Gloria and Deloria, CPAs, have recently started their public accounting firm and intend to provide attestation and a variety of consulting services for their clients, which are all nonpublic. Both Ms. Gloria and Mr. Deloria have particular expertise in designing payroll and other disbursement systems. Ms. Gloria is concerned about whether any of the following services would impair their audit independence.
a. For each of the services in the accompanying table, provide a judgment as to whether providing the service would impair attest independence. In all 12 situations, assume that management has designated a management-level individual to be responsible for overseeing the CPAâs services and has established appropriate internal control. Also assume that the client is privately held and does not report to the SEC.
b. Now assume that the 12 services are being contemplated for non-attest clients. Which of the services does the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct prohibit under this assumption?
Additional Information Independence Impalred (Yos, No, Indeterminate) Situation Needed for Number Service Description "Indeterminate" Replles 1 Customize and implement a prepackaged payroll system. Manage the portion of a client's local area network system related to payroll. Using payroll time records approved by manage- ment, generate unsigned payroll checks on a continuing basis for the client; the client signs the checks. 4 Prepare the payroll tax return form and sign it on behalf of management. 5 Approve employee time cards. Accept responsibility to sign checks, but only in emergency situations. 7 Monitor employee time cards and make changes when errors are detected. 8 Post client-approved entries to client's trial balance. Provide all the initial training and instruction to client employees on a newly implemented payroll information and control system. 10 Screen candidates and recommend the most highly qualified candidate to serve as treasurer for the client. 11 Supervise client personnel in the daily operation of the payroll system. 12 Present payroll business risk considerations to the board of directors on behalf of management.
> Ten years ago, the Edson Water Company issued preferred stock at a price equal to the par value of $100. If the dividend yield on that issue was 12 percent, explain why the firm’s current cost of preferred capital is not likely to equal 12 percent?
> Maltese Falcone, Inc., has not checked its weighted average cost of capital for four years. Firm management claims that since Maltese has not had to raise capital for new projects in four years, they should not have to worry about their current weighted
> Describe why it is not usually appropriate to use the coupon rate on a firm’s bonds to estimate the pretax cost of debt for the firm?
> Your firm will have a fixed interest expense for the next 10 years. You recently found out that the marginal income tax rate for the firm will change from 30 percent to 40 percent next year. Describe how the change will affect the cash flow available to
> Your friend has recently told you that the federal government effectively subsidizes the use of debt financing (vs. equity financing) for corporations. Do you agree with that statement? Explain?
> With respect to the level of risk and the required return for a firm’s portfolio of projects, discuss how the market and a firm’s management can have inconsistent information and expectations?
> Which is easier to calculate directly, the expected rate of return on the assets of a firm or the expected rate of return on the firm’s debt and equity? Assume that you are an outsider to the firm?
> Your boss just finished computing your firm’s weighted average cost of capital. He is relieved because he says that he can now use that cost of capital to evaluate all projects that the firm is considering for the next four years. Evaluate that statement
> What are the differences between capital projects that are independent, mutually exclusive, and contingent?
> Explain why the required rate of return on a firm’s assets must be equal to the weighted average cost of capital associated with its liabilities and equity?
> How does the pretax operating cash flow for a project differ from the economic profit for that project?
> The economics break-even calculation assumes that the number of units sold is the same each year during the life of the project. It is possible for the NPV of a project to be negative if unit sakes are not the same each year and the average unit sales ar
> What is the fundamental difference between a sensitivity analysis and a scenario analysis?
> Is it possible to have a crossover point where the accounting break-even point is the same for two alternatives - that is, above the break-even point for a low-fixed-cost alternative but below the break-even point for a high-fixed-cost alternative? Expla
> Describe how the pretax operating cash flow break-even point is related to the economic break-even point?
> Explain how EBITDA differs from incremental after-tax free cash flows (FCF) and discuss the types of businesses for which this difference would be especially small or large?
> Discuss the interpretation of the degree of accounting operating leverage and degree of pretax cash flow operating leverage?
> You own a firm with a single new product that is about to be introduced to the public for the first time. Your marketing analysis suggests that the annual demand for this product could be anywhere between 500,000 units and 5,000,000 units. Given such a w
> What is the advantage of using a simulation analysis instead of a scenario analysis to assess the risk of a project?
> Why are capital investments considered the most important decisions made by a firm’s management?
