If a wagon starts at rest and pulls back on you with a force equal to the force you pull on it, as required by Newton's third law, how is it possible for you to make the wagon start to move? Explain.
> Vectors /, and / are shown in the figure. (a) Draw vectors / and /, where / and /. (b) Show that / by graphical means.
> An astronaut stands at a position on the Moon such that Earth is directly over head and releases a Moon rock that was in her hand. (a) Which way will it fall? (b) What is the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on a 1.0 kg rock resting on the Moon'
> Rank the vectors / , And / in order of increasing magnitude. Explain your reasoning. Problems 3, 4, and 14
> How far above the surface of Earth does an object have to be in order for it to have the same weight as it would have on the surface of the Moon? (Ignore any effects from Earth's gravity for the object on the Moon's surface or from the Moon's gravity for
> Two objects, A and B, are acted on by the forces shown in the FBDs. Is the magnitude of the net force acting on object B greater than, less than, or equal to the magnitude of the net force acting on object A? Explain.
> During a balloon ascension, wearing an oxygen mask, you measure the weight of a 5.00 kg object and find that the value of the gravitational field strength at your location is 9.792 N/kg. How high above sea level, where the gravitational field strength wa
> A sailboat, tied to a mooring with a line, weighs 820 N. The mooring line pulls horizontally toward the west on the sailboat with a force of 110 N. The sails are stowed away and the wind blows from the west. The boat is moored on a still lake—no water cu
> At what altitude above Earth's surface would your weight be half of what it is at Earth's surface?
> A car is driving on a straight, level road at constant speed. Draw an FBD for the car, showing the significant forces that act on it.
> Find and compare the weight of a 65 kg man on Earth with the weight of the same man on (a) Mars, where g = 3.7 N/kg; (b) Venus, where g = 8.9 N/kg; and (c) Earth's Moon, where g = 1.6 N/kg.
> On her way to visit Grandmother, Red Riding Hood sat down to rest and placed her 1.2 kg basket of goodies beside her. A wolf came along, spotted the basket, and began to pull on the handle with a force of 6.4 N at an angle of 25° with respect to vertical
> A man is lazily floating on an air mattress in a swimming pool. If the weight of the man and air mattress together is 806 N, what is the upward force of the water acting on the mattress?
> Find the altitudes above Earth's surface where Earth's gravitational field strength would be (a) two-thirds and (b) one-third of its value at the surface. [Hint: First find the radius for each situation; then recall that the altitude is the distance fr
> A person stands on the ball of one foot. The normal force due to the ground pushing up on the ball of the foot has magnitude 750 N. Ignore the weight of the foot itself. The other significant forces acting on the foot are the tension in the Achilles tend
> What is the approximate magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Voyager 1 spacecraft when they are separated by 17 billion kilometers? The spacecraft has a mass of 722 kg.
> Forces of magnitudes 2000 N and 3000 N act on five objects. The directions of the forces are shown in the sketches. Rank the objects according to the magnitude of the net force, from smallest to largest. Explain your reasoning.
> Vector / has magnitude 7.1 and direction 14° below the +x-axis. Vector has x-component cx = −1.8 and y-component cy = −6.7. Compute (a) the x- and y-components of /; (b) the magnitude and direction of / ; (c) the magnitude and direction of / .
> In each of these, the x- and y-components of a vector are given. Find the magnitude and direction of the vector. (a) x = −5.0 cm, y = +8.0 cm. (b) Fx = +120 N, Fy = −60.0 N. (c) vx = −13.7 m/s, vy = −8.8 m/s. (d) ax = 2.3 m/s2, ay = 6.5 cm/s2.
> (a) Calculate your weight in newtons. (b) What is the weight in newtons of 250 g of cheese? (c) Name a common object whose weight is about 1 N.
> Find the x- and y-components of the four vectors shown in the drawing. Problems 22–24
> A woman who weighs 600 N sits on a chair with her feet on the floor and her arms resting on the chair's armrests. The chair weighs 100 N. Each armrest exerts an upward force of 25 N on her arms. The seat of the chair exerts an upward force of 500 N. (a)
> A barge is hauled along a straight-line section of canal by two horses harnessed to tow ropes and walking along the tow paths on either side of the canal. Each horse pulls with a force of 560 N at an angle of 15° with the centerline of the canal. Find th
> Vector / has magnitude 4.0 units; vector / has magnitude 6.0 units. The angle between / And is 60.0°. What is the magnitude of
> A hanging plant is suspended by a cord from a hook in the ceiling. Draw an FBD for each of these: (a) the system consisting of plant, soil, and pot; (b) the cord; (c) the hook; (d) the system consisting of plant, soil, pot, cord, and1hook. Label each
> A vector is 20.0 m long and makes an angle of 60.0° counterclockwise from the y-axis (on the side of the −x-axis). What are the x- and y-components of this vector?
