Emma Emerson is a proud woman with a problem. Her daughter has been accepted into a prestigious law school. While Ms. Emerson beams with pride, she is worried sick about how to pay for the school; she is a single parent who has worked hard to support herself and her three children. She had to go heavily into debt to finance her own education. Even though she now has a good job, family needs have continued to outpace her income and her debt burden is staggering. She knows she will be unable to borrow the money needed for her daughter’s law school. Ms. Emerson is the chief financial officer (CFO) of a small manufacturing company. She has just accepted a new job offer. Indeed, she has not yet told her employer that she will be leaving in a month. She is concerned that her year-end incentive bonus may be affected if her boss learns of her plans to leave. She plans to inform the company immediately after receiving the bonus. She knows her behavior is less than honorable, but she believes that she has been underpaid for a long time. Her boss, a relative of the company’s owner, makes twice what she makes and does half the work. Why should she care about leaving with a little extra cash? Indeed, she is considering an opportunity to boost the bonus. Ms. Emerson’s bonus is based on a percentage of net income. Her company recently introduced a new product line that required substantial production start-up costs. Ms. Emerson is fully aware that GAAP requires these costs to be expensed in the current accounting period, but no one else in the company has the technical expertise to know exactly how the costs should be treated. She is considering misclassifying the start-up costs as product costs. If the costs are misclassified, net income will be significantly higher, resulting in a nice boost in her incentive bonus. By the time the auditors discover the misclassification, Ms. Emerson will have moved on to her new job. If the matter is brought to the attention of her new employer, she will simply plead ignorance. Considering her daughter’s needs, Ms. Emerson decides to classify the start-up costs as product costs. Required: a. Based on this information, indicate whether Ms. Emerson believes the number of units of product sold will be equal to, less than, or greater than the number of units made. Write a brief paragraph explaining the logic that supports your answer. b. Explain how the misclassification could mislead an investor or creditor regarding the company’s financial condition. c. Explain how the misclassification could affect income taxes. d. Review the Statement of Ethical Professional Practice shown in Exhibit 10.19 and identify at least two ethical principles that Ms. Emerson’s misclassification of the start-up costs violated.
> What is the function of the stock certificate?
> What is meant by the phrase separate legal entity? To which type of business organization does it apply?
> What is a widely held corporation? What is a closely held corporation?
> What is meant by equity financing? What is meant by debt financing?
> What is the largest source of financing for most U.S. businesses?
> Name and provide a brief explanation of the six Principles of Professional Conduct of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct.
> When a company appropriates retained earnings, does the company set aside cash for a specific use? Explain.
> What is the primary reason that a company would declare a stock split?
> What is the price-earnings ratio? Explain the difference between it and the dividend yield.
> What is the formula for calculating return on investment (ROI)?
> Why are ratios and trends used in financial analysis?
> What is a limited liability company? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of business organization?
> What prompted Congress to pass the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934? What is the purpose of these laws?
> What is the purpose of the articles of incorporation? What information do they provide?
> What are some reasons that a corporation might not pay dividends?
> Nickleson Company had an unadjusted cash balance of $7,750 as of May 31. The company’s bank statement, also dated May 31, included a $72 NSF check written by one of Nickleson’s customers. There were $700 in outstanding checks and $950 in deposits in tran
> Discuss the purpose of a partnership agreement. Is such an agreement necessary for partnership formation?
> If Best Co. had 10,000 shares of $20 par value common stock outstanding and declared a 5-for-1 stock split, how many shares would then be outstanding and what would be their par value after the split?
> What is the difference between a stock dividend and a stock split?
> What is the importance of the declaration date, record date, and payment date in conjunction with corporate dividends?
> Assume that Day Company repurchased 1,000 of its own shares for $30 per share and sold the shares two weeks later for $35 per share. What is the amount of gain on the sale? How is it reported on the balance sheet? What type of account is Treasury Stock?
> Why might a company repurchase its own stock?
> What is the difference between par value stock and stated value stock?
> What is no-par stock? How is it recorded in the accounting records?
> What is the difference between cumulative preferred stock and noncumulative preferred stock?