> You are involved in the planning process for a firm that is expected to have a large increase in sales next year. Which type of firm would benefit the most from that sales increase: a firm with low fixed costs and high variable costs or a firm with high
> Explain the difference between marginal and average tax rates, and identify which of these rates is used in capital budgeting and why?
> How is the MACRS depreciation method under IRS rules different from the straight-line depreciation allowed under GAAP rules? What is the implication on incremental after-tax free cash flows from firms’ investments?
> High-End Fashions, Inc., bought a production line of ankle-length skirts last year at a cost of $500,000. This year, however, miniskirts are in and ankle-length skirts are completely out of fashion. High-End has the option to rebuild the production line
> QualityLiving Trust is a real estate investment company that builds and remodels apartment buildings in northern California. It is currently considering remodeling a few idle buildings that it owns in San Jose into luxury apartment buildings. The company
> MusicHeaven, Inc., is a producer of media players which currently have either 20 gigabytes or 30 gigabytes of storage. Now the company is considering launching a new production line making mini media players with 5 gigabytes of storage. Analysts forecast
> Suppose that FRA Corporation already has divisions in both Dallas and Houston. FRA is now considering setting up a third division in Austin. This expansion will require that one senior manager from Dallas and one from Houston relocate to Austin. Ignore r
> You are providing financial advice to a shrimp farmer who will be harvesting his last crop of farm-raised shrimp. His current shrimp crop is very young and will, therefore, grow and become more valuable as their weight increases. Describe how you would d
> What is the opportunity cost of using an existing asset? Give an example of the opportunity cost of using the excess capacity of a machine?
> When two mutually exclusive projects have different lives, how can an analyst determine which is better? What is the underlying assumption in this method?
> Describe the process of capital rationing?
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement given the discussion in this chapter? We can calculate future cash flows precisely and obtain an exact value for the NPV of an investment?
> Under what circumstances might the IRR and NPV approaches produce conflicting results?
> What are the strengths and weaknesses of the accounting rate of return approach?
> Identify the weaknesses of the payback period method?
> a. A firm invests in a project that is expected to earn a return of 12 percent. If the appropriate cost of capital is also 12 percent, did the firm make the right decision. Explain. b. What is the impact on the firm if it accepts a project with a negati
> In the context of capital budgeting, what is “capital rationing”?
> a. Sykes, Inc. management is considering two projects: a plant expansion and a new computer system for the firm’s production department. Classify these projects as independent, mutually exclusive, or contingent projects and explain your reasoning. b. A c
> Elkridge Construction Company has an overall (composite) cost of capital of 12 percent. This cost of capital reflects the cost of capital for an Elkridge Construction project with average risk. However, the firm takes on projects of various risk levels.
> Explain why the cost of capital is referred to as the “hurdle” rate in capital budgeting?
> The profitability index is a tool for measuring a project’s benefits relative to its costs. How might this help to eliminate bias in project selection?
> What is the cost of capital?
> What is the general formula used to calculate the price of a share of a stock? What does it mean?
> Select the best answer for each of the following questions. Explain the reasons for your selection. a. Which of the following is not a financial statement assertion made by management? (1) Existence of recorded assets and liabilities. (2) Completeness of
> For each definition (or portion of a definition) in the first column, select the term that most closely applies. Each term may be used only once or not at all. Partial (or Complete) Definition Term a. A federal securities statute covering registrat
> Items (a) through ( f ) relate to what a plaintiff who purchased securities must prove in a civil liability suit against a CPA. For each item, determine whether it must be proved assuming application of the following acts: 1. Only applies to Section 11 o
> Match the important cases listed below with the appropriate legal precedent or implication. Case: a. Hochfelder v. Ernst b. Escott v. BarChris Construction Corp. c. Credit Alliance v. Arthur Andersen & Co. d. Ultramares v. Touche & Co. e. Rosenblum v. A
> Assume that in a particular audit the CPAs were negligent but not grossly negligent. Indicate whether they would be “liable” or “not liable” for the following losses proximately caused by their negligence and determine that liability under the various th
> Dandy Container Corporation engaged the accounting firm of Adams and Adams to audit financial statements to be used in connection with an interstate public offering of securities. The audit was completed, and an unqualified opinion was expressed on the f
> The firm of Schilling & Co., CPAs, has offices in Chicago and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Gillington Company, which has 1 million shares of outstanding stock, is audited by the Chicago office of Schilling; Welco, of the Chicago office, is the partner in charge
> The firm of Bell & Greer, CPAs, has been asked to perform attest services for Trek Corporation (a nonpublic company) for the year ended December 31, Year 5. Bell & Greer has two offices: one in Los Angeles and the other in Newport Beach. Trek Corporation
> Describe briefly the function of the GAO.
