Question: For a particular experiment, helium ions are

> A positive charge q is fixed at the point x = 0, y = 0, and a negative charge -2q is fixed at the point x = a, y = 0. (a). Show the positions of the charges in a diagram. (b). Derive an expression for the potential V at points on the x-axis as a functio

> Small aircraft often have 24-V electrical systems rather than the 12-V systems in automobiles, even though the electrical power requirements are roughly the same in both applications. The explanation given by aircraft designers is that a 24-V system weig

> Liquid dielectrics that have polar molecules (such as water) always have dielectric constants that decrease with increasing temperature. Why?

> The two plates of a capacitor are given charges ±Q. The capacitor is then disconnected from the charging device so that the charges on the plates can’t change, and the capacitor is immersed in a tank of oil. Does the electric field between the plates inc

> Eight flashlight batteries in series have an emf of about 12 V, similar to that of a car battery. Could they be used to start a car with a dead battery? Why or why not?

> The energy that can be extracted from a storage battery is always less than the energy that goes into it while it is being charged. Why?

> Electrolytic capacitors use as their dielectric an extremely thin layer of nonconducting oxide between a metal plate and a conducting solution. Discuss the advantage of such a capacitor over one constructed using a solid dielectric between the metal plat

> The freshness of fish can be measured by placing a fish between the plates of a capacitor and measuring the capacitance. How does this work? (Hint: As time passes, the fish dries out. See Table 24.1.) Table 24.1: Material K Material K Polyvinyl chl

> A light bulb glows because it has resistance. The brightness of a light bulb increases with the electrical power dissipated in the bulb. Fig. Q25.14: (a). In the circuit shown in Fig. Q25.14a, the two bulbs A and B are identical. Compared to bulb A,

> Why does an electric light bulb nearly always burn out just as you turn on the light, almost never while the light is shining?

> A rule of thumb used to determine the internal resistance of a source is that it is the open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current. Is this correct? Why or why not?

> As shown in Table 24.1, water has a very large dielectric constant K = 80.4. Why do you think water is not commonly used as a dielectric in capacitors? Table 24.1: Material K Material K Polyvinyl chloride Plexiglas® Vacuum 1 3.18 Air (1 atm) 1.0005

> A cylindrical rod has resistivity r. If we triple its length and diameter, what is its resistivity, in terms of r?

> We have seen that a coulomb is an enormous amount of charge; it is virtually impossible to place a charge of 1 C on an object. Yet, a current of 10 A, 10 C/s, is quite reasonable. Explain this apparent discrepancy.

> A conductor is an extreme case of a dielectric, since if an electric field is applied to a conductor, charges are free to move within the conductor to set up “induced charges.” What is the dielectric constant of a perfect conductor? Is it K = 0, K → q, o

> Suppose several different parallel-plate capacitors are charged up by a constant-voltage source. Thinking of the actual movement and position of the charges on an atomic level, why does it make sense that the capacitances are proportional to the surface

> Batteries are always labeled with their emf; for instance, an AA flashlight battery is labeled “1.5 volts.” Would it also be appropriate to put a label on batteries stating how much current they provide? Why or why not?

> A parallel-plate capacitor is charged by being connected to a battery and is then disconnected from the battery. The separation between the plates is then doubled. How does the electric field change? The potential difference? The total energy? Explain.

> The definition of resistivity (r = E/J) implies that an electric field exists inside a conductor. Yet we saw in Chapter 21 that there can be no electrostatic electric field inside a conductor. Is there a contradiction here? Explain.

> A positive point charge q1 = +5.00 × 10-4 C is held at a fixed position. A small object with mass 4.00 × 10-3 kg and charge q2 = -3.00 × 10-4 C is projected directly at q1. Ignore gravity. When q2 is 0.400 m away, its speed is 800 m/s. What is its speed

> A point charge q1 = 4.00 nC is placed at the origin, and a second point charge q2 = -3.00 nC is placed on the x-axis at x = +20.0 cm. A third point charge q3 = 2.00 nC is to be placed on the x-axis between q1 and q2. (Take as zero the potential energy of

> A point charge q1 = +5.00 µC is held fixed in space. From a horizontal distance of 6.00 cm, a small sphere with mass 4.00 × 10-3 kg and charge q2 = +2.00 µC is fired toward the fixed charge with an initial speed of 40.0 m/s. Gravity can be neglected. Wha

> Electronic flash units for cameras contain a capacitor for storing the energy used to produce the flash. In one such unit, the flash lasts for 1 175 s with an average light power output of 2.70 × 105 W. (a). If the conversion of electrical energy to l

> What is the minimum amount of work that must be done by the cell to restore Vm to -70 mV? (a). 3 mJ; (b). 3 mJ; (c). 3 nJ; (d). 3 pJ.

