How are the master budget and flexible budget related?
> What types of information in addition to cost accounting are needed for management decisions?
> Pike Street Fudge makes and sells fudge in a variety of flavours in a shop located in the local public market. Data for a recent week are as follows: All employees work standard shifts, no matter how much fudge is produced or sold. Required (a) Calcul
> The following budget data apply to Newberry’s Nutrition: Direct labour workers are paid hourly wages and go home when there is no work. The marketing and administration costs include $50 000 that varies proportionately wit
> You are the advisor of a Junior Achievement group in a local high school. You need to help the group make a decision about fees that must be paid to sell gardening tools at the Home and Garden Show. The group sells a set of tools for $20. The manufacturi
> All-Day Lolly Company is a wholesale distributor of confectionery. The entity services grocery and convenience stores in the metropolitan area. Small but steady growth in sales has been achieved by the All-Day Lolly Company over the past few years, but c
> The management of Kayla Industries has been aggressive in trying to build market share. The price was set at $5 per unit, well below the existing market price. Variable costs were $4.50 per unit, and annual fixed costs in the first year were $600 000. To
> For each of the following activities undertaken to bake pastries and cakes, identify a suitable cost driver to allocate costs. (a) Mixing ingredients (b) Baking pastries and cakes (c) Decorating cakes (d) Packing pastries and cakes on trays (e) Sales (f)
> Your sister turned her hobby into a small business called Glazed Over. She is a potter and manufactures and sells bowls that can be used for decoration or for birdbaths. She has one employee who works 40 hours a week no matter how many bowls are made. Sh
> Frida’s Tax Practice has two departments, tax and audit. The tax department has two product lines, business returns and individual returns. A list of costs and three cost objects from Frida’s Tax Practice follow. Requ
> Kovacik manufactures two types of piggy banks in two different departments: a kangaroo-shaped piggy bank and a platypus-shaped piggy bank. The plant is highly automated and contains only two other departments: (1) engineering and design, and (2) informat
> Direct, step-down, and reciprocal methods; assign costs to departments. Cost information for Lake County Library is as follows. In addition to directly traceable costs, the library incurred $24,000 for a building lease. Required a. Allocate to departm
> List three types of internal reports and explain how each is used. List three types of external reports and explain how each is used.
> Software Plus Ltd produces flight and driving simulations and games for personal computers. The company's president has a complaint about the accounting for support department costs. He points to the following table describing the use of various support
> Paul’s Valley Protection Service has three support departments (S1, S2 and S3) and three operating departments (P1, P2, and P3). The direct costs of each department are $30 000 for S1, $20 000 for S2, and $40&Aci
> A department within a processing operation has some finished units physically on hand. Should they be counted as completed units or as ending inventory in the department? Explain.
> Suppose the percent completion of ending WIP is overestimated at the end of year 1. How does this measurement error affect the process costing results in year 1 and year 2?
> Although process costing appears to use precise measurements, it requires several estimates. Discuss where judgement is needed in collecting information for process costing.
> In a continuous processing situation (such as an oil refinery), the beginning and ending WIP inventories are frequently the same. How does this simplify determination of equivalent units completed?
> ‘We treat spoiled units as fully completed regardless of when the spoiled units are detected. This method makes unit costing much simpler.’ What is wrong with this approach?
> The Brown and Brinkley Brokerage firm is organised into two major sales divisions: institutional clients and retail clients. The firm also has two support departments: research and administration. The research department’s costs are all
> Under what conditions could a process complete more units during the period than it started?
> Under what conditions will weighted average and FIFO process costing consistently produce similar equivalent unit costs?
> Explain the difference between the weighted average and FIFO methods for process costing. Explain why an entity might choose one method over the other.
> List three factors that managers might consider in deciding whether to expend resources to reduce spoilage.
> List two factors that could affect managers’ choices for the number of times and points in processing to inspect units.
> An entity has one machine through which is drawn a standard type of wire to make nails. With minor adjustments, different sized nails are produced with different sized wire. Would you recommend that the entity employ job or process costing methods?
> When units are transferred from one department to another, how are normal spoilage costs recorded?
> In processes involving pipeline operations or assembly line operations, if the pipeline or assembly line is always full, then beginning and ending WIP inventories are always 50 per cent complete with regard to conversion costs. Explain.
> Describe the differences between mass production and custom production of goods and services. Explain how these differences influence the costing method.
> Exquisite Furniture designs and manufactures custom furniture from exotic materials. Explain why spoilage is sometimes recorded as a cost for a specific job and other times as overhead for this entity.
> Mercy Hospital uses a costing system for all patients who have surgery. The hospital uses a budgeted overhead rate for allocating overhead to patient stays. In March, the operating room had a budgeted allocation base of 1000 operating hours. The budgeted
> Part of a contract between a union and a company guarantees that all manufacturing employees earn five hours of overtime each week. In the company’s job costing system, should overtime be treated as a direct or indirect cost?
> Within the area where you live, work, or attend school, name three businesses that would likely use job costing.
> Will underapplied and overapplied overhead arise under both actual and normal costing? Explain your answer.
> Compare actual and normal cost systems. Discuss the ways in which they are similar and the ways they differ.
> List several different sources of information used in job costing, and explain why this information is required.
> List three examples of job cost records you would receive if you were building a new home.
> Describe an inventoriable product cost.
> To what extent do the costs used to value inventories for external financial reporting support internal management decisions on issues such as whether to accept a special, one-off order or whether to outsource part or all of the production process?
