Question: Consider the complete dynamic response of the

> When planning a financial statement audit, a CPA must understand audit risk and its components. The firm of Pack & Peck evaluates the risk of material misstatement (RMM) by disaggregating RMM into its two components: inherent risk and control risk.

> You are considering acceptable audit risk at the financial statement level. For each of the following independent scenarios, based only on the information provided, indicate the effect on acceptable audit risk compared to a typical private company audit.

> The CPA firm of Quigley & Associates uses a qualitative approach to implementing the audit risk model. Audit risk is categorized using two terms: very low and low. The risk of material misstatement and detection risk are categorized using three terms

> The CPA firm of Lumley & Lu uses a quantitative approach to implementing the audit risk model. Calculate detection risk for each of the following hypothetical clients. Client No. Audit Risk Risk of Material Misstatement Detection Risk 5% 20% 2 5

> Suppose that you are the auditor of a major retail client who has reported the following income before taxes (IBT) for the first two quarters of the year: 1st quarter = $1,200,000 and 2nd quarter = $1,500,000. You are in the process of establishing overa

> Briefly discuss why auditors must often exercise creativity and innovation in auditing financial statements. Give an example different from the one offered in the chapter’s conclusion.

> Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that public companies have an audit committee. Independent auditors are increasingly involved with audit committees. Required: a. Describe what an audit committee is. b. Identify the reasons why audit commi

> A CPA has been asked to audit the financial statements of a publicly held company for the first time. All preliminary verbal discussions and inquiries among the CPA, the company, the predecessor auditor, and all other necessary parties have been complete

> Parker is the in-charge auditor for the upcoming annual audit of FGH Company, a continuing audit client. Parker will supervise two assistants on the engagement and will visit the entity before the fieldwork begins. Parker has completed the engagement let

> The audit committee of the board of directors of Rebel Corporation asked Tish & Field, CPAs, to audit Rebel’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. Tish & Field explained the need to make an inquiry of the predecessor auditor and re

> You are the audit manager for Ken-Ron Enterprises. Your firm has been the entity’s auditor for 15 years. Your firm normally uses a range of 3% to 5% of income before taxes to calculate overall materiality and 50–75% of

> For each of the following scenarios, perform the three steps in the materiality process: (1) determine overall materiality, (2) determine tolerable misstatement, and (3) evaluate the audit findings. Scenario 1: Murphy & Johnson is a privately owned manuf

> Dale Boucher, the owner of a small electronics firm, asked Sally Jones, CPA, to conduct an audit of the company’s records. Boucher told Jones that the audit was to be completed in time to submit audited financial statements to a bank as part of a loan ap

> Audits can be categorized into five types: (1) financial statement audits, (2) audits of internal control, (3) compliance audits, (4) operational audits, and (5) forensic audits. Required: For each of the following descriptions, indicate which type of a

> Using the audit report included in Chapter 1, identify and briefly explain the phrases or words that indicate to the users that the financial statements are not necessarily an “exact” representation of the results of operations and financial position of

> Many companies post their financial statements and auditor’s report on their home pages, generally under a heading labeled “investor relations.” Use one of the Internet search engines to do the following: a. Visit Intel’s (www.intel.com) and Microsoft’s

> Discuss why the emergence of advanced audit technologies, such as audit data analytics, is placing an even greater premium on auditors’ knowledge of fundamental business, accounting, and auditing concepts, and on their ability to exercise professional ju

> John Josephs, an audit manager for Tip, Acanoe & Tylerto, was asked to speak at a dinner meeting of the local Small Business Administration Association. The president of the association has suggested that he talk about the various phases of the audit pro

> You were recently hired by the CPA firm of Honson & Hansen. Within two weeks, you were sent to the first-year staff training course. The instructor asks you to prepare answers for the following questions: a. How is audit evidence defined? b. How does aud

> Green bloom Garden Centers is a small, privately held corporation that has two stores in Orlando, Florida. The Green bloom family owns 100 percent of the company’s stock, and family members manage the operations. Sales at the company’s stores have been g

> The auditor should consider audit risk when planning and performing an audit of financial statements. Audit risk should also be considered together in determining the nature, timing, and extent of auditing procedures and in evaluating the results of thos

> An auditor is examining the financial statements of a wholesale cosmetics distributor with an inventory consisting of thousands of individual items. The distributor keeps its inventory in its own distribution center and in two public warehouses. An elect

> Kachelmeier, CPA, is auditing the financial statements of Big Z Wholesaling, Inc., a continuing audit client, for the year ended January 31, 2018. On January 5, 2018, Kachelmeier observed the tagging and counting of Big Z’s physical inventory and made ap

> Abbott Corporation does not conduct a complete annual physical count of purchased parts and supplies in its principal warehouse but instead uses statistical sampling to estimate the year-end inventory. Abbott maintains a perpetual inventory record of par

> Rasch is the partner-in-charge of the audit of Bonner Distributing Corporation, wholesaler that owns one warehouse containing 80 percent of its inventory. Rasch is reviewing the working papers that were prepared to support the firm’s opinion on Bonner’s

> Yardley, CPA, prepared the flowchart below, which portrays the raw materials purchasing function of one of Yardley’s entities, a medium-size manufacturing company, from the preparation of initial documents through the vouching of invoic

> James, who was engaged to examine the financial statements of Talbert Corporation, is about to audit payroll. Talbert uses a computer service center to process weekly payroll as follows. Each Monday Talbert’s payroll clerk inserts data

> What role does the SEC play in the establishment of accounting and auditing standards for public companies?