> Suppose that the change in Vm was caused by the entry of Ca2+ instead of Na+. How many Ca2+ ions would have to enter the cell per unit membrane to produce the change? (a). Half as many as for Na+; (b). the same as for Na+; (c). twice as many as for Na

> Suppose that the egg has a diameter of 200 mm. What fractional change in the internal Na+ concentration results from the fertilization-induced change in Vm? Assume that Na+ ions are distributed throughout the cell volume. The concentration increases by

> Electrons in an electric circuit pass through a resistor. The wire on either side of the resistor has the same diameter. (a). How does the drift speed of the electrons before entering the resistor compare to the speed after leaving the resistor? Explain

> How many moles of Na+ must m ove per unit area of membrane to change Vm from -70 mV to +30 mV, if we assume that the membrane behaves purely as a capacitor? (a). 10-4 mol/cm2; (b). 10-9 mol/cm2; (c). 10-12 mol/cm2; (d). 10-14 mol/cm2.

> Two square conducting plates with sides of length L are separated by a distance D. A dielectric slab with constant K with dimensions L × L × D is inserted a distance x into the space between the plates, as shown in Fig. P24.72.

> You are designing capacitors for various applications. For one application, you want the maximum possible stored energy. For another, you want the maximum stored charge. For a third application, you want the capacitor to withstand a large applied voltage

> Your electronics company has several identical capacitors with capacitance C1 and several others with capacitance C2. You must determine the values of C1 and C2 but don’t have access to C1 and C2 individually. Instead, you have a network with C1 and C2 c

> A parallel-plate capacitor is made from two plates 12.0 cm on each side and 4.50 mm apart. Half of the space between these plates contains only air, but the other half is filled with Plexiglas® of dielectric constant 3.40 (Fig. P24.66). An 18.

> A potential difference Vab = 48.0 V is applied across the capacitor network of Fig. E24.17. If C1 = C2 = 4.00 mF and C4 = 8.00 mF, what must the capacitance C3 be if the network is to store 2.90 × 10-3 J of electrical energy? Fig. E24.17:

> A parallel-plate capacitor with only air between the plates is charged by connecting it to a battery. The capacitor is then disconnected from the battery, without any of the charge leaving the plates. (a). A voltmeter reads 45.0 V when placed across the

> Each combination of capacitors between points a and b in Fig. P24.60 is first connected across a 120-V battery, charging the combination to 120 V. These combinations are then connected to make the circuits shown. When the switch S is thrown, a surge of c

> In Fig. P24.59, each capacitance C1 is 6.9 µF, and each capacitance C2 is 4.6 µF. Fig. P24.59: (a). Compute the equivalent capacitance of the network between points a and b. (b). Compute the charge on each of the three capac

> Three capacitors having capacitances of 8.4, 8.4, and 4.2 µF are connected in series across a 36-V potential difference. (a). What is the charge on the 4.2-µF capacitor? (b). What is the total energy stored in all three capacitors? (c). The capacitors

> A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a power supply that maintains a fixed potential difference between the plates. (a). If a sheet of dielectric is then slid between the plates, what happens to (i). the electric field between the plates, (ii). t

> The capacitors in Fig. P24.56 are initially uncharged and are connected, as in the diagram, with switch S open. The applied potential difference is Vab = +210 V. Fig. P24.56: (a). What is the potential difference Vcd? (b). What is the potential diff

> In Fig. E24.20, C1 = 3.00 µF and Vab = 150 V. The charge on capacitor C1 is 150 µC and the charge on C3 is 450 µC. What are the values of the capacitances of C2 and C3? Fig. E24.20: (a) No dielectric (b) Diele

> Current materials-science technology allows engineers to construct capacitors with much higher values of C than were previously possible. A capacitor has C = 3000 F and is rated to withstand a maximum potential difference of 2.7 V. The cylindrical capaci