> Consider the skydiver and parachute to be a single system. Identify the external forces acting on this system and draw an FBD.
> The velocity vector of a sprinting cheetah has x- and y-components vx = +16.4 m/s and vy = −26.3 m/s. (a) What is the magnitude of the velocity vector? (b) What angle does the velocity vector make with the +x- and −y-axes?
> (a) Identify the forces acting on the parachute. Describe each force as: (type of force) exerted on (object 1) by (object 2). (b) Draw an FBD for the parachute. (c) What are the magnitude and direction of the force on the parachute due to the skydiver?
> 1. You place two different coins on the cover of your physics book and then slowly lift the cover. Assuming the coefficients of static friction are the same, which is true? (a) The more massive coin starts to slide first. (b) The less massive coin starts
> 1. Interaction partners (a) are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and act on the same object. (b) are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and act on different objects. (c) appear in an FBD for a given object. (d) always involve gravit
> In Conceptual Example 2.13, a horse pulls a sleigh at constant velocity. Suppose the horse wants to speed up. If it pulls forward on the sleigh with a larger force to try to make the net force on the sleigh nonzero, the sleigh will simultaneously pull ba
> Which of the fundamental forces binds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and many exotic subatomic particles?
> Rank, in order of increasing x-component
> Which of the fundamental forces has the shortest range?
> Which of the following forces bind electrons to nuclei to form atoms: strong force, contact force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force?
> Which of the following forces have an unlimited range: strong force, contact force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force?
> Which of the fundamental forces governs the motion of planets in the solar system? Is this the strongest or the weakest of the fundamental forces? Explain.
> The readings of the two spring scales shown in the drawing are the same. (a) Explain why they are the same. [Hint: Draw FBDs.] (b) What is the reading?
> Does the concept of a contact force apply to both a macroscopic scale and an atomic scale? Explain.
> A bird sits on a stretched clothesline, causing it to sag slightly. Is the tension in the line greatest where the bird sits, greater at either end of the line where it is attached to poles, or the same everywhere along the line? Treat the line as an idea
> For a problem about a crate sliding along an inclined plane, is it possible to choose the x-axis so that it is parallel to the incline?
> Pulleys and inclined planes are examples of simple machines. Explain what these machines do in Examples 2.4, 2.14, and (2.16) to make a task easier to perform.
> Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods of vector addition (graphical and algebraic).
> (a) Identify the forces acting on the skydiver. Describe each force as: (type of force) exerted on (object 1) by (object 2). (b) Draw an FBD for the skydiver. (c) Find the magnitude of the force on the skydiver due to the air. (d) Identify the interac
> If two vectors have the same magnitude, are they necessarily equal? If not, why not? Can two vectors with different magnitudes ever be equal?
> You are standing on one end of a light wooden raft that has floated 3 m away from the pier. If the raft is 6 m long by 2.5 m wide and you are standing on the raft end nearest to the pier, can you propel the raft back toward the pier where a friend is sta
> An SUV collides with a Mini Cooper convertible. Is the force exerted on the Mini by the SUV greater than, equal to, or less than the force exerted on the SUV by the Mini? Explain.
> A heavy ball hangs from a string attached to a sturdy wooden frame. A second string is attached to a hook on the bottom of the lead ball. You pull slowly and steadily on the lower string. Which string do you think will break first? Explain.
> Can the x-component of a vector ever be greater than the magnitude of the vector? Explain.
> What is the distinction between a vector and a scalar quantity? Give two examples of each.
> (a) Does a man weigh more at the North Pole or at the equator? (b) Does he weigh more at the top of Mt. Everest or at the base of the mountain?
> A freight train consists of an engine and several identical cars on level ground. Determine whether each of these statements is correct or incorrect and explain why. (a) If the train is moving at constant speed, the engine must be pulling with a force g
> (a) What assumptions do you make when you call the reading of a bathroom scale your “weight”? What does the scale really tell you? (b) Under what circumstances might the reading of the scale not be equal to your weight?
