Question: Identify the two most common types of

> Prospective car buyers are sometimes confronted by sales representatives who argue that they can offer a vehicle that is “just as good as a BMW, but at one-half the price.” Use the indifference concept to explain why the claims of the sales representativ

> Is an increase in total utility or satisfaction following an increase in income consistent with the law of diminishing marginal utility?

> "The utility derived from consumption is intangible and unobservable. Therefore, the utility concept has no practical value.” Discuss this statement.

> Cornell Pharmaceutical, Inc., and Penn Medical, Ltd., supply generic drugs to treat a wide variety of illnesses. A major product for each company is a generic equivalent of an antibiotic used to treat postoperative infections. Proprietary cost and output

> In the United States, high-wage workers shun public transit and drive cars to work. These same high-income individuals often support massive subsidies for public transit. Use the concept of revealed preference to explain the public demand for transportat

> Individual consumer demand declines for inferior goods as personal income increases because consumers replace them with more desirable alternatives. Is an inverse relation between demand and national income likely for such products?

> An estimated 80% increase in the retail price of cigarettes is necessary to cause a 30% drop in the number of cigarettes sold. Would such a price increase help or hurt tobacco industry profits? What would be the likely effect on industry profits if this

> How is a price-consumption curve related to a demand curve?

> What would an upward-sloping demand curve imply about the marginal utility derived from consumption? Why aren't upward sloping demand curves observed in the real world?

> During the past 40 years the average price of a new single-family home has risen by a factor of ten, making the cost of housing prohibitive for many Americans. Over the same time frame, however, the number of units sold per year has more than doubled. Ar

> Following a price change for Diet Coke, explain how retailers use sales information to learn if Doritos snack chips represent a complement or substitute for Diet Coke.

> Cross-Price Elasticity. B. B. Lean is a catalog retailer of a wide variety of sporting goods and recreational products. Although the market response to the company's spring catalog was generally good, sales of B. B. Lean's $140 deluxe garment bag decline

> Budget Constraints. Holding all else equal, indicate how each of the following changes would affect a budget constraint that limits consumption of goods (Y) and services (X). Explain your answer. a. Deflation that uniformly drops the price of all goods a

> Enchantment Cosmetics, Inc., offers a line of cosmetic and perfume products marketed through leading department stores. Product Manager Erica Kane recently raised the suggested retail price on a popular line of mascara products from $9 to $12 foll

> Demand and supply conditions in the market for unskilled labor are important concerns to business and government decision makers. Consider the case of a federally mandated minimum wage set above the equilibrium, or market clearing, wage level. Some of th

> Elasticity. The demand for personal computers can be characterized by the following point elasticities: price elasticity = -5, cross-price elasticity with software = -4, and income elasticity = 2.5. Indicate whether each of the following statements is tr

> In an effort to reduce excess end-of-the-model-year inventory, Harrison Ford offered a 1% discount off the average price of 4WD Escape Gas-Electric Hybrid SUVs sold during the month of August. Customer response was wildly enthusiastic, with unit sales ri

> Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. Explain why. a. According to the theory of consumer behavior, more is always better. b. Consumers must understand how much one product is preferred over another in order to rank-order c

> Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. Explain why. a. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as an individual increases consumption of a given product within a set period of time, the utility gained from consump

> Indifference Curves. Suggest briefly whether each of the following statements about indifference curves that show preferences between goods and services is true or false and defend your answer a. Consumers prefer higher indifference curves that represen

> The concept of multivariate optimization is important in managerial economics because many demand and supply relations involve more than two variables. In demand analysis, it is typical to consider the quantity sold as a function of the price of the prod

> The following relations describe demand and supply conditions in the lumber/forest products industry QD = 80,000 - 20,000P (Demand) QS = -20,000 + 20,000P (Supply) where Q is quantity measured in thousands of board feet (one square foot of lumber,

> Information Technology, Inc., is a supplier of math coprocessors (computer chips) used to speed the processing of data for analysis on personal computers. Based on an analysis of monthly cost and output data, the company has estimated the following relat

> Eye-de-ho Potatoes is a product of the Coeur d’Alene Growers’ Association. Producers in the area are able to switch back and forth between potato and wheat production depending on market conditions. Similarly, consumers tend to regard potatoes and wheat

> The following relations describe monthly demand and supply conditions in the metropolitan area for recyclable aluminum QD = 317,500 - 10,000P (Demand)  QS = 2,500 + 7,500P, (Supply)   where Q is quantity measured in pounds of scrap aluminum and P