> In Fig. P24.53, C1 = C5 = 8.4 µF and C2 = C3 = C4 = 4.2 µF. The applied potential is Vab = 220 V. Fig. P24.53: (a). What is the equivalent capacitance of the network between points a and b? (b). Calculate the charge on each

> In Fig. E24.17, C1 = 6.00 mF, C2 = 3.00 mF, C3 = 4.00 µF, and C4 = 8.00 µF. The capacitor network is connected to an applied potential difference Vab. After the charges on the capacitors have reached their final values, the volt

> For the capacitor network shown in Fig. P24.51, the potential difference across ab is 12.0 V. Find Fig. P24.51: (a). the total energy stored in this network and (b). the energy stored in the 4.80-µF capacitor. 6.20 μF 11.8 μF 8.60 μ

> In Fig. 24.9a, let C1 = 9.0 µF, C2 = 4.0 µF, and Vab = 64 V. Suppose the charged capacitors are disconnected from the source and from each other, and then reconnected to each other with plates of opposite sign together. By how m

> A 20.0-µF capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 800 V. The terminals of the charged capacitor are then connected to those of an uncharged 10.0-µF capacitor. Compute (a). the original charge of the system, (b). the final potential difference

> Cell membranes (the walled enclosure around a cell) are typically about 7.5 nm thick. They are partially permeable to allow charged material to pass in and out, as needed. Equal but opposite charge densities build up on the inside and outside faces of su

> A helium ion (He++) that comes within about 10 fm of the center of the nucleus of an atom in the sample may induce a nuclear reaction instead of simply scattering. Imagine a helium ion with a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV heading straight toward an atom at r

> In terms of the dielectric constant K, what happens to the electric flux through the Gaussian surface shown in Fig. 24.22 when the dielectric is inserted into the previously empty space between the plates? Explain. Fig. 24.22: E = 0 Conductor Diele

> In experiments in which atomic nuclei collide, head-on collisions like that described in Problem 23.74 do happen, but “near misses” are more common. Suppose the alpha particle in that problem is not “aimed” at the center of the lead nucleus but has an in

> A hollow, thin-walled insulating cylinder of radius R and length L (like the cardboard tube in a roll of toilet paper) has charge Q uniformly distributed over its surface. (a). Calculate the electric potential at all points along the axis of the tube. T

> The charge of an electron was first measured by the American physicist Robert Millikan during 1909–1913. In his experiment, oil was sprayed in very fine drops (about 10-4 mm in diameter) into the space between two parallel horizontal pl

> A small, stationary sphere carries a net charge Q. You perform the following experiment to measure Q: From a large distance you fire a small particle with mass m = 4.00 × 10-4 kg and charge q = 5.00 × 10-8 C directly at the cent

> The electric potential in a region that is within 2.00 m of the origin of a rectangular coordinate system is given by V = Axl + Bym + Czn + D, where A, B, C, D, l, m, and n are constants. The units of A, B, C, and D are such that if x, y, and z are in me

> In one type of computer keyboard, each key holds a small metal plate that serves as one plate of a parallel-plate, air filled capacitor. When the key is depressed, the plate separation decreases and the capacitance increases. Electronic circuitry detects

> The source of the sun’s energy is a sequence of nuclear reactions that occur in its core. The first of these reactions involves the collision of two protons, which fuse together to form a heavier nucleus and release energy. For this pro

> A metal sphere with radius R1 has a charge Q1. Take the electric potential to be zero at an infinite distance from the sphere. (a). What are the electric field and electric potential at the surface of the sphere? This sphere is now connected by a long, t

> Will a light bulb glow more brightly when it is connected to a battery as shown in Fig. Q25.16a, in which an ideal ammeter A is placed in the circuit, or when it is connected as shown in Fig. 25.16b, in which an ideal voltmeter V is placed in the circuit

> An alpha particle with kinetic energy 9.50 MeV (when far away) collides head-on with a lead nucleus at rest. What is the distance of closest approach of the two particles? (Assume that the lead nucleus remains stationary and may be treated as a point cha

> Electric charge is distributed uniformly along a thin rod of length a, with total charge Q. Take the potential to be zero at infinity. Find the potential at the following points (Fig. P23.73): Fig. P23.73): (a) point P, a distance x to the right of th