> With the y-axis pointing north, rank vectors /
> (a) Is it possible for the sum of two vectors to be smaller in magnitude than the magnitude of either vector? (b) Is it possible for the magnitude of the sum of two vectors to be larger than the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors?
> Two cars are headed toward each other in opposite directions along a narrow country road. The cars collide head-on, crumpling up the hoods of both. Describe what happens to the car bodies in terms of the principle of inertia. Does the rear end of the car
> When a car begins to move forward, what force makes it do so? Remember that it has to be an external force; the internal forces all add to zero. How does the engine, which is part of the car, cause an external force to act on the car?
> In an attempt to tighten the loosened steel head of a hammer, a carpenter holds the hammer vertically, raises it up, and then brings it down rapidly, hitting the bottom end of the wood handle on a two-by- four board. Explain how this tightens the head ba
> A dog goes swimming at the beach and then shakes himself all over to get dry. What principle of physics aids in the drying process? Explain.
> An American visitor to Finland is surprised to see heavy metal frames outside of all the apartment buildings. On Saturday morning the purpose of the frames becomes evident when several apartment dwellers appear, carrying rugs and carpet beaters to each f
> Explain the need for automobile seat belts in terms of Newton's first law.
> Which item in the following list is not a scalar? temperature, test score, stock value, humidity, velocity, mass.
> Which item/s in the following list is/are a vector quantity? volume, force, speed, length, time.
> A person is standing on a bathroom scale. Which of the following is not a force exerted on the scale: a contact force due to the floor, a contact force due to the person's feet, the weight of the person, the weight of the scale?
> Margie, who weighs 543 N, is standing on a bathroom scale that weighs 45 N. (a) With what magnitude force does the scale push up on Margie? (b) What is the interaction partner of that force? (c) With what magnitude force does the floor push up on the
> Two forces of magnitudes 3.0 N and 4.0 N act on an object. How are the directions of the two forces related if (a) the net force has magnitude 7.0 N or (b) the net force has magnitude 5.0 N? (c) What relationship between the directions gives the small
> Badgers Ltd, a business that provides a market research service, operates a job costing system. Towards the end of each financial year, the overhead recovery rate (the rate at which indirect cost will be absorbed by jobs) is established for the forthcomi
> A business places substantial emphasis on customer satisfaction and, to this end, delivers its product in special protective containers. These containers have been made in a department within the business. Management has recently become concerned that th
> A hotel group prepares financial statements on a quarterly basis. The senior management is reviewing the performance of one hotel and making plans for next year. The managers have in front of them the results for this year (based on some actual results a
> The management of a business is concerned about its inability to obtain enough fully trained labour to enable it to meet its present budget projection, which is as follows: The amount of labour likely to be available amounts to £20,000. All
> A business in the food industry is currently holding 2,000 tonnes of material in bulk storage. This material deteriorates with time. In the near future, it will, therefore, be necessary for it to be repackaged for sale or sold in its present form. The ma
> SJ Services Ltd has been asked to quote a price for a special contract to render a service that will take the business one week to complete. Information relating to labour for the contract is as follows: A shortage of skilled labour means that the neces
> Delphi plc has recently decided to enter the expanding market for digital radios. The business will manufacture the radios and sell them to small TV and hi-fi specialists, medium sized music stores and large retail chain stores. The new product will be l
> International Electric plc at present offers its customers 30 days’ credit. Half of the customers, by value, pay on time. The other half takes an average of 70 days to pay. The business is considering offering a cash discount of 2 per cent to its custome
> AB Ltd operates retail stores throughout the country. The business is divisionalised. Included in its business are Divisions A and B. A centralised and automated warehouse that replenishes inventories using computer-based systems supports the work of the
> The University of Devonport consists of six faculties and an administration unit. Under the university’s management philosophy, each faculty is treated, as far as is reasonable, as an independent entity. Each faculty is responsible for
> Pieman Products Ltd makes road trailers to the precise specifications of individual customers. The following are predicted to occur during the forthcoming year, which is about to start: All direct labor is paid at the same hourly rate. A customer has as
> You have recently taken a management post in a large divisionalised business. A substantial proportion of the business of your division is undertaken through inter-divisional transfers. Required: (a) What are the objectives of a system of transfer pri