> Spreadsheet analysis is an appropriate means for studying the demand and supply effects of possible changes in various exogenous and endogenous variables. Endogenous variables include all important demand and supply-related factors that are within the co

> The Sacramento plant of Montero Food Corporation produces a gourmet cheese. The following data pertain to the year ended December 31, 2017: During the year, the company started 200,000 pounds of material into production. Required: Prepare a schedule a

> Tempe Chemicals refines a variety of chemicals for cleaning products. The following data are from the company’s Greenville plant: Work in Process, May 1 2,300,000 gallons Direct material 100% complete Conversion costs 40% complete Units started in proces

> Magi-Clean Vacuum produces a single product, a vacuum cleaner, in a continuous production process. At the beginning of production, 85 percent of materials are added; the other 15 percent are added immediately before transfer to the finished goods warehou

> For the month of September, the Wilber Pickle Company had cost per equivalent unit of $0.80 for materials (pickles, vinegar, spices, etc.) and $.90 for conversion costs (labor and overhead). At Wilber Pickle, units are measured in quarts. The company beg

> The McMillian Tire Company produces tires used on small trailers. The month of June ended with 600 tires in process, 90 percent complete as to direct materials, and 50 percent complete as to conversion costs; 2,000 tires were transferred to finished good

> In each case below, fill in the missing amount. Work in Process, October 1 Units started during October Units completed during October Work in Process, October 31 Case #1 5,000 gallons ? 15,000 gallons 2,500 gallons Work in Process, March 1 Units sta

> Write a paragraph explaining the calculation of the cost per equivalent unit (i.e., explain what goes in the numerator and what goes in the denominator of the calculation). Be sure to explain why the denominator may be different for the cost per equivale

> Techno Enterprises is a manufacturer of microchips (referred to as chips). Its production process is complex and involves more than 100 steps, starting with production of small, round silicon wafers and ending with chips being put into individual package

> Woodinville Cement uses a process costing system. In 2017, the company produced and sold 100,000 bags of cement and incurred the following costs: The current selling price is $4 per unit, and the profit for 2017 was ($4 × 100,000) â&#

> The Amigo Glass Company manufactures glass for sliding glass doors. At the start of August 2,000 units were in process. During August, 15,000 units were complete and 3,000 units were in process at the end of August. These in-process units were 100 percen

> Consider a large manufacturing company like Boeing that rewards its sales force with bonuses based on sales. For this purpose, should the company record sales when orders are placed or, to be consistent with GAAP, wait until orders are delivered?

> The Simon Fishing Company processes salmon for various distributors. The two departments involved are Cleaning and Packing. The next table summarizes the data related to pounds of salmon processed in the Cleaning Department during June: All materials ar

> At the start of November, Penco Refinery had Work in Process inventory consisting of 4,000 units that were 90 percent complete with respect to materials and 50 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. The cost of the units was $43,000 ($30,000

> At the start of July, the Classic Car Wax Company had beginning Work in Process of 2,500 units that were 90 percent complete with respect to material and 45 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. The cost of the units was $7,000 ($5,000 of ma

> The Western Beverage Company is marketing a new product, Tech-Tonic Sports Drink Syrup. The product sells for $16 per gallon, and in recent months the company has had sales of more than 525,000 gallons per month. Consumers mix 1 part syrup with 5 parts w

> Jensen PVC, Inc., produces polyvinyl chloride (PVC) irrigation pipes. In 2017, the cost of producing a foot of pipe was $0.30, and the selling price was $0.39 per foot. In 2018, production costs increased to $0.40 per foot, although the selling price rem

> What is the difference between product and period costs?

> As companies move to computer-controlled manufacturing systems, what happens to the mix of product costs (direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead)?

> What is a job cost sheet? What information does it contain?

> Discuss an important characteristic of a good overhead allocation base.

> Why do companies apply overhead to jobs using a predetermined (budgeted) overhead rate instead of applying actual overhead to jobs?

> Bob Stevens is taking Managerial Accounting at State University next term and asked his friend, Summer Adams, who has already taken the course, to explain its focus. “Are we going to learn more about balance sheets and income statements? Is it just an ex

> What is the difference between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs?

> Would an unexpected increase in sales and production result in underapplied or overapplied overhead? Explain.

> When might it be necessary to assign over- or underapplied overhead to Finished Goods, Work in Process, and Cost of Goods Sold?

> Some modern, capital-intensive production facilities have significantly reduced the proportion of direct labor cost to total production cost. Discuss the effect this might have on the selection of an allocation base for the application of overhead.