> a). If a spherical raindrop of radius 0.650 mm carries a charge of -3.60 pC uniformly distributed over its volume, what is the potential at its surface? (Take the potential to be zero at an infinite distance from the raindrop.) (b). Two identical raindr

> You are conducting experiments with an air filled parallel-plate capacitor. You connect the capacitor to a battery with voltage 24.0 V. Initially the separation d between the plates is 0.0500 cm. In one experiment, you leave the battery connected to the

> An insulating spherical shell with inner radius 25.0 cm and outer radius 60.0 cm carries a charge of +150.0 µC uniformly distributed over its outer surface. Point a is at the center of the shell, point b is on the inner surface, and point c is on the out

> Charge Q = +4.00 µC is distributed uniformly over the volume of an insulating sphere that has radius R = 5.00 cm. What is the potential difference between the center of the sphere and the surface of the sphere?

> A fuel gauge uses a capacitor to determine the height of the fuel in a tank. The effective dielectric constant Keff changes from a value of 1 when the tank is empty to a value of K, the dielectric constant of the fuel, when the tank is full. The appropri

> A solid sphere of radius R contains a total charge Q distributed uniformly throughout its volume. Find the energy needed to assemble this charge by bringing infinitesimal charges from far away. This energy is called the “self-energy” of the charge distri

> A disk with radius R has uniform surface charge density

> Electrostatic precipitators use electric forces to remove pollutant particles from smoke, in particular in the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants. One form of precipitator consists of a vertical, hollow, metal cylinder with a thin wire, insulated f

> An ideal ammeter A is placed in a circuit with a battery and a light bulb as shown in Fig. Q25.15a, and the ammeter reading is noted. The circuit is then reconnected as in Fig. Q25.15b, so that the positions of the ammeter and light bulb are reversed.

> The vertical deflecting plates of a typical classroom oscilloscope are a pair of parallel square metal plates carrying equal but opposite charges. Typical dimensions are about 3.0 cm on a side, with a separation of about 5.0 mm. The potential difference

> Cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) were often found in oscilloscopes and computer monitors. In Fig. P23.63 an electron with an initial speed of 6.50 × 106 m/s is projected along the axis midway between the deflection plates of a cathode-ray tube. The

> An air capacitor is made by using two flat plates, each with area A, separated by a distance d. Then a metal slab having thickness a (less than d) and the same shape and size as the plates is inserted between them, parallel to the plates and not touching

> A long metal cylinder with radius a is supported on an insulating stand on the axis of a long, hollow, metal tube with radius b. The positive charge per unit length on the inner cylinder is l, and there is an equal negative charge per unit length on the

> Two spherical shells have a common center. The inner shell has radius R1 = 5.00 cm and charge q1 = +3.00 × 10-6 C; the outer shell has radius R2 = 15.0 cm and charge q2 = -5.00 × 10-6 C. Both charges are spread uniformly over the shell surface. What is t

> A small sphere with mass 1.50 g hangs by a thread between two very large parallel vertical plates 5.00 cm apart (Fig. P23.59). The plates are insulating and have uniform surface charge densities +

> A parallel-plate air capacitor is made by using two plates 12 cm square, spaced 3.7 mm apart. It is connected to a 12-V battery. (a). What is the capacitance? (b). What is the charge on each plate? (c). What is the electric field between the plates? (

> Figure P23.57 shows eight point charges arranged at the corners of a cube with sides of length d. The values of the charges are +q and -q, as shown. This is a model of one cell of a cubic ionic crystal. In sodium chloride (NaCl), for instance, the positi

> Two oppositely charged, identical insulating spheres, each 50.0 cm in diameter and carrying a uniformly distributed charge of magnitude 250 µC, are placed 1.00 m apart center to center (Fig. P23.56). Fig. P23.56: (a). If a voltmeter is c

> A vacuum tube diode consists of concentric cylindrical electrodes, the negative cathode and the positive anode. Because of the accumulation of charge near the cathode, the electric potential between the electrodes is given by V(x) = Cx4/3 where x is th

> Suppose you bring a slab of dielectric close to the gap between the plates of a charged capacitor, preparing to slide it between the plates. What force will you feel? What does this force tell you about the energy stored between the plates once the diele

> Identical charges q = +5.00 µC are placed at opposite corners of a square that has sides of length 8.00 cm. Point A is at one of the empty corners, and point B is at the center of the square. A charge q0 = -3.00 µC is placed at point A and moves along th

