Describe the nature of accounting principles.
> Explain the relevance of inventory in the determination of gross profit.
> Explain the difference between a direct debit transaction and a standing order transaction.
> a. Explain the purposes of a statement of profit or loss and a statement of financial position. b. Describe the structure of each.
> a. Describe how a petty cash imprest system operates. b. Explain how such a system facilitates control.
> a. Describe the purpose and format of a columnar petty cash book. b. Explain how you would determine the appropriate number of analysis columns.
> Describe the entries in the cash book and general ledger in respect of discount allowed and discount received.
> Describe the different forms of two- and three-column cash books with which you are familiar.
> a. Tate two fundamentally different types of transactions/items that are recorded in the journal. b. Describe how these two transactions are recorded in the journal.
> a. Outline the purposes of those books of prime entry referred to as day books. b. Describe the contents, and state which documents are used to write up each of the following: i. The sales day book; ii. The purchases day book; iii. The sales returns day
> What are the advantages of a trial balance?
> Explain the main purposes of a trial balance.
> Explain the purpose of books of prime entry.
> Explain the difference between a credit card transaction and a debit card transaction.
> Briefly describe the nature of a bill of exchange.
> List the books of prime entry with which you are familiar and briefly describe what each is intended to record, including the documents used to write them up.
> Explain the difference between an invoice and (a) a statement; (b) a receipt.
> Outline the purpose and content of (a) an invoice; (b) a debit note; and (c) a credit note.
> Explain the difference between trade discount and cash discount.
> Explain the difference between a cash transaction and a credit transaction.
> Roger has a building worth £25,000, land worth £125,000, a car worth £10,000. He has a mortgage on the building of £20,000 and a car loan of £12,000. He owes R. Graham £2,000 for supplies bought during the year. These have all been used up. He sold goods
> Discuss the relevance and limitations of the historical cost concept in accounting.
> Explain the relevance of the accounting period concept in accounting.
> Explain briefly what is meant by the following terms: profit; capital; and capital maintenance.
> Prepare J. Magee’s statement of financial position (vertical format as utilized in the chapter) as at 31 December 20X9 from the following: Note: You have to determine J. Magee’s equity capital balance.
> a. State the accounting equation and explain its components. b. The financial position of a business at any time is represented in the statement of financial position. Why is it that every business entity’s position should ‘balance’?
> Define and distinguish between the following: a. assets and liabilities; b. capital and revenue expenditure.
> Explain the role of a non-executive director to a company and outline possible benefits of such an appointment to the company.
> Outline six characteristics of good corporate governance, detailing how each can influence company value.
> Why does corporate governance influence company value?
> Explain the term ‘corporate governance’.
> Explain the audit expectations gap to a new trainee auditor.
> Describe the five main stages of an audit briefly.
> Explain the term ‘audit risk’.
> What is the objective of an audit?
> You are working in the finance department of a school. The school is 15 years old. Identify whether the following items are capital or revenue expenditure. 1. A desk 2. Payments to a handyman for painting the classrooms 3. Payments for the paint 4. Pens,
> ‘It is unrealistic to expect a conceptual framework of accounting to provide a basis for definitive or even generally accepted accounting standards in the foreseeable future because of inherent conflicts and inconsistencies between, for example, the qual
> According to the Conceptual Framework there is a potential conflict between the characteristics of relevance and verifiability. There can also be tension between two aspects of reliability – consistency and faithful representation. Explain the nature of
> Describe the constraints on the qualitative characteristics of financial information.
> Define and explain materiality.
> Define and explain the qualitative characteristics of comparability and understandability.
> Define and explain the qualitative characteristic of faithful representation, including the attributes of completeness, neutrality, and being free from error.
> Outline the circumstances that must be prevalent before a change in accounting policy is permitted under IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (IASB, 2018a).
> Explain the relevance of prudence to the appropriateness of accounting policies.
> According to IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (IASB, 2018a) management should develop and apply an accounting policy that provides quality information that will be of benefit to users. Outline the main attributes th
> Describe the nature of each of the following: a. measurement bases b. accounting policies c. estimation techniques. Give one example of each.