> List the most common allocation bases used in job costing and explain under what circumstances each base would be most appropriate.
> Explain how manufacturing overhead cost pools and cost allocation are related.
> Devon Ltd allocates support department costs using the direct method and estimated costs. The support department costs are budgeted at $88Â 000 for department A, $63Â 000 for department B, and $40Â 000 for department C. T
> Describe the procedures used in job costing.
> What are some of the challenges that organisations face when allocating budget authority and responsibility?
> What adjustments should be made to static budgets before they are used for management performance evaluation?
> What methods do organisations use to minimise budgetary slack?
> What are the objectives of participative budgeting?
> How can budgeting assist an entity to efficiently use its human resources?
> Explain how the following budgets relate to each other: the revenue budget, the production budget, and the direct materials budget.
> Describe the types of information that managers use to develop budgets.
> Whilst preparing the cash budget for next year, the accountant at Mines Ltd. identified a $20 million shortfall. This shortfall was due to a capital expenditure item of the same value. The CEO has identified that the purchase must be made to ensure compe
> A local hospital is required to account for the total cost of patient care, including support costs. Patients are assigned all direct costs. Support costs are $240 000 per month plus $90 per patient day. This 120-bed hospital averages 80 per cent occupan
> Blowervacs produces and sells leaf blowers. Production levels are high in the summer and beginning of autumn and then taper off through the winter. Sales are high in autumn and early winter and then taper off in the spring. Explain why preparing a cash b
> How are budgets related to organisational strategies?
> Outline the key components of Beyond Budgeting.
> Explain why the budgeting process might not necessarily be successfully implemented in an organisation.
> Briefly describe the attributes of activity-based and kaizen budgeting.
> Explain the key concepts of zero-based budgeting.
> Explain the key concepts of program budgeting.
> Distinguish between a discretionary cost centre and an engineered cost centre.
> In the planning or strategic budgeting process, explain how a sales revenue budget can be determined.
> Explain why it is important that an organisation’s budget be linked to strategy.
> DataShow’s IT support department budgets its costs at $40 000 per month plus $12 per hour. For November the following were the estimated and actual hours provided by the IT support department to three operating departments.
> Explain how zero-based budgeting assists with planning in discretionary cost centres.
> Explain how program budgeting assists with planning in discretionary cost centres.
> Classify the following cost centres as more likely to be engineered cost centres or discretionary cost centres: • R&D department • HR department • Manufacturing plant
> Discuss the similarities and differences between annual budgets and rolling budgets.
> What distinguishes zero-based budgeting from other types of budgeting?
> Why do proponents of the Beyond Budgeting movement recommend abandoning traditional budgets?
> Outline the meaning of the profit planning or strategic budgeting process.
> How are CVP analysis and breakeven analysis related?
> Explain the term ‘sales mix’ in your own words. How does sales mix affect the contribution margin?
> How do volume discounts from suppliers affect our assumption that the cost function is linear? Explain how we incorporate this type of cost into a CVP analysis.
> Wright Medical Centre has identified the following activities and cost drivers for the coming financial year. / Required Calculate the activity cost rate for each activity.
> Explain the relationship between margin of safety percentage and degree of operating leverage.
> To estimate revenues, costs and profits across a range of activity, we usually assume that the cost and revenue functions are linear. What are the specific underlying assumptions for linear cost and revenue functions, and how reasonable are these assumpt
> What is the effect on an entity’s breakeven point of a lower income tax rate?
> An organisation experiences a 20 per cent increase in pre-tax profits when revenues increase 20 per cent. Assuming linearity, what do you know about the organisation’s cost function?
> Explain how to calculate a weighted average contribution margin per unit.
> Identify an industry that would have a high level of operating leverage. Briefly comment on your selection.
> Give an example of how a business can reduce variable costs by increasing fixed costs.
> How do different cost structures affect the breakeven point and operating leverage?
> Under what circumstances will managers want sensitivity analysis results relating to a CVP analysis?
> Explain how CVP analysis can be used to make decisions about increases in advertising costs.
> Venture Buses operates throughout the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, with its depot located in Cheltenham. Every day, fuel is delivered and stored in tanks located in the depot. This fuel is used by all the buses and administration vehicles. The acc
> Describe three uses for CVP analysis.
> Can the margin of safety ever be negative? Explain your answer.
> If an entity has a mixed cost function, a 10 per cent increase in sales volume should increase income by more than 10 per cent. Explain why.
> Explain how cost data is sourced in a costing framework.
> What should determine the choice of cost allocation method (direct, step-down and reciprocal) discussed in this chapter?
> Explain the similarities and differences between support department costs and manufacturing overhead costs.
> Explain the differences and similarities among the direct, step-down and reciprocal methods.
> Discuss the importance of selecting an appropriate cost driver for cost allocation.
> Explain the difference between a direct cost and an indirect cost.
> How do organisations identify the costs of a cost object?
> Express Lunch operates a small food van that sells a variety of sandwiches and beverages. Total fixed costs are $20 000 per month. Last month total variable costs were $8000 when total sales were $32 000. Required (a) Write out the algebraic expression
> Why do managers need to measure, monitor and motivate performance?
> What is a cost object? Give three examples.
> During a recent management meeting at Sunset Consulting Services, a team member questioned why the costing system had multiple indirect cost pools given it would be easier just to have one. Provide a brief response to explain why the business has adopted
> Refer to the Partridge Insurance example (comprehensive example 1) in the chapter. Explain how the support departments can be classified as both cost objects and cost pools in the costing system.