> A particle with charge +7.60 nC is in a uniform electric field directed to the left. Another force, in addition to the electric force, acts on the particle so that when it is released from rest, it moves to the right. After it has moved 8.00 cm, the addi

> A proton and an alpha particle are released from rest when they are 0.225 nm apart. The alpha particle (a helium nucleus) has essentially four times the mass and two times the charge of a proton. Find the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of each of

> When radium-226 decays radioactively, it emits an alpha particle (the nucleus of helium), and the end product is radon-222. We can model this decay by thinking of the radium-226 as consisting of an alpha particle emitted from the surface of the spherical

> A small sphere with mass 5.00 × 10-7 kg and charge +7.00 µC is released from rest a distance of 0.400 m above a large horizontal insulating sheet of charge that has uniform surface charge density

> A gold nucleus has a radius of 7.3 × 10-15 m and a charge of +79e. Through what voltage must an alpha particle, with charge +2e, be accelerated so that it has just enough energy to reach a distance of 2.0 × 10-14 m from the surface of a gold nucleus? (As

> The power rating of a light bulb (such as a 100-W bulb) is the power it dissipates when connected across a 120-V potential difference. What is the resistance of? (a). a 100-W bulb and (b). a 60-W bulb? (c). How much current does each bulb draw in norm

> A “540-W” electric heater is designed to operate from 120-V lines. (a). What is its operating resistance? (b). What current does it draw? (c). If the line voltage drops to 110 V, what power does the heater take? (Assume that the resistance is constant

> In the circuit in Fig. E25.47, find Fig. E25.47: (a). the rate of conversion of internal (chemical) energy to electrical energy within the battery; (b). the rate of dissipation of electrical energy in the battery; (c). the rate of dissipation of elec

> A typical small flashlight contains two batteries, each having an emf of 1.5 V, connected in series with a bulb having resistance 17 Ω. (a). If the internal resistance of the batteries is negligible, what power is delivered to the bulb? (b). If the bat

> A capacitor made of aluminum foil strips separated by Mylar film was subjected to excessive voltage, and the resulting dielectric breakdown melted holes in the Mylar. After this, the capacitance was found to be about the same as before, but the breakdown

> A 25.0-Ω bulb is connected across the terminals of a 12.0-V battery having 3.50 Ω of internal resistance. What percentage of the power of the battery is dissipated across the internal resistance and hence is not available to the bulb?

> An idealized voltmeter is connected across the terminals of a 15.0-V battery, and a 75.0-Ω appliance is also connected across its terminals. If the voltmeter reads 11.9 V, (a). how much power is being dissipated by the appliance, and (b). what is the i

> The capacity of a storage battery, such as those used in automobile electrical systems, is rated in ampere-hours (A ∙ h). A 50-A ∙ h battery can supply a current of 50 A for 1.0 h, or 25 A for 2.0 h, and so on. (a). What total energy can be supplied by

> A heart defibrillator is used to enable the heart to start beating if it has stopped. This is done by passing a large current of 12 A through the body at 25 V for a very short time, usually about 3.0 ms. (a). What power does the defibrillator deliver to

> Electric eels generate electric pulses along their skin that can be used to stun an enemy when they come into contact with it. Tests have shown that these pulses can be up to 500 V and produce currents of 80 mA (or even larger). A typical pulse lasts for

> Consider the circuit of Fig. E25.30. Fig. E25.30: (a). What is the total rate at which electrical energy is dissipated in the 5.0- Ω and 9.0-Ω resistors? (b). What is the power output of the 16.0-V battery? (c). At what rate

> In Europe the standard voltage in homes is 220 V instead of the 120 V used in the United States. Therefore a “100-W” European bulb would be intended for use with a 220-V potential difference (see Problem 25.36). Problem 25.36: If a “75-W” bulb (see Pr

> If a “75-W” bulb (see Problem 25.35) is connected across a 220-V potential difference (as is used in Europe), how much power does it dissipate? Ignore the temperature dependence of the bulb’s resistance. Problem 25.35: The power rating of a light bulb

> Consider the circuit shown in Fig. E25.26. The terminal voltage of the 24.0-V battery is 21.2 V. What are Fig. E25.26: (a). the internal resistance r of the battery and (b) the resistance R of the circuit resistor? r 24.0 V ww 4.00 A R 4.00 A ww