Question: In the vulcanization of tires, the carcass

> A 3-m-long steel rod / / is initially at 20°C and is insulated completely except for its end faces. One end is suddenly exposed to the flow of combustion gases at 1000°C through a heat transfer coefficient of 250 W/m2 K an

> Equation (4.16) is often called the fully-implicit form of the one-dimensional transient conduction difference equation because all quantities in the equation, except for the temperatures in the energy storage term, are evaluated at the new time step, m

> What are the advantages and disadvantages of using explicit and implicit difference equations?

> What is the physical significance of the statement that the temperature of each node is just the average of its neighbors if there is no heat generation [with reference to Eq. (4.3)]?

> Consider one-dimensional transient conduction with a convection boundary condition in which the ambient temperature near the surface is a function of time. Determine the energy balance equation for the boundary control volume. How would the solution meth

> A high-speed computer is located in a temperature- controlled room at 26°C. When the machine is operating, its internal heat generation rate is estimated to be 800 W. The external surface temperature of the computer is to be maintained below 85°C. The he

> The weight of the insulation in a spacecraft may be more important than the space required. Show analytically that the lightest insulation for a plane wall with a specified thermal resistance is the insulation that has the smallest product of density tim

> Determine the largest permissible time step for a one-dimensional transient conduction problem to be solved by an explicit method if the node spacing is 1 mm and the material is (a) carbon steel 1C, (b) window glass. Explain the difference in the two r

> Show that in the limit as the difference equation, Eq. (4.13), is equivalent to the differential equation, Eq. (2.5).

> A heat sink made of an array of fins that have a straight, rectangular cross section is used to cool an electronic micro-chip module, as schematically shown in the figure. The heat sink (base and fins) is made of copper, and each fin is 3 mm thick and

> Light-emitting diodes or LEDs are currently perhaps the most energy-efficient lighting systems. Finned- surface heat sinks are used to cool high-intensity LED lighting that are used for spot and/or track lighting systems. A typical circular pin-fin heat

> A turbine blade 5 cm long with a cross-sectional area A = 4.5 cm2 and a perimeter P = 12 cm is made of a high-alloy steel (k = 25 W/m K) . The temperature of the blade attachment point is 500°C, and the blade is exposed to combustion gases at

> How would you include contact resistance between the two materials in Problem 4.12? Derive the appropriate difference equations.

> How should the control volume method be implemented at an interface between two materials with different thermal conductivities? Illustrate with a steady, one-dimensional example. Neglect contact resistance.

> How would you treat a radiation heat transfer boundary condition for a one-dimensional steady problem? Develop the difference equation for a control volume near the boundary, and explain how to solve the entire system of difference equations. Assume that

> Consider a pin fin with variable conductivity k(T), constant cross-sectional area Ac and constant perimeter, P. Develop the difference equations for steady one-dimensional conduction in the fin, and suggest a method for solving the equations. The fin is

> Show that in the limit as /the difference equation for one-dimensional steady conduction with heat generation, Eq. (4.2), is equivalent to the differential equation, Eq. (2.24).

> A cryogenic fluid is stored in a 0.3-m-diameter spherical container in still air. If the convection heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the container and the air is 6.8 W/m2 K, the temperature of the air is 27°C, and the temperature of

> The heat transfer coefficients for the flow of 26.6°C air over a sphere of 1.25 cm in diameter are measured by observing the temperature-time history of a copper ball the same dimension. The temperature of the copper ball was measured by two

> Green coffee beans, after harvesting, are dried and roasted in a fluidized-bed roaster. This type of roaster has hot air, typically at 250°C, and the air blows through a screen or perforated plate above which the beans float in an agitated suspension (fl

> In a metal wire manufacturing facility, continuously drawn copper wire with a 2.5 mm diameter is annealed by heating it from its initial temperature of 45°C to 400°C in a soaking oven. The oven inside air temperature is 700°C with an average heat transf

> A 0.6-cm-diameter mild steel rod a t 38°C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 93°C with /Determine the time required for the rod to warm to 88°C.

> In a ball-bearing production facility, steel balls that are each of 15 mm in diameter are annealed by first heating them to 870°C and then slowly cooling in air to 125°C. If the cooling air stream temperature is 60°C, and it has a convective heat transfe

> It is a well-known physiological phenomenon that some materials feel cooler to the touch than others. This is important in the design of instruments for the use of operators, especially in a space station. Experiments conducted at NASA have shown that di

> A large billet of steel initially at 260°C is placed in a radiant furnace where the surface temperature is held at 1200°C. Assuming the billet to be infinite in extent, compute the temperature at point P (see the accompanying sketch

> Estimate the depth in moist soil at which the annual temperature variation is 10% of that at the surface.

