Question: Define and differentiate between a firm’s

> Classify the following changes in each of the accounts as either an inflow or an outflow of cash. During the year (a) marketable securities increased, (b) land and buildings decreased, (c) accounts payable increased, (d) vehicles decreased, (e) accounts

> Explain the relationships among authorized shares, outstanding shares, treasury stock, and issued shares.

> How does a rights offering protect a firm’s stockholders against the dilution of ownership?

> What risks do common stockholders take that other suppliers of capital do not?

> Assuming that all other variables remain unchanged, what effect would each of the following have on stock price? (a) The firm’s risk premium increases. (b) The firm’s required return decreases. (c) The dividend expected next year decreases. (d) The growt

> Explain the linkages among financial decisions, return, risk, and stock value.

> Explain each of the three other approaches to common stock valuation: (a) book value, (b) liquidation value, and (c) P/E multiples. Which of them is considered the best?

> Describe the free cash flow valuation model, and explain how it differs from the dividend valuation models. What is the appeal of this model?

> Describe, compare, and contrast the following common stock dividend valuation models: (a) zero-growth, (b) constant-growth, and (c) variable-growth.

> What are the key differences between debt and equity?

> What is a conversion feature? A call feature? What are stock purchase warrants?

> The installed cost of a new computerized controller was $65,000. Calculate the depreciation schedule by year assuming a recovery period of 5 years and using the appropriate MACRS depreciation percentages .

> How is the cost of bond financing typically related to the cost of short term borrowing? In addition to the maturity of a bond, what other major factors affect its cost to the issuer?

> Differentiate between standard debt provisions and restrictive covenants included in a bond indenture. What are the consequences if a bond issuer violates any of these covenants?

> What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest payments of a corporate bond? What mechanisms protect bondholders?

> List and briefly describe the potential issuer- and issue-related risk components that are embodied in the risk premium. Which are the purely debt-specific risks?

> Briefly describe the following theories of the general shape of the yield curve: (a) expectations theory, (b) liquidity preference theory, and (c) market segmentation theory.

> For a given class of similar-risk securities, what does each of the following yield curves reflect about interest rates: (a) downward sloping, (b) upward sloping, and (c) flat? What is the “normal” shape of the yield curve?

> What is the term structure of interest rates, and how is it related to the yield curve?

> Does the valuation process apply only to assets that provide an annual cash flow? Explain

> What are the three key inputs to the valuation process?

> Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process?

> If we know that a firm has a net profit margin of 4.5%, total asset turnover of 0.72, and a financial leverage multiplier of 1.43, what is its ROE? What is the advantage to using the DuPont system to calculate ROE over the direct calculation of earnings

> Compare the basic characteristics of Eurobonds and foreign bonds.

> What is the current yield for a bond? How are bond prices quoted? How are bonds rated, and why?

> What is the real rate of interest? Differentiate it from the nominal rate of interest.

> It is never too soon to begin investing for a child’s college education. Using the information provided at MyLab Finance, determine the present value you would need to invest today to ensure that your child receives the college education she deserves.

> It is tax time and you would like to make a tax-deductible contribution to an individual retirement account (IRA). Using the information provided at MyLab Finance, find the future value of an IRA contribution that grows until you retire.

> How are present value and future value calculations related?

> What effect does increasing the required return have on the present value of a future amount? Why?

> What is meant by “the present value of a future amount”? What is the general equation for present value?

> What effect would a decrease in the interest rate have on the future value of a deposit? What effect would an increase in the holding period have on future value?

> How is the compounding process related to the payment of interest on savings? What is the general equation for future value?

> Bluestone Metals Inc. is a metal fabrication firm that manufactures prefabricated metal parts for customers in a variety of industries. The firm’s motto is “If you need it, we can make it.” The CEO of

> What effect does compounding interest more frequently than annually have on (a) future value and (b) the effective annual rate (EAR)? Why?

> Define and differentiate among the three basic patterns of cash flow: (1) a single amount, (2) an annuity, and (3) a mixed stream.

> What are the two basic weaknesses of the simplified approaches to preparing pro forma statements?

> How do you calculate the future value of a mixed stream of cash flows? How do you calculate the present value of a mixed stream?

> Describe the judgmental approach for simplified preparation of the pro forma balance sheet.

> Why does the presence of fixed costs lead to errors in a pro forma income statement constructed using the percent-of-sales method? What is a better method?

> Because tax time comes around every year, you smartly decide to make equal contributions to your IRA at the end of every year. Using the information provided at MyLab Finance, calculate the future value of your IRA contributions when you retire.

> What is a perpetuity? Why is the present value of a perpetuity equal to the annual cash payment divided by the interest rate? Why doesn’t this chapter provide an equation showing you how to calculate the future value of a perpetuity?

> What is the cause of uncertainty in the cash budget, and what two techniques can be used to cope with this uncertainty?

> How can the formula for the future value of an annuity be modified to find the future value of an annuity due?

> Cooper Industries Inc. began 2019 with retained earnings of $25.32 million. During the year, it paid four quarterly dividends of $0.35 per share to 2.75 million common stockholders. Preferred stockholders, holding 500,000 shares, were paid two semiannua

> Assume that the Mexican peso currently trades at 12 pesos to the U.S. dollar. During the year, U.S. inflation is expected to average 3%, while Mexican inflation is expected to average 5%. What is the current value of one peso in terms of U.S. dollars? Gi

> What are the most efficient ways to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity?

