in the first two years rather than later.

> Which learning capacities contribute to an infant’s first social relationships? Explain, providing examples.

> List factors discussed that increase the chances of an infant being born underweight. How many of these factors could be prevented by better health care for expectant mothers?

> Relate secular trends in physical growth to the concept of cohort effects.

> Using what you learned about research strategies in Chapter 1, explain why it is difficult to determine the prenatal effects of many environmental agents, such as drugs and pollution.

> How does poverty affect functioning of the family system, placing all domains of development at risk?

> Mario wants to find out precisely how children of different ages recall stories. Desiree is interested in how adult–child communication in different cultures influences children’s storytelling. Which theoretical perspective has Mario probably chosen? How

> What changes in parent–child and teacher–child relationships are likely to help children who are rejected by their peers?

> Josefina, a Hispanic fourth grader, does well on homework assignments. But when her teacher announces, “It’s time for a test to see how much you’ve learned,” Josefina usually does poorly. How might stereotype threat explain this inconsistency?

> Nine-year-old Jasmine thinks she isn’t good at sports, and she doesn’t like physical education class. Suggest strategies her teacher can use to improve her pleasure and involvement in physical activity.

> Alice and Wayne want their two young children to become morally mature, caring individuals. List some parenting practices they should use and some they should avoid.

> Lena wonders why her 4-year-old son Gregor’s teacher provides extensive playtime in learning centres during each preschool day. Explain to Lena how adult-supported play can promote literacy and math skills essential for academic success.

> Mabel and Chad want to do everything they can to support their 3-year-old daughter’s motor development. What advice would you give them?

> What attachment pattern did Timmy display when Vanessa picked him up from child care, and what factors probably contributed to it?

> Cite ways that parenting contributes to pre-schoolers’ self-concept, self-esteem, emotional understanding, emotional self-regulation, self-conscious emotions, and empathy and sympathy. Do you see any patterns? Explain.

> Fifteen-month-old Joey’s developmental quotient (DQ) is 115. His mother wants to know exactly what this means and what she should do to support his intellectual development. How would you respond?

> Nine-month-old Byron has a toy with large, coloured push buttons on it. Each time he pushes a button, he hears a nursery tune. Which learning capacity is the manufacturer of this toy taking advantage of? What can Byron’s play with the toy reveal about hi

> Cecilia and Anna each gave birth to a 3-pound baby seven weeks preterm. Cecilia is single and on welfare. Anna and her husband are happily married and earn a good income. Plan an intervention appropriate for helping each baby develop.

> Nora, pregnant for the first time, believes that a few cigarettes and a glass of wine a day won’t be harmful. Provide Nora with research-based reasons for not smoking or drinking.

> Check your local newspaper or one or two national news websites to see how often articles appear on the condition of children and families. Why is it important for researchers to communicate with the public about children’s needs?

> What aspect of behaviourism made it attractive to critics of psychoanalytic theory? How did Piaget’s theory respond to a major limitation of behaviourism?

> Explain why gains in executive function are vital for mastery of reading and math in middle childhood.

> Select one of the following health problems of middle childhood: obesity, myopia, bedwetting, asthma, or unintentional injuries. Explain how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to it.

> How does emotional self-regulation affect the development of empathy and sympathy? Why are these emotional capacities vital for positive peer relations?

> Select two of the following features of preoperational thought: egocentrism, a focus on perceptual appearances, difficulty reasoning about transformations, and lack of hierarchical classification. Present evidence indicating that pre-schoolers are more c

> Explain how Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories complement each other. How would classroom practices inspired by these theories be similar? How would they differ?

> Using research on malnutrition or unintentional injuries, show how physical growth and health in early childhood result from a continuous, complex interplay between heredity and environment.

> Explain how findings on ethnic and gender differences in temperament illustrate gene–environment correlation.

> List techniques that parents can use to scaffold development of categorization in infancy and toddlerhood, and explain why each is effective.

> Explain why breastfeeding can have lifelong, favourable consequences for the development of infants in poverty-stricken regions of the world.

> How might natural childbirth positively affect the parent–new-born relationship? Explain how your answer illustrates bidirectional influences between parent and child, emphasized in ecological systems theory.

> How is brain development related to fatal capacities and behaviour? What implications do individual differences in fatal behaviour have for infant temperament after birth?

> Why is genetic counselling called a communication process? Who should seek it, and why?

> A 4-year-old becomes frightened of the dark and refuses to go to sleep at night. How would a psychoanalyst and a behaviourist differ in their views of how this problem developed?

> Ten-year-old Marla says her classmate Bernadette will never get good grades because she’s lazy. Jane believes that Bernadette tries but can’t concentrate because her parents are divorcing. Why is Marla more likely than Jane to develop prejudices?

> What aspects of brain development support the tremendous gains in language, thinking, and motor control of early childhood?

> Lizzie knows that if you have difficulty learning part of a task, you should devote extra attention to that part. But she plays each of her piano pieces from beginning to end instead of practicing the hard parts. Explain why Lizzie does not engage in cog

> Nine-year-old Talia is afraid to hug and kiss her grandmother, who has cancer. What might explain Talia’s mistaken belief that the same behaviours that cause colds to spread might lead her to catch cancer? What would you do to change her thinking?