> Surface hardening of metallic machine components, such as ball and roller bearings, is carried out in a heat treatment process where the surface temperature is increased to a desirable level without altering the internal temperature substantially. In one

> A thermocouple is made up of a spherical bead bimetallic junction at the end of two very thin wires of different materials. For example, in a type-T thermocouple, a copper wire and a constantan wire, with wire diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 0.025 mm, a

> The heat transfer coefficient for a gas flowing over a thin flat plate 3-m long and 0.3-m wide varies with distance from the leading edge according to If the plate temperature is 170°C and the gas temperature is 30°C, calculate (a)

> In the experimental determination of the heat transfer coefficient between a heated steel ball and crushed mineral solids, a series of 1.5% carbon steel balls were heated to a temperature of 700°C and the center temperature-time history of each was measu

> An egg, which for the purposes of this problem is assumed to be a 5-cm-diameter sphere having the thermal properties of water, is initially at a temperature of 4°C. It is immersed in boiling water at 100°C for 15 min. The heat transfer coefficient from t

> A monster turnip (assumed spherical) weighing in at 0.45 kg is dropped into a cauldron of water boiling at atmospheric pressure. If the initial temperature of the turnip is 17°C, how long does it take to reach 92°C at the center?

> A steel sphere with a diameter of 7.6 cm is to be hardened by first heating it to a uniform temperature of 870°C and then quenching it in a large bath of water at a temperature of 38°C. The following data apply: Calculate (a) the t

> Estimate the time required to heat the center of a 1.5-kg roast in a 163°C oven to 77°C. State your assumptions carefully and compare your results with cooking instructions in a standard cookbook.

> Ball bearings are to be hardened by quenching them in a water bath at a temperature of 37°C. You are asked to devise a continuous process in which the balls roll from a soaking oven at a uniform temperature of 870°C into the water,

> Consider a heat treatment process in which steel rods with a 10 cm diameter at an initial temperature of 600°C are inserted into an oil bath at 25°C. Assuming a convection coefficient of 400 W/m2. K between the oil and the rod, estimate how long it take

> Repeat Problem 3.31(a), but assume that the billet is only 1.2 m long with the average heat transfer coefficient at both ends equal to 136 W/m2 K.

> A long, 0.6-m-OD 347 stainless steel (k = 14 W/m K) cylindrical billet at 16°C room temperature is placed in an oven where the temperature is 260°C. If the average heat transfer coefficient is 170 W/m2 K, (a) estimate the time required for the center tem

> A solid lead cylinder 0.6 m in diameter and 0.6 m long, initially at a uniform temperature of 121°C, is dropped into a 21°C liquid bath in which the heat transfer coefficient / 1135 W/m2 K. Plot the temperature-time history of the c

> The heat transfer rate from hot air by convection at 100°C flowing over one side of a flat plate with dimensions 0.1 m * 0.5 m is determined to be 125 W when the surface of the plate is kept at 30°C. What is the average convection heat transfer coefficie

> Quenching is a rapid cooling process by which many metallic alloys are hardened. Brass (a copper alloy: 70 Cu, 30 Zn) plates that are 4 mm thick are quenched in a water bath at a heat treating plant. If a brass plate is initially at 450°C, determine the

> A mild-steel cylindrical billet 25 cm in diameter is to be raised to a minimum temperature of 760°C by passing it through a 6-m long strip-type furnace. If the furnace gases are at 1538°C and the overall heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the bi

> A long wooden rod at 38°C with a 2.5-cm-OD is placed into an airstream at 600°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod and air is 28.4 W/m2 K. If the ignition temperature of the wood is 427°C, r = 800 kg/m3, k = 0.173 W/m K, and c = 25

> A long copper cylinder 0.6 m in diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 38°C is placed in a water bath at 93°C. Assuming that the heat transfer coefficient between the copper and the water is 1248 W/m2 K, calculate the time required to heat

> A stainless steel cylindrical billet (k = 14.4 W/m K, ( 5 3.9 * 10-6 m2/s ) is heated to 593°C preparatory to a forming process. If the minimum temperature permissible for forming is 482°C, how long can the billet be exposed to air

> In a curing process for plastic and other polymer- based materials, a plastic sheet, which initially is 25°C, is placed on a hot metal surface that is maintained at 250°C. If the back (or opposite) side of the 5-mm-thick plastic film is considered to be

> A frozen-food company freezes its spinach by first compressing it into large slabs and then exposing the slab of spinach to a low-temperature cooling medium. The large slab of compressed spinach is initially at a uniform temperature of 21°C; it mus