> S. Kee is a horse trainer. Prepare the accounting equation for S. Kee at 30 November 20X9
> Complete the following table showing which ledger accounts are to be debited and which are to be credited:
> Explain the nature of the accruals concept and the matching concept. Give an example of the application of each.
> Explain the nature of the going concern assumption and its implications for the preparation of financial statements.
> Describe the nature of any adjustments required and the information that should be disclosed when an entity changes an accounting estimate.
> Describe the nature of any adjustments required and the information that should be disclosed when an entity changes an accounting policy.
> Describe the information that should be disclosed in financial statements relating to an entity’s accounting policies and estimation techniques.
> a. Outline the objective of financial statements as set out in the IASB’s Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (2018) b. Identify the users of financial statements and briefly describe their information needs. c. Explain the relevance of the enti
> What is a general purpose financial statement?
> ‘A conceptual framework of accounting is likely to lead to greater standardization, less choice, less innovation and thus reduced comparability because of the existence of fundamental differences between companies in the way they conduct their activities
> Describe the nature and contents of a conceptual framework of accounting.
> Minisoft plc, a manufacturer of computer software, has spent £10 million in the current accounting year on staff recruitment, training and development. It proposes to include this on its statement of financial position as a non-current asset. Discuss.
> What is the difference in role between the IASB Conceptual Framework and IFRSs?
> Describe the purposes of a conceptual framework of accounting.
> Explain the role and objectives of the IFRS Advisory Council.
> Explain the role of the IFRS Interpretations Committee.
> Discuss the current activities of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in the convergence/harmonization of accounting standards.
> State the two measurement methods recommended by IAS 16 – Property, Plant and Equipment for recording the value of tangible non-current assets.
> Describe the rules relating to the recognition of revenue set out in IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
> Describe the accounting treatment for measuring the value of inventories under IAS 2 – Inventories.
> Describe the standard setting process for International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).
> Outline the differences between sole traders and companies.
> Nesales plc, a large food manufacturer, has purchased the brand name of a chocolate bar from one of its competitors for £5 million. It proposes to include this on its statement of financial position as a non-current asset. Cadberry plc, another large foo
> Dale is in business as a sole trader. You are presented with the following summarized information relating to his business for the year to 31 October 20X9: Required a. Based on the above information, calculate eight recognized accounting ratios. b. Lis
> Bastante plc has 40,000 equity shares in issue. They are currently trading at £3.00 each. Bastante plc also has 400 debentures, trading at par. Required a. Calculate the gearing ratio for Bastante plc using market values. b. Explain the outcome.
> The following are the summarized financial statements of Ingrid Ltd and Epona Ltd, two firms that operate in identical industries. Note: The rate of interest on Epona’s overdraft is 10 per cent per annum. Required a. Calculate three
> Using the information provided in 29.20, assume the company faces three differing external environment scenarios: boom; steady state; and recession. Each scenario has different income potentials: if there is a boom economy, then earnings before interest
> The directors of Atono plc were informed at a golf outing by fellow directors that it is more valuable to have debt in a company’s capital structure than equity, as debt is cheaper than equity. Atono plc currently has no debt in its cap
> Aragon (a bank) has recently received a request for a term loan from one of its customers, Valencia plc, a company listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange. Valencia plc’s directors have requested a furth
> Toome Ltd is a manufacturer of mechanical toys for boys. You have been provided with a schedule of key performance ratios for the company for the period 20X5 to 20X9 as follows: Required Using the historical data above, write a report to the directors
> You are given below, in draft form, the financial statements of Algernon Ltd for 20X8 and 20X9. They are not in publishable format. Required a. Calculate for Algernon Ltd, for 20X8 and 20X9, the following ratios: i. return on capital employed; ii. retu
> The outline statements of financial position of the Nantred Trading Co. Ltd were as shown below: Additional information The only other information available is that the revenue for the years ended 30 September 20X0 and 20X1 was £202,900 an
> Two companies show the following financial statements for the year to 30 November 20X9. Additional information 1. A. Ltd paid a dividend of £150,000 during the year. 2. B. Ltd paid a dividend of £200,000 during the year. Requ