> The cost of an audit might be significantly reduced if the auditors relied upon a representation letter from the client instead of observing the physical counting of inventory. Would this use of a representation letter be an acceptable means of reducing
> James Daleiden, CPA, is interested in expanding his practice through acquisition of new clients. For each of the following independent cases, indicate whether Daleiden would violate the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct by engaging in the suggested prac
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> The firm of McGraw and West, CPAs, has two offices, one in Phoenix and one in San Diego. The firm has audited the Cameron Corporation out of its Phoenix office for the past five years. For each of the following independent cases, which occurred during th
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> The firm of Wilson and Wiener (WW), CPAs, has had requests from a number of clients and prospective clients to perform various types of services. Please reply as to whether the appropriate independence rules (AICPA and/or PCAOB) allow the following engag
> Select the best answer for each of the following. Explain the reasons for your selection. a. Which of the following is not a covered member for an attest engagement under the Independence Rule of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? (1) An individual
> For each term in the first column, select the partial (or complete) definition or illustration. Each partial (or complete) definition or illustration may be used only once. Term Partial (or Complete) Definition or Illustration a. A report providing
> State whether each of the following is or is not a principle (or a portion of a principle) underlying an audit conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Principles Yes (Y) or No (N) 1. The purpose of an audit Is to provide
> Match each the following statements with the appropriate type of auditors’ report (each auditors’ report may be used once, more than once, or not at all): A. Adverse. D. Disclaimer. Q. Qualified. S. Standard unmodified
> State whether you agree (A) or disagree (D) with each of the following statements concerning the auditors’ unqualified report of a public company. Agree (A) or Disagree (D) Statement a. The report should begln with "CPA's Report"
> What are the major purposes of obtaining representation letters from audit clients?
> Spacecraft, Inc., is a large corporation that is audited regularly by a public accounting firm but also maintains an internal auditing staff. Explain briefly how the relationship of the public accounting firm to Spacecraft differs from the relationship o
> Casa Royale, Inc., a public company, retains Ying and Company CPA to audit its financial statements and internal control. Howard Smythe, the partner in charge of the audit, drafted the following unqualified report: Respond as to the accuracy of the fo
> Select the best answer for each of the following items and give reasons for your choice. a. Which of the following organizations can revoke the right of an individual to practice as a CPA? (1) The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. (2) The Americ
> For the purposes of this problem, assume the existence of five types of auditors: CPA, GAO, IRS, bank examiner, and internal auditor. Also assume that the work of these various auditors can be grouped into five classifications: audits of financial statem
> Susan Harris is a new assistant auditor with the public accounting firm of Sparks, Watts, and Wilcox, CPAs. On her third audit assignment, Harris examined the documentation underlying 60 disbursements as a test of controls over purchasing, receiving, vou
> Wanda Young, doing business as Wanda Young Fashions, engaged the CPA partnership of Scott & Green to audit her financial statements. During the audit, Scott & Green discovered certain irregularities that would have indicated to a reasonably prudent audit
> The public accounting firm of Hanson and Brown was expanding very rapidly. Consequently, it hired several staff assistants, including James Small. Subsequently, the partners of the firm became dissatisfied with Small’s production and warned him that they
> Jensen, Inc., filed suit against a public accounting firm, alleging that the auditors’ negligence\ was responsible for failure to disclose a large defalcation that had been in process for several years. The public accounting firm responded that it may ha
> Glover, Inc., engaged Herd & Irwin, CPAs, to assist in the installation of a new computerized production system. Because the firm did not have experienced staff available for the engagement, Herd & Irwin assigned several newly hired staff assistants with
> What would you accept as satisfactory documentary evidence in support of entries in the following? a. Sales journal. b. Sales returns journal. c. Voucher or invoice register. d. Payroll journal. e. Check register.
> Provide at least four examples of specialists whose findings might provide appropriate evidence for the independent auditors.
> Auditors are required on every engagement to obtain a representation letter from the client. Required: a. What are the objectives of the client’s representation letter? b. Who should prepare and sign the client’s representation letter? c. When should th
> Is an independent status possible or desirable for internal auditors as compared with the independence of a public accounting firm? Explain.