> Why is studying auditing different from studying other accounting topics? How might understanding auditing concepts prove useful for consultants, business managers, and other business decision makers?

> Consider the special case solved in the text where  = 1 and utility takes the log form. Suppose the real interest rate is 5 percent. Let’s give this consumer a financial profile that might look like that of a middle- aged college professor contemplating

> What is the policy trilemma, and why are countries restricted to one side of the triangle?

> Does the level of the exchange rate matter in the long run? Why or why not?

> What are three sources of saving that can be used to finance investment? What is “crowding out”?

> Using the Country Snapshots data file (snapshots.pdf), study the macroeconomic performance of Mexico, Indonesia, and Korea after the financial crises in each region. How large were the declines in GDP per worker in each country, and how quickly did the r

> What determines the price- earnings ratio for a stock? What does this imply about detecting bubbles in the stock market?

> Let’s use the arbitrage equation to determine the price of a patent in a simple setting. Let R denote the interest rate, let pi denote the price of an “idea” that is under patent, and let Prof denote the extra profit that can be earned by a firm that own

> Summarize the key facts about the behavior of the personal saving rate during recent decades, and place these facts in their macroeconomic context.

> What information does an impulse response function convey?

> Consider the complete dynamic response of the economy to a temporary rise in government purchases in the AS/AD framework. (a) Draw the AS/AD graph associated with this shock. (b) Plot the impulse response function of GDP to this shock, according to the A

> How are interest rates and growth rates related according to the neoclassical consumption model, and why?

> What key simplifying assumption allows us to use the labor market block of a DSGE model to study the immediate impact of shocks on the economy in that framework?

> Consider the Euler equation for consumption for log utility, equation (16.8), and answer the following questions: (a) If the real interest rate is 5 percent and

> Consider the neoclassical consumption model with log utility and

> Between 1970 and 1995, the dollar depreciated sharply versus the Japanese yen, while the average value of this exchange rate did not change much between 1995 and 2016. What might explain these facts?

> Why do economists use the terms “investment” and “capital” in very different contexts (physical investment and physical capital versus financial investment and financial capital)?

> In the simple theory developed in the chapter, why is the stock price equal to the dividend divided by interest rate (net of the capital gain)?

> What economic decisions do agents make in DSGE models?

> Are TFP shocks a reasonable explanation for the business cycles we see in modern economies? Why and why not?

> How much can the government borrow?

> What is the Euler equation for consumption, and what is its economic interpretation?

> Summarize the main implications of the neoclassical consumption model for consumption and saving.

> What is a lifetime utility function, and in what sense does it exhibit diminishing returns?

> What is the relationship between real business cycle models and DSGE models?

> What do each of the letters in DSGE stand for, and what do these concepts mean?

> Why does a change in the foreign real interest rate lead to a shift of the AD curve?

> How and why are net exports and investment similar in the short- run model? Does this similarity make the IS curve steeper or flatter?

> Why do interest rates and exchange rates move in the same direction in the short run?

> Why would we expect the law of one price to hold in principle? Why might it fail to hold in practice?

> What is the difference between a nominal exchange rate and a real exchange rate?

> Suppose there is a temporary decline in the tax rate that households pay on their labor income. Analyze the effect of this shock in the labor market diagram of a standard DSGE model (with no sticky prices or wages). (a) What happens to the labor demand s

> Discuss the extent to which the U.S. trade deficit and net foreign debt are serious economic problems.

> Suppose there are two countries in the world, and one is better than the other at producing every good. Will the countries trade? Why or why not?

> Why do countries trade? What are the benefits and costs of trade?

> In what sense does a trade deficit represent borrowing from the rest of the world?

> What is the fiscal problem of the twenty- first century, and what are some possible solutions?

> Explain the flow version of the government budget constraint. Explain the government’s intertemporal budget constraint.

> What does it mean when economists say that the stock market is, at least to a great extent, “informationally efficient”?

> What is a “dividend return” and a “capital gain,” and how do these terms enter the arbitrage equation when it is written in percentages?

> When is the value of the stock market equal to the value of the capital stock? How is this related to Tobin’s q?

> What is the user cost of capital? How is this user cost related to investment in physical capital?

> In many other countries, especially in Europe, there is a value- added tax (sometimes called a VAT). Firms are charged taxes based on the value- added they produce. That is, they are allowed to deduct the cost of materials, energy, and other intermediate

> What is a capital gain, and what role does it play in the arbitrage equation?