> One of your clients is a beef farmer. She informs you that the price of beef has fallen dramatically over the past few months and that she expects it to fall even further over the next three months. She therefore argues that the prudence principle should
> The following are the summarized financial statements of Alpha and Omega, two companies that operate in the same industry: Required a. Using ratio analysis, comment on the profitability, efficiency, liquidity and gearing of both companies. b. List thre
> J. White, a sole trader, has produced the following statements of financial position for the years ended 31 March 20X8 and 31 March 20X9. J. White is unable to understand why, after he has made a profit for the year ended 31 March 20X9 of £
> The summarized statements of financial position as at 31 March 20X1 and 31 March 20X0 of Higher Ltd are as follows: Additional information 1. Non-current assets Non-current assets disposed of during the year were sold for £22,000. 2. Cur
> The following are the statements of financial positions of Waterloo plc for the last two financial years ended on 30 September. Explanatory notes to the statement of financial positions are as follows: 1. The movement during the year to 30 September 20
> The statement of financial position of Euston Ltd as at 31 December 20X9, with corresponding amounts, showed the following: Notes relevant to 20X9 1. Property, plant and equipment includes the following: 2. An item of plant costing £100,
> The statement of financial position of C.F. Ltd for the year ended 31 December 20X9, together with comparative figures for the previous year, is shown below. Additional information 1. There were no sales of non-current assets during 20X9. 2. The compan
> The following are the financial statements for S. Low for the years ended 30 April 20X0 and 30 April 20X1: Required Prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with IAS 7 for S. Low for the year ended 30 April 20X1.
> The following are the financial statements for A. Tack for the years ended 30 June 20X1 and 20X0: Required Prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with IAS 7 for A. Tack for the year ended 30 June 20X1.
> A. Net is a sole trader and reports the following for the year ended 31 December 20X9: Note: The car that was disposed of during the year was sold for £400, which was lodged in A. Net’s bank account. Required Prepare the
> T. Bone is a sole trader and reports the following for the year ended 30 June 20X1: Notes 1. The 20X0 allowance for irrecoverable receivables was £600. 2. The 20X1 allowance for irrecoverable receivables is £840. 3. The motor v
> Classify each of the following as a measurement basis, an accounting policy or an estimation technique, and explain your reasons: a. Advertising expenditure that has been treated as a non-current asset rather than an expense. b. The use of the straight-l
> Prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with IAS 7 using the information in Question 28.9. There was no investment income or interest paid during the year ended 31 March 20X9.
> Marmite Ltd obtains a £750,000 loan which is repayable over the next five years. The bank has agreed to accept the following repayments. The repayments are varied to match to periods when Marmite Ltd expects to have surplus future cash flows
> Topaz Ltd makes up its financial statements regularly to 31 December each year. The company has operated for some years with four divisions; A, B, C and D, but on 30 June 20X9 Division B was sold for £8m, realizing a profit of £
> The following balances existed in the accounting records of Koppa Ltd at 31 December 20X9: In preparing the company’s statement of comprehensive income and statement of financial position at 31 December 20X9 the following further info
> The trial balance of Harmonica Ltd at 31 December 20X9 is given below. Additional information 1. Closing inventory amounted to £5m. 2. A review of the trade receivables total of £6.9m showed that it was necessary to write off
> The Cirrus Co. Plc has the following balances on its books at 31 December 20X9. The following information is also given: 1. The inventory at 31 December 20X9 has been valued at £32,000. Further investigation reveals that this includes some
> The trial balance of Norr Ltd at 31 December 20X9 is as follows: Additional information 1. During the year a motor vehicle purchased on 31 March 20X6 for £8,000 was sold for £3,000. The sale proceeds were debited to the bank a
> Your managing director is having a polite disagreement with the auditors on the subject of accounting for contingencies. Since the finance director is absent on sick leave, he has come to you for advice. It appears that your firm is involved in four unre
> IAS 10 – Events after the Reporting Period defines the treatment to be given to events arising after the statement of financial position date but before the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors. Required a. Define the terms ‘adjus
> Cold Heart plc, which has a turnover of £100 million and pre-tax profit of £10 million, has its financial statements drawn up on 30 June each year and at 30 June 20X9 the company’s accountant is considering the items specified below. 1. The directors hav