> What is the meaning of each of the following terms with respect to the corporate form of organization: (a) Legal capital (b) Par value of stock (c) Stated value of stock (d) Market value of stock (e) Book value of stock (f) Authorized shares of stock (g
> The following information is available for Trinkle Company for the month of June: 1. The unadjusted balance per the bank statement on June 30 was $81,500. 2. Deposits in transit on June 30 were $3,150. 3. A debit memo was included with the bank statement
> What are the similarities and differences in the equity structure of a sole proprietorship, a partnership, and a corporation?
> What is the difference between contributed capital and retained earnings for a
> How does the term double taxation apply to corporations? Give an example of double taxation.
> What are the three major forms of business organizations? Describe each.
> How does the going concern assumption discussed in Chapter 1 affect the way liabilities are reported in the financial statements?
> When the effective interest rate is higher than the stated interest rate, will interest expense be higher or lower than the amount of interest paid?
> Gay Co. has a balance in the Bonds Payable account of $25,000 and a balance in the Discount on Bonds Payable account of $5,200. What is the carrying value of the bonds? What is the total amount of the liability?
> What factors may cause the effective interest rate and the stated interest rate to be different?
> When the effective interest rate is higher than the stated interest rate on a bond issue, will the bond sell at a discount or premium? Why?
> If Roc Co. issued $100,000 of 5 percent, 10-year bonds at the face amount, what is the effect of the issuance of the bonds on the financial statements? What amount of interest expense will Roc Co. recognize each year?
> As of June 30, 2018, the bank statement showed an ending balance of $19,500. The unadjusted Cash account balance was $15,200. The following information is available: 1. Deposit in transit, $2,400. 2. Credit memo in bank statement for interest earned in J
> Why can a company usually issue bonds at a lower interest rate than the company would pay if the funds were borrowed from a bank?
> What are the primary sources of debt financing for most large companies?
> What is the purpose of a line of credit for a business? Why would a company choose to obtain a line of credit instead of issuing bonds?
> At the beginning of year 1, B Co. has a note payable of $72,000 that calls for an annual payment of $16,246, which includes both principal and interest. If the interest rate is 8 percent, what is the amount of interest expense in year 1 and in year 2?
> Explain the historical cost concept as it applies to long-term operational assets. Why is the book value of an asset likely to be different from the current market value of the asset?
> How can judgment and estimation affect information reported in the financial statements?
> List several common intangible assets. How is the life determined that is to be used to compute amortization?
> Define depletion. What is the most commonly used method of computing depletion?
> When a long-term operational asset is sold at a gain, how is the balance sheet affected? Is the statement of cash flows affected? If so, how?
> How are capital expenditures made to improve the quality of a capital asset accounted for? Would the answer change if the expenditure extended the life of the asset but did not improve quality? Explain.
> Why may it be necessary to revise the estimated life of a plant asset? When the estimated life is revised, does it affect the amount of depreciation per year? Why or why not?
> Why would a company choose to depreciate one piece of equipment using the double-declining- balance method and another piece of equipment using straight-line depreciation?
> Assume that a piece of equipment cost $5,000 and had accumulated depreciation of $3,000. What is the book value of the equipment? Is the book value equal to the fair market value of the equipment? Explain.
> Why is depreciation that has been recognized over the life of an asset shown in a contra account? Why not just reduce the asset account?
> What type of account (classification) is Accumulated Depreciation?
> MalMax purchased a depreciable asset. What would be the difference in total assets at the end of the first year if MalMax chooses straight-line depreciation versus double- declining-balance depreciation?
> Explain straight-line, units-of-production, and double-declining-balance depreciation. When is it appropriate to use each of these depreciation methods?
> What is a basket purchase of assets? When a basket purchase is made, how is cost assigned to individual assets?
> Which inventory cost flow method produces the highest net income in a deflationary period?
> Refer to Questions 35 and 36. Which method might be preferable for financial statements? For income tax reporting? Explain. Data from Question 35: Assume that Key Co. purchased 1,000 units of merchandise in its first year of operations for $25 per unit.