> Fill in the missing information: Raw Materials Inventory Beginning Balance 30,000 Purchases 40,000 (a) Ending Balance 15,000 Work in Process Inventory Beginning Balance 80,000 (a) 45,000 63,000 DM (b) DL OH Ending Balance 82,000 Manufacturing Overhea

> The following cost data relate to the office overhead costs of the Charles Wright Tax Preparation Company during the just-completed year: Overhead costs incurred: Office rent…………………………………………$ 25,000 Office supplies……………………………………….6,000 Utilities, offic

> Wolf Manufacturing expects the following overhead costs in the current year: Indirect material…………………………………………….$ 45,000 Indirect labor……………………………………………………..55,000 Depreciation of machinery………………………………..160,000 Repair and maintenance on machinery……………..

> Custom Auto Parts manufactures parts to order for antique cars. Custom Auto Parts makes everything from fenders to engine blocks. Each customer order is treated as a job. The company currently has two jobs, Job 9823 and Job 9824, that are complete, altho

> Retter Shoe Company has expected overhead costs of $12,000,000. The majority of the overhead costs are incurred providing production support to the direct labor force. Direct labor rates vary from $10 to $20 per hour, and more complex tasks are assigned

> At Designs by Deirdre, the budgeted income statement for December 2017 indicated sales of $600,000 and cost of sales of $400,000. Actual sales and cost of sales were $700,000 and $425,000, respectively. Should Deirdre Nelson, owner of the company, be con

> Renton Custom Windows produces custom windows for business and residential customers who supply Renton with architectural specifications. At the start of 2017, three jobs were in process: Cost incurred as of 1/1/2017 Job 258……………………………….$5,000 Job 259……

> Terra Cotta Designs manufactures custom tiles. The following information relates to the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017: Beginning balance in Raw Material Inventory……………………$ 450,000 Purchases of raw material………………………………………………….1,500,000 Ending bala

> Southwest Community Hospital uses a job-order costing system to track charges for each patient. The following charges relate to Candice O’Dea, who had laparoscopic knee surgery: Pharmacy……………………………………………….$ 450 Sterile supply…………………………………………….1,500 Sup

> Rosemont Music is a musical instrument repair facility located in Akron, Ohio. The repair shop uses a job-order costing system and applies overhead costs to repair jobs on the basis of repair technician hours. The following estimates were used in prepari

> Lane Confectioners produces special orders of sugar candies and chocolates for airlines and hotels. During March, Lane purchased, on credit, 2,100 pounds of confectioner’s sugar at $.80 per pound, 2,300 pounds of granulated sugar at $.90 per pound, 900 p

> Vulcan Molding has three production departments: A, B, and C. At the start of the year, the company estimated that it would incur $3,080,000 of direct labor cost and $10,000,000 of manufacturing overhead as follows: Along with many others, Vulcan Moldin

> Vulcan Molding produces molded rubber components. At the start of the year, the company estimated that it would incur $3,500,000 of direct labor cost and $9,000,000 of manufacturing overhead. Overhead is allocated to production on the basis of direct lab

> LaPlatt & Associates is an accounting firm that provides audit, tax, and accounting services to medium-size retail companies. It employs 50 professionals (10 partners and 40 associates) who work directly with clients. The average expected total compensat

> World Window Company produces custom windows to specifications provided by architects. At the end of its accounting period, its account balances indicated the following: Raw Materials Inventory………………………………..$ 80,000 Work in Process Inventory……………………………….

> In the past year, Oak Crafters Cabinets had total revenue of $2,500,000, cost of goods sold of $1,000,000 (before adjustment for over- or underapplied overhead), administrative expenses of $600,000, and selling expenses of $400,000. During the year, over

> Which of the following statements related to performance reports is false? a. Performance reports may provide a comparison of actual performance with planned performance. b. Performance reports may provide a comparison of actual performance with perfor

> For the list of product manufacturers below, indicate whether a job-cost system (J) or a process-cost system (P) would be most appropriate. a. Chemicals processor b. Paint manufacturer c. Law firm d. Producer of molds used by other manufacturing firm

> At Precision Custom Molds, manufacturing overhead was estimated to be $20,000,000 at the start of the year and direct labor hours were estimated to be 200,000. Overhead is applied to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate with direct labor hours as the

> Just-in-time production systems seek to reduce the amount of material, work in process, and finished goods inventory. However, companies must hold some amount of inventory to buffer themselves from various negative events. List three such events and brie