> In the inspection of a sample of meat intended for human consumption, it was found that certain undesirable organisms were present. To make the meat safe for consumption, it is ordered that the meat be kept at a temperature of at least 121°C for a perio

> A 2.5-cm-thick sheet of plastic initially at 21°C is placed between two heated steel plates that are maintained at 138°C. The plastic is to be heated just long enough for its mid plane temperature to reach 132°C. If the thermal conductivity of the p

> Water at a temperature of 77°C is to be evaporated slowly in a vessel. The water is in a low-pressure container surrounded by steam as shown in the sketch below. The steam is condensing at 107°C. The overall heat transfer coefficien

> Dielectric heating, also known as RF or high frequency heating, is a process in which a high-frequency alternating electric field or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. An important application of this phenomenon is in the he

> High-strength steel is required for use in building structures and equipment (e.g., cranes). It is produced by heat treating quench-hardened steel in a process called tempering that reduces brittleness and imparts toughness. In a production facility, all

> A wire of perimeter P and cross-sectional area A emerges from a die at a temperature T (above the ambient temperature) and with a velocity U. Determine the temperature distribution along the wire in the steady state if the exposed length down-

> A small aluminum sphere of diameter D, initially at a uniform temperature To, is immersed in a liquid whose temperature, T(, varies sinusoidally according to If the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the sphere, /is constant and the system c

> A 1.4-kg aluminum household iron has a 500-W heating element. The surface area is 0.046 m2. The ambient temperature is 21°C, and the surface heat transfer coefficient is 11 W/m2 K. How long after the iron is plugged in does its temperature rea

> A large, 2.54-cm.-thick copper plate is placed between two air streams. The heat transfer coefficient on one side is 28 W/m2 K and on the other side is 57 W/m2 K. If the temperature of both streams is suddenly changed from 38°C to 93°C, determine how lo

> A thin-wall jacketed tank heated by condensing steam at one atmosphere contains 91 kg of agitated water. The heat transfer area of the jacket is 0.9 m2 and the over- all heat transfer coefficient U = 227 W/m2 K based on that area. Determine the heating t

> A thin-wall cylindrical vessel (1 m in diameter) is filled to a depth of 1.2 m with water at an initial temperature of 15°C. The water is well stirred by a mechanical agitator. Estimate the time required to heat the water to 50°C if

> A copper wire, 0.8-mm OD, 5 cm long, is placed in an air stream whose temperature rises at a rate given by where t is the time in seconds. If the initial temperature of the wire is 10°C, deter- mine its temperature after 2s, 10s, and 1 min. T

> A spherical stainless steel vessel at 93°C contains 45 kg of water initially at the same temperature. If the entire system is suddenly immersed in ice water, determine (a) the time required for the water in the vessel to cool to 16°C, and (b) the temper

> A thermocouple (0.8-mm-diameter wire) used to measure the temperature of the quiescent gas in a furnace gives a reading of 165°C. It is known, how- ever, that the rate of radiant heat flow per meter length from the hotter furnace walls to the

> In the heat treating process in a sheet-metal manufacturing plant, brass plates are annealed by first heating them in an industrial furnace oven the inside of which is maintained at a constant uniform temperature of 550°C. If the surface of the brass pla

> A spherical shell satellite (3-m-OD, 1.25-cm-thick stainless steel walls) re-enters the atmosphere from outer space. If its original temperature is 38°C, the effective average temperature of the atmosphere is 1093°C, and the effective heat transfer coeff

> Consider a flat plate or a plane wall with a thickness L and a long cylinder of radius ro. Both of these are made of materials such that they can be treated as lumped capacitances (Bi < 0.1) . Show that in each case, the characteristic length lc, defin

> In a large chemical factory, hot gases at 2273 K are cooled by a liquid at 373 K with gas-side and liquid- side convection heat transfer coefficients of 50 and 1000 W/m2. K, respectively. The wall that separates the gas and liquid streams is composed of

> A thin, flat plate integrated circuit is cooled on its upper surface by a dielectric liquid. The heat dissipation rate from this chip is 20,000 W/m2 and with the coolant flow at a free-stream temperature of , the convective heat transfer coefficient bet

> A very thin silicon chip is bonded to a 6-mm thick aluminum substrate by a 0.02-mm thick epoxy glue. Both surfaces of this chip-aluminum system are cooled by air at 258C, where the convective heat transfer coefficient of air flow is 100 W/m2. K. If the h