> Use the January 3, 2015, Form 10-K for Stanley Black & Decker, Inc. (Stanley) to complete the following requirements. To obtain the Form 10-K, you can use the EDGAR system following the instructions in Appendix A, or it can be found under “Corporate Info
> Assume that Key Co. purchased 1,500 units of merchandise in its second year of operation for $27 per unit. Its beginning inventory was determined in Question 35. Assuming that 1,500 units are sold, what is the amount of cost of goods sold using FIFO? LIF
> Assume that Key Co. purchased 1,000 units of merchandise in its first year of operations for $25 per unit. The company sold 850 units for $40. What is the amount of cost of goods sold using FIFO? LIFO? Weighted average?
> Does the choice of cost flow method (FIFO, LIFO, or weighted average) affect the statement of cash flows? Explain.
> What is the difference between the flow of costs and the physical flow of goods?
> In an inflationary period, which inventory cost flow method will produce the highest net income? Explain.
> What are some advantages and disadvantages of using the LIFO method of inventory valuation?
> What are some advantages and disadvantages of using the FIFO method of inventory valuation?
> What are some advantages and disadvantages of the specific identification method of accounting for inventory?
> Name and describe the four cost flow methods discussed in this chapter.
> Define the following terms: a. Maker b. Payee c. Principal d. Interest e. Maturity date f. Collateral
> Victor Holt, the accounting manager of Sexton, Inc., gathered the following information for 2017. Some of it can be used to construct an income statement for 2017. Ignore items that do not appear on an income statement. Some computation may be required.
> What information is normally included in a bank statement?
> What procedures can help protect cash disbursements?
> What procedures can help protect cash receipts?
> Giving written copies of receipts to customers can help prevent what type of illegal acts?
> What is U.S. GAAP? What is IFRS?
> List and describe the four stages of the accounting cycle discussed earlier in this chapter.
> Identify the three types of accounting transactions discussed in this chapter. Provide an example of each type of transaction, and explain how it affects the accounting equation.
> What is the historical cost concept and how does it relate to verifiability?
> How do temporary accounts differ from permanent accounts? Name three temporary accounts. Is retained earnings a temporary or a permanent account?
> What is the advantage of using common size income statements to present financial information for several accounting periods?
> The following information was taken from GoPro, Inc.’s SEC filings. Required: a. Explain whether each line of information in the table would best be described as being primarily financial accounting or managerial accountin
> What does the term adjusting entry mean? Give an example.
> What three categories of cash receipts and cash payments do businesses report on the statement of cash flows? Explain the types of cash flows reported in each category.
> Why is the balance sheet dated as of a specific date when the income statement, statement of changes in stockholders’ equity, and statement of cash flows are dated with the phrase for the period ended?
> What is the main purpose of the balance sheet?
> What four general-purpose financial statements do business enterprises use?
> What are the similarities and differences between dividends and expenses?
> What is the purpose of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity?
> Explain how the periodic inventory system works. What are some advantages of using the periodic inventory system? What are some disadvantages of using the periodic inventory system? Is it necessary to take a physical inventory when using the periodic inv
> What is the difference between a multistep income statement and a single-step income statement?
> How and when is the cost of the supplies used recognized in an accounting period?
> J. Talbot is the accounting manager for Kolla Waste Disposal Corporation. Kolla is having its worst financial year since its inception. The company is expected to report a net loss. In the midst of such bad news, Ms. Talbot surprised the company presiden
> Sam and his sister Blair both attend the state university. As a reward for their successful completion of the past year (Sam had a 3.2 GPA in business, and Blair had a 3.7 GPA in art), their father gave each of them 100 shares of The Walt Disney Company
> When does a cost become an expense? Do all costs become expenses?
> Explain the difference between gross margin and a gain.
> Explain the difference between purchase returns and sales returns. How do purchase returns affect the financial statements of both buyer and seller? How do sales returns affect the financial statements of both buyer and seller?
> Why may net cash flow from operating activities on the cash flow statement be different from the amount of net income reported on the income statement?
> What is the accounting equation? Describe each of its three components.
> How do companies determine the percentage estimate of uncollectible accounts when using the percent of revenue method?