> What is the difference between an ordinary annuity and an annuity due? Which is more valuable? Why?

> What is the difference between future value and present value? Which approach is generally preferred by financial managers?

> Why do we exclude interest expense from operating cash flow?

> Describe the general format of the statement of cash flows. How are cash inflows differentiated from cash outflows on this statement?

> Why is depreciation (as well as amortization and depletion) considered a noncash charge?

> Explain why a decrease in cash is classified as a cash inflow (source) and why an increase in cash is classified as a cash outflow (use) in preparing the statement of cash flows.

> Describe the overall cash flow through the firm in terms of cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investment activities, and cash flow from financing activities.

> Briefly describe the first four modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS) property classes and recovery periods. Explain how the depreciation percentages are determined by using the MACRS recovery periods.

> Explain why the income statement can also be called a “profit-and-loss statement.” What exactly does the word balance mean in the title of the balance sheet? Why do we balance the two halves?

> What are the main types of decisions that financial managers make?

> Is maximizing shareholder wealth inconsistent with having concern for the welfare of a firm’s other stakeholders?

> What is risk? Why must financial managers consider risk as well as return when they evaluate a decision alternative or action?

> How can the firm structure management compensation to minimize agency problems?

> Define agency problems, and describe how they give rise to agency costs. Explain how a firm’s corporate governance structure can help avoid agency problems.

> What does it mean to say that corporations face a double taxation problem?

> What is the financial manager’s objective in evaluating pro forma statements?

> Which three statements result as part of the short-term (operating) financial planning process?

> What is the significance of the “plug” figure, external financing required? Differentiate between strategies associated with positive values and with negative values for external financing required.

> How is the percent-of-sales method used to prepare pro forma income statements?

> You are a summer intern at the office of a local tax preparer. To test your basic knowledge of financial statements, your manager gives you the following list of accounts and asks you to prepare a simple income statement using those accounts. a. Arrang

> What is the purpose of pro forma statements? What inputs are required for preparing them using the simplified approaches?

> How can the two “bottom lines” of the cash budget be used to determine the firm’s short-term borrowing and investment requirements?

> Briefly describe the basic format of the cash budget.

> What is the purpose of the cash budget? What role does the sales forecast play in its preparation?

> What is the financial planning process? Contrast long-term (strategic) financial plans with short-term (operating) financial plans.

> Under what circumstances would the current ratio be the preferred measure of overall firm liquidity? Under what circumstances would the quick ratio be preferred?

> Why is it preferable to compare ratios calculated using financial statements that are dated at the same point in time during the year?

> When performing cross-sectional ratio analysis, the analyst should pay primary attention to what types of deviations from the norm? Why?

> What is the difference between cross-sectional and time-series ratio analysis? What is benchmarking?

> With regard to financial ratio analysis, how do the viewpoints held by the firm’s present and prospective shareholders, creditors, and management differ?

> Angina Inc. has 5 million shares outstanding. The firm is considering issuing an additional 1 million shares. After selling these shares at their $20 per share offering price and netting 95% of the sale proceeds, the firm is obligated by an earlier agree

> How is the current rate (translation) method used to consolidate a firm’s foreign and domestic financial statements?

> Why are the notes to the financial statements important to professional securities analysts?

> What three areas of analysis are combined in the modified DuPont formula? Explain how the manager uses the DuPont system of analysis to dissect the firm’s results and isolate their causes.

> Describe the purpose of each of the four major financial statements.

> Describe how you would use a large number of ratios to perform a complete ratio analysis of the firm.

> Financial ratio analysis is often divided into five areas: liquidity, activity, debt, profitability, and market ratios. Differentiate each of these areas of analysis from the others. Which is of greatest concern to creditors?

> What do the price/earnings (P/E) ratio and the market/book (M/B) ratio reveal about how investors assess a firm’s performance? What caveats must investors keep in mind when evaluating these ratios?

> A firm’s ROE is typically not equal to its ROA. Why? When would a firm’s ROA equal its ROE?

> What would explain a firm having a high gross profit margin and a low net profit margin?

> What three ratios of profitability appear on a common-size income statement?

> Over the past 100 years, the level of government regulation of financial institutions and markets has ebbed and flowed or, as some economists might argue, has ebbed and flooded. Although the laws and regulatory agencies created by the government have var

> What ratio measures the firm’s degree of indebtedness? What ratios assess the firm’s ability to service debts?

> What is financial leverage?

> To assess the firm’s average collection period and average payment period ratios, what additional information is needed, and why?

> In most of the specific firms listed have current ratios that fall below the industry average. Why? One exception to this general pattern is Whole Foods Market, which competes at the very high end of the retail grocery market. Why might Whole Foods Marke

> What roles do GAAP, the FASB, and the PCAOB play in the financial reporting activities of public companies?

> Why do you think that so many pieces of important legislation related to financial markets and institutions were passed during the Great Depression?

> Describe the role of capital markets from the firm’s and investors’ perspectives. What is the efficient market hypothesis?

> What is the capital market? What are broker markets? What are dealer markets? How do they differ?

> What is the money market? What is the Eurocurrency market?

> What is a private placement versus a public offering?

> For what kinds of needs do you think a firm would issue securities in the money market versus the capital market?