> Three-year-old Ben lives in the country, with no other pre-schoolers nearby. His parents wonder whether it is worth driving Ben into town once a week to participate in a peer play group. What advice would you give Ben’s parents, and why?

> Tanisha sees her 5-year-old son Toby talking aloud to himself as he plays. She wonders whether she should discourage this behaviour. Use Vygotsky’s theory to explain why Toby talks to himself. How would you advise Tanisha?

> One day, Leslie prepared a new snack to serve at preschool: celery stuffed with ricotta cheese and pineapple. The first time she served it, few children touched it. How can Leslie encourage the children to accept the snack? What tactics should she avoid?

> Mandy and Jeff are parents of 2-year-old inhibited Sam and 3-year-old irritable Maria. Explain the importance of effortful control to Mandy and Jeff, and suggest ways they can strengthen it in each of their children.

> When Timmy was 18 months old, his mother stood behind him, helping him throw a large ball into a box. As his skill improved, she stepped back, letting him try on his own. Using Vygotsky’s ideas, explain how Timmy’s mother is supporting his cognitive deve

> Eight-month-old Shaun is well below average in height and painfully thin. What serious dietary disease does he likely have, and what types of intervention, in addition to dietary enrichment, can help restore his development?

> Which of the capacities listed in Table 6.2 indicate that mental representation emerges earlier than Piaget concluded? Data from Table 6.2:

> Explain how either too little or too much stimulation can impair cognitive and emotional development in the early years.

> Sharon, a heavy smoker, has just arrived at the hospital in labour. Which one of the medical interventions discussed in the preceding sections is her doctor justified in using?

> Contrast the positive impact of the baby’s production of high levels of stress hormones during childbirth with the negative impact of severe maternal stress on the fetus?

> Why is it incorrect for couples who postpone childbearing until age 35 or later to conclude that medical advances can overcome fertility problems?

> Explain why parents of children with genetic disorders often experience increased stress. What factors, within and beyond the family, can help these parents support their children’s development?

> Review Reiko’s story in the introduction to this chapter. What factors likely contributed to her resilience in the face of wartime persecution, relocation, and internment?

> Should parents try to promote children’s self-esteem by telling them they’re “smart” or “wonderful”? Explain.

> Nine-year-old Adrienne spends many hours helping her father build furniture in his woodworking shop. How might this experience facilitate Adrienne’s advanced performance on Piagetian seriation problems?

> Joey complained to his mother that it wasn’t fair that his younger sister Lizzie was almost as tall as he was. He worried that he wasn’t growing fast enough. How should Rena respond to Joey’s concern?

> On a hike with his family, 5-year-old Ryan became frightened when he reached a steep section of the trail. His father gently helped him climb up while saying, “Can you be brave? Being brave is when you feel scared but you do it anyway.” What aspect of em

> Three-year-old Will understands that his tricycle isn’t alive and can’t feel or move on its own. But at the beach, while watching the sun dip below the horizon, will exclaimed, “The sun is tired. It’s going to sleep!” What explains this apparent contradi

> Dental check-ups revealed a high incidence of untreated tooth decay in a U.S. preschool program serving low-income children. Using findings presented in this and previous chapters, list possible contributing factors.

> Amy, two months pregnant, wonders how the embryo is being fed and what parts of the body have formed. “I don’t look pregnant yet, so does that mean not much development has taken place?” she asks. How would you respond to Amy?

> Why do children of depressed parents have difficulty regulating emotion? What implications do their weak self-regulatory skills have for their response to cognitive and social challenges?

> Two protons approach each other with 70.4 MeV of kinetic energy and engage in a reaction in which a proton and a positive pion emerge at rest. What third particle, obviously uncharged and therefore difficult to detect, must have been created?

> Fill in the missing particle. Assume that (a) occurs via the strong interaction while (b) and (c) involve the weak interaction. (a) (b) (c)

> Occasionally, high - energy muons collide with electrons and produce two neutrinos according to the reaction μ+ + e- ( 2v. What kind of neutrinos are they?

> Find the energy released in the fission reaction n + 23592U ( 4098Zr + 13552Te + 3n The atomic masses of the fission products are 97.9120 u for 4098Zr and 134.9087 u for 13552Te.

> Find the energy released in the fusion reaction 11H + 23He ( 24He + e+ + v

> Name at least one conservation law that prevents each of the following reactions from occurring. (a) (b) (c)

> A ∑0 particle traveling through matter strikes a proton. A ∑+, a gamma ray, as well as a third particle, emerge. Use the quark model of each to determine the identity of the third particle.

> What is the electrical charge of the baryons with the quark compositions (a) ūūd- and (b) ūd-d-? What are these baryons called?

> Identify the particles corresponding to the quark states (a) suu, (b) ūd, (c) s-d, and (d) ssd.

> The quark compositions of the K0 and Λ0 particles are ds- and uds, respectively. Show that the charge, baryon number, and strangeness of these particles equal the sums of these numbers for their quark constituents.

> In the theory of quantum chromodynamics, quarks come in three colors. How would you justify the statement, “All baryons and mesons are colorless”?

> Find the number of electrons, and of each species of quark, in 1.00 L of water.

> The quark composition of the proton is uud, whereas that of the neutron is udd. Show that the charge, baryon number, and strangeness of these particles equal the sums of these numbers for their quark constituents.