> The GB Company manufactures a variety of electric motors. The business is currently operating at about 70 per cent of capacity and is earning a satisfactory return on investment. International Industries (II) has approached the management of GB with an o
> Pisces plc produced the following statement of financial position (balance sheet) and income statement at the end of the third year of trading: An analysis of the underlying records reveals the following: 1 R&D costs relate to the development of a
> You have overheard the following statements: (a) ‘To maximise profit you need to sell your output at the highest price.’ (b) ‘Elasticity of demand deals with the extent to which costs increase as demand increases.’ (c) ‘Provided that the price is larg
> Tufty plc produces a small range of industrial pumps using automated methods. The business is now considering production of a new model of pump, starting on 1 January 20X3. The business wishes to assess the new pump over a four-year timescale. Production
> Computer Tuition Ltd (CT) specialises in providing courses for computer users, often tailoring its courses to meet the specific needs of particular clients. CT’s primary financial objective is to maximise the wealth of its shareholders. CT has been asked
> Plaything plc has just developed a new mechanical toy, the Nipper. The development costs totaled £300,000. To assess the commercial viability of the Nipper, a market survey has been undertaken at a cost of £35,000. The survey su
> The accountant of your business has recently been taken ill through overwork. In his absence his assistant has prepared some calculations of the profitability of a project, which are to be discussed soon at the board meeting of your business. His working
> C. George (Controls) Ltd manufactures a thermostat that can be used in a range of kitchen appliances. The manufacturing process is, at present, semi-automated. The equipment used cost £540,000 and has a carrying amount (as shown on the state
> Arkwright Mills plc is considering expanding its production of a new yarn, code name X15. The plant is expected to cost £1 million and have a life of five years and a nil residual value. It will be bought, paid for and ready for operation on
> Lanyon and Co. is engaged in providing and marketing a standard advice service. Summarised results for the past two months reveal the following: There were no price changes of any description during these two months. Required: (a) Deduce the BEP (in
> Brave plc has the following standards for its only product: There were no inventories of any description at the beginning and end of May. Required: Prepare the original budget and a budget flexed to the actual volume. Use these to compare the budget
> Mowbray Ltd makes and sells one product, the standard costs of which are as follows The monthly production and sales are planned to be 1,200 units. The actual results for May were as follows: There were no inventories at the start or end of May. As a r
> Antonio plc makes Product X, the standard costs of which are:v The budgeted output for March was 1,000 units of Product X; the actual output was 1,100 units, which was sold for £34,950. There were no inventories at the start or end of March
> Brown and Jeffreys, a West Midlands business, makes one standard product for use in the motor trade. The product, known as the Fuel Miser, for which the business holds the patent, when fitted to the fuel system of production model cars has the effect of
> Daniel Chu Ltd, a new business, will start production on 1 April, but sales will not start until 1 May. Planned sales for the next nine months are as follows: The selling price of a unit will be a consistent £100 and all sales will be made
> You have overheard the following statements: (a) ‘A budget is a forecast of what is expected to happen in a business during the next year.’ (b) ‘Monthly budgets must be prepared with a column for each month so that you can see the whole year at a glanc
> A business manufactures refrigerators for domestic use. There are three models: Lo, Mid and Hi. The models, their quality and their price are aimed at different markets. Product costs are computed on a blanket (business-wide) overhead-rate basis using a
> Comment critically on the following statements that you have overheard: (a) ‘Direct labour hours are the most appropriate basis to use to charge indirect cost (overheads) to jobs in the modern manufacturing environment where people are so important.’ (
> Jerry’s Taxis Ltd operates a taxi service in a large provincial city. All of the taxis are owned by the business and all the drivers are employees rather than owner drivers. The managers wish to benchmark the operating efficiency of the business against
> Athena Ltd is an engineering business doing work for its customers to their particular requirements and specifications. It determines the full cost of each job taking a ‘job-costing’ approach, accounting for overheads
> The chief executive officer of Spark rite Ltd, a trading business, has just received summary sets of financial statements for last year and this year: The chief financial officer has expressed concern at the increase in inventories and trade receivables
> Distinguish between corporations and partnerships in terms of the following characteristics: a. Owners’ liability for debts of the business. b. Transferability of ownership interest. c. Continuity of existence. d. Federal taxation on income.