> Milton Company is a steel fabricator, and job 325 consists of producing 500 steel supports for Wendell Construction Company. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, using a predetermined overhead rate of $25 per hour. Direct costs associa

> During the month of August, Star Plastics applied overhead to jobs using an overhead rate of $3 per dollar of direct labor. Direct labor in August was $100,000. Actual overhead in August was $260,000. Assume that actual overhead was composed of the foll

> During the month of August, Star Plastics had $70,000 of labor costs that were traced to specific jobs. The company also had $50,000 of indirect labor related to supervisory pay. Required: Prepare journal entries to record labor cost during August. (H

> During the month of August, Star Plastics had material requisitions for $200,000 of materials related to specific jobs and $10,000 of miscellaneous materials classified as overhead. Required: Prepare journal entries to record the issuance of materials

> Place Y (yes) beside the general ledger accounts related to inventory in a job-order cost system and N (no) by those that are not. a. Raw Materials Inventory b. Administrative Expense c. Work in Process Inventory d. Finished Goods Inventory e. Presi

> Franklin Computer Repair treats each repair order as a job. Overhead is allocated based on the cost of technician time. At the start of the year, annual technician wages were estimated to be $800,000, and company overhead was estimated to be $500,000. R

> Lawler Manufacturing Company expects annual manufacturing overhead to be $900,000. The company also expects 60,000 direct labor hours costing $1,800,000 and machine run time of 30,000 hours. Required: Calculate predetermined overhead allocation rates b

> Megan Kelly is the chief financial officer of a chain of 25 drugstores. Explain how she can use budgets in both planning profit and controlling operations.

> At Star Plastics, the balance in manufacturing overhead (which represents over- or underapplied overhead) is always closed to Cost of Goods Sold. This is done even when the balance is relatively large. Suzette Barger, the controller, explains that this m

> Consider three very similar companies. Company A allocates manufacturing overhead to jobs using labor hours as the allocation base; Company B allocates manufacturing overhead to jobs using machine hours as the allocation base; and Company C allocates man

> Select one or two concepts from this chapter and describe how you might use those concepts in your future career. Briefly describe the career or job you will be performing. Then specifically describe the type of situation for which the concept could be a

> At the start of the year, Vencor Company estimated manufacturing overhead to be $2,000,000. Eighty percent of the overhead is fixed and relates to depreciation of equipment. The remaining 20 percent is variable. The company estimated machine hours to be

> Injection Molding Services uses a job-order costing system. The account balances at the end of the period for the product cost-related accounts are as follows: Raw Materials Inventory…………………..$300,000 Work in Process Inventory………………….500,000 Finished Go

> Smith and Baker Legal Services employs five full-time attorneys and nine paraprofessionals. Budgeted salaries are $100,000 for each attorney and $50,000 for each paraprofessional. Budgeted indirect costs (e.g., rent, secretarial support, copying, etc.) a

> Refer to the information in Exercise 2-13. Required: a. Determine the balance in manufacturing overhead, and prepare a journal entry to close the balance to cost of goods sold. b. Why is it important to close the balance in manufacturing overhead? c.

> Brixton Surgical Devices, a public company with sales of over $900,000,000, is one of the world’s largest producers of surgical clamps, saws, screws, and stents. Its business involves production of both stock items and custom pieces for doctors at resear

> DuPage Powder Coating applies powder coating finishes to a variety of materials and parts used by small and medium-size manufacturing firms. Essentially, powder coating involves the application of powder (finely divided particles of organic polymer conta

> YSL Marketing Research is a small firm located in Seattle, Washington. On behalf of its clients, the firm conducts focus group meetings, telephone and mail opinion surveys, and evaluations of marketing strategies. The firm has three partners and six nonp

> The Wellington Hotel is a posh hotel in Manhattan that uses a customer relationship management (CRM) system to track customer preferences and purchases. Provide two examples of specific information the CRM system might capture and how the hotel could use

> List three examples of nonmonetary information that might appear in a managerial accounting report.

> In a performance report, current-period performance is compared with some benchmark. What might be a useful benchmark?

> What is the goal of managerial accounting?

> If an action is legal, is it necessarily ethical? Explain.

> What is meant by the statement “You get what you measure!”?

> What is incremental analysis? How is the concept used in decision making?

> Consider the manager of the home appliance department at a Sears store. For this manager, list a cost that is controllable and a cost that is noncontrollable.

> Explain the difference between fixed and variable costs.

> How have changes in information technology impacted management of the value chain?