> When analytical procedures disclose unexpected changes in financial relationships relative to prior years, the auditors consider the possible reasons for the changes. Give several possible reasons for the following significant changes in relationships: a
> Analytical procedures are extremely useful throughout the audit. Required: a. Explain how analytical procedures are useful in (1) The risk assessment stage of the audit. (2) The substantive procedures stage of the audit. (3) Near the end of the audit. b
> Comment on the reliability of each of the following examples of audit evidence. Arrange your answer in the form of a separate paragraph for each item. Explain fully the reasoning employed in judging the reliability of each item. a. Copies of client’s sal
> In an audit of financial statements, the auditors gather various types of audit evidence. List seven major types of evidence and provide a procedural example of each.
> Marion Watson & Co., CPAs, is planning its audit procedures for its tests of the valuation of inventories of East Coast Manufacturing Co. The auditors on the engagement have assessed inherent risk and control risk for valuation of inventories at 100 perc
> Financial statements contain a number of assertions about account balances, classes of transactions, and disclosures. a. Identify who makes these assertions. b. List and describe each of the assertions regarding each financial statement component.
> At 12 o’clock, when the plant whistle sounded, George Jones, an assistant auditor, had been working on his laptop computer. Jones stopped work immediately, but not wanting to waste a lot of time, he simply closed his laptop. He then departed for lunch. T
> Working papers should contain facts and nothing but facts,” said student A. “Not at all,” replied student B. “The audit working papers also may include expressions of opinion. Facts are not always available to settle all issues.” “In my opinion,” said st
> Use of data analytics is likely to increase the use of sampling and eliminate the audit of all items in a population.” Comment on the accuracy of this quotation.
> Gordon & Moore, CPAs, were the auditors of Fox & Company, a brokerage firm. Gordon & Moore examined and reported on the financial statements of Fox, which were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Several of Fox’s customers were swindled by
> The international CPA firm of Arthur Andersen faced significant liability in conjunction with its audits of Enron Corporation. Required: a. From a legal liability perspective, describe the unique features of this audit case. b. Describe the important im
> Distinguish between a compliance audit and an operational audit.
> Sawyer and Sawyer, CPAs, audited the financial statements of Rattler Corporation that were included in Rattler’s Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC. Subsequently, Rattler Corporation went bankrupt and the stockholders of the corporation brought a cl
> Ron Barber, CPA, is auditing the financial statements of DGF, Inc., a publicly held company. During the course of the audit, Barber discovered that DGF has been making illegal bribes to foreign government officials to obtain business, and he reported the
> Tracy Smith, CPA, is in charge of the audit of Olympic Fashions, Inc. Seven young members of the public accounting firm’s professional staff are working with Smith on this engagement, and several of the young auditors are avid skiers. Olympic Fashions ow
> The firm of Williams, Kline & Chow, CPAs, is the auditor of Yuker Corporation, a nonpublic company. The president of Yuker, Karen Lester, has been putting pressure on Chee Chow, the audit partner, to accept a questionable accounting principle. She has ev
> Jenko Corp. is an audit client of the Phoenix office of Williams and Co., CPAs. Williams and Co. has offices in Arizona, including ones in Phoenix, Tucson, and Tombstone. For purposes of independence, the AICPA requires that no “covered member” may have
> Roger Royce, CPA, has encountered a situation that he thinks may pose a threat to his independence with respect to Watson, Inc., an audit client. The situation is not addressed by an independence rule or regulation. Using the AICPA Conceptual Framework f
> Sally Adams is an audit manager for the firm of Jones & Smith, CPAs, and is assigned to the audit of Libra Fashions, Inc. Near the middle of the audit, Sally was offered the job of Libra’s chief financial officer. Required: a. Discuss the implications o
> Provide an example in which a data analytics technique applied in financial statement auditing could serve as both a test of a control and a substantive procedure.
> Reed, CPA, accepted an engagement to audit the financial statements of Smith Company. Reed’s discussions with Smith’s new management and the predecessor auditor indicated the possibility that Smith’s financial statements may be misstated due to the possi
> Jane Lee, a director of a nonpublic corporation with a number of stockholders and lines of credit with several banks, suggested that the corporation appoint as controller John Madison, a certified public accountant on the staff of the auditing firm that
> An attitude of independence is a most essential element of an audit by a firm of certified public accountants. Describe several situations in which the CPA firm might find it somewhat difficult to maintain this independent point of view.