> What is the arbitrage equation, and why is it useful in studying investment?

> How does the arbitrage equation help pin down the price of housing in our simple theory? What role does leverage play?

> What is an intertemporal budget constraint, and where does it come from? What is the economic interpretation of the intertemporal budget constraint?

> What are the key building blocks of the neoclassical consumption model?

> What is the marginal propensity to consume? How is it affected by borrowing constraints or precautionary saving issues?

> What role do nominal rigidities play in the analysis of business cycle models?

> Suppose there is a currency crisis in the rest of the world, leading to an increase in demand for U.S. dollars (a “flight to safety”). Use the AS/AD framework to explain the effects of this shock on the U.S. economy. Be sure to explain carefully how and

> In addition to depending on the exchange rate (and therefore on the interest rate), imports may depend on short- run output: when the economy is booming, consumers tend to demand more foreign goods. To incorporate this result into our short- run model, s

> Suppose the European Central Bank decides to stimulate the European economy by reducing interest rates there. Use the AS/AD model to explain how and why this affects the U.S. economy in the short run. How does the economy return to steady state?

> Suppose there is a large temporary decline in government purchases in the economy, financed by an unspecified decline in future lump sum taxes. (a) Analyze the effect of the shock in the labor market diagram of a standard DSGE model (with no sticky price

> Using the FRED database, search for the exchange rate of a country of your choosing relative to the U.S. dollar (other than for the euro area or Japan, since we’ve already discussed those in the chapter). (a) Display the graph of the exchange rate over t

> Look back at equation (20.3) in Section 20.2. (a) Apply our growth rates rules (from Chapter 3) to this equation to express the growth rate of the exchange rate as a function of the inflation rate at home and abroad. (b) Between 1

> Consider the way in which net exports depend on the real exchange rate. Does the dependence of net exports on the real exchange rate make the IS curve steeper or flatter? What is the economic interpretation of this result?

> One could make a reasonable case that the United States in the past decade has been able to achieve all three goals of the policy trilemma: it sets its own monetary policy, it has open capital markets, and it has experienced a relatively stable exchange

> Look back at the Big Mac Index in Table 20.1. Compute the level of the exchange rate that would be needed to equalize the dollar price of the Big Mac across all countries. State whether each currency appears to be currently overvalued or unde

> In the apple– computer example, suppose people in the North have the right to charge an “entrance fee” to immigrants. Assume the world starts from the position of free trade and considers moving from free trade to free migration. Find an entrance fee (a

> Let’s redo the trade problem with algebra instead of numbers. Suppose that one unit of labor produces xn apples in the North and xs apples in the South; one unit of labor can also produce zn computers in the North and zs computers in th

> Now suppose that the technological innovation occurs in the computer sector in the South: one unit of southern labor can now produce 10 computers instead of 2. (Other parameters take their original values.) (a) Does the North still have a comparative adv

> In the same apple– computer trade example given in Section 19.5, suppose that because of technology transfer, the South becomes just as productive as the North at producing apples: one unit of southern labor can now produce

> Consider the apple– computer trade example given in Section 19.5. Now suppose that because of a new technology, the North becomes even more productive at producing computers: one unit of labor can now produce 20 computers in

> Now consider a TFP shock that is permanent. For example, suppose the discovery and application of a new technology makes firms more productive. Consider the labor market block of a standard DSGE model with no sticky prices or wages. (a) What happens to

> In the years after World War II, the United States briefly ran a trade surplus that peaked at about 5% of GDP in 1947. Use the national income identity (the investment = savings version) to provide a hypothesis that could explain what was going on.

> The trade balance data is currently most easily obtained from the World Bank site: data.worldbank.org. Use that database to analyze graphs of the trade balance as a share of GDP in China and Germany. (a) The data series you are looking for is called the

> China currently shows a high investment rate as well as a trade surplus. In what sense is there a tension between these two facts? What is odd about China’s situation relative to conventional macroeconomic wisdom?

> (a) What is this problem? Is it limited to the United States? (b) To what extent is this fiscal problem driven by the Social Security program? By how much would taxes have to rise as a share of GDP in order to “solve” the Social Security problem? (c) How

> Suppose the government decides to reduce taxes today by 1% of GDP, financed by higher borrowing, with the borrowing to be repaid 10 years from now with higher taxes. Discuss the various arguments about what effect this will have on the investment rate to

> The debt- GDP ratio in Belgium exceeded 120% in the early 1990s and has fallen to just over 80% more recently. Italy had a debt- GDP ratio of about 100% even before the euro crisis. The rapid rise in Japan’s debt- GDP ratio was shown in Figure 18.4. Yet

> Consider the intertemporal budget constraint in equation (18.5). Assume the interest rate is i = 5%. (a) Suppose the government cuts taxes today by $100 billion. Describe three possible ways the government can change spending and taxes to satisfy its bud