> Calculate the rate of heat transfer between a 15-cm- OD pipe at 1208C and a 10-cm-OD pipe at 408C. The two pipes are 330 m long and are buried in sand (k = 0.33 W/m K) 12 m below the surface (Ts = 25°C ) . The pipes are parallel and are separated by 23 c

> A 2.5-cm-OD hot steam line at 100oC runs parallel to a 5.0-cm-OD cold water line at 15oC. The pipes are 5 cm apart (center to center) and deeply buried in concrete with a thermal conductivity of 0.87 W/m K. What is the heat transfer per meter of pipe bet

> A 15-cm-OD pipe is buried with its centerline 1.25 m below the surface of the ground (k of soil is 0.35 W/(m K)). An oil having a density of 800 kg/m3 and a specific heat of 2.1 kJ/(kg K) flows in the pipe at 5.6 L/s. Assuming a ground surface temperatur

> A radioactive sample is to be stored in a protective box with 4-cm-thick walls and interior dimensions of 4 cm * 4 cm * 12 cm. The radiation emitted by the sample is completely absorbed at the inner surface of the box, which is made of concrete. If the o

> Using Table 1.4 as a guide, prepare a similar table showing the orders of magnitude of the thermal resistances of a unit area for convection between a surface and various fluids.

> Two long pipes, one having a 10-cm OD and a sur- face temperature of 300oC, the other having a 5-cm OD and a surface temperature of 100oC, are buried deeply in dry sand with their centerlines 15 cm apart. Determine the rate of heat flow from the larger t

> A plane wall of thickness 2L has internal heat sources whose strength varies according to where qo is the heat generated per unit volume at the center of the wall (x = 0) and a is a constant. If both sides of the wall are maintained at a constant tempera

> A 30-cm-OD pipe with a surface temperature of 90oC carries steam over a distance of 100 m. The pipe is buried with its centerline at a depth of 1 m, the ground surface is 26&Acirc;&deg;C, and the mean thermal conductivity of the soil is 0.7 W/m K. Calcul

> Determine the temperature distribution and heat flow rate per meter length in a long concrete block having the shape shown below. The cross-sectional area of the block is square and the hole is centered.

> A long, 1-cm-diameter electric cable is embedded in a concrete wall ( k 5 0.13 W/m K ) that is 1 m * 1 m, as shown in the sketch. If the lower surface is insulated, the surface of the cable is 100oC, and the exposed surface of the concrete is 25oC, estim

> A large number of 3.8-cm-OD pipes carrying hot and cold liquids are embedded in concrete in an equilateral staggered arrangement with centerlines 11.2 cm apart as shown in the sketch. If the pipes in rows A and C are at 16oC while the pipes in rows B and

> A long, 1-cm-diameter electric copper cable is embedded in the center of a 25-cm-square concrete block. If the outside temperature of the concrete is 25oC and the rate of electrical energy dissipation in the cable is 150 W per meter length, determine tem

> Determine the rate of heat flow per meter length from the inner to the outer surface of the molded insulation in the sketch on the next page. Use k = 0.17 W ( m K ) .

> Determine the rate of heat transfer per meter length from a 5-cm-OD pipe at 150oC placed eccentrically within a larger cylinder of 85% magnesia wool as shown in the sketch. The outside diameter of the larger cylinder is 15 cm and the surface temperature

> Use a flux plot to estimate the rate of heat flow through the object shown in the sketch. The thermal conductivity of the material is 15 W/m K. Assume no heat is lost from the sides.

> If the outer air temperature in Problem 1.11 is 22°C, calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the window and the air, assuming radiation is negligible.

> Determine by means of a flux plot the temperatures and heat flow per unit depth in the ribbed insulation shown in the accompanying sketch.

> Compare the rate of heat flow from the bottom to the top of the aluminum structure shown in the sketch below with the rate of heat flow through a solid slab. The top is at -10&Acirc;&deg;C, the bottom at 0oC. The holes are filled with insulation that doe

> Derive an expression for the temperature distribution in a plane wall in which there are uniformly distributed heat sources that vary according to the linear relation where qw is a constant equal to the heat generation per unit volume at the wall tempera

> A 0.3-cm-thick aluminum plate has rectangular fins 0.16 cm * 0.6 cm, on one side, spaced 0.6 cm apart. The finned side is in contact with low pressure air at 38oC, and the average heat transfer coefficient is 28.4 W/m2 K. On the un finned side, water flo

> The handle of a ladle used for pouring molten lead is 30 cm long. Originally the handle was made of 1.9 cm * 1.25 cm mild steel bar stock. To reduce the grip temperature, it is proposed to form the handle of tubing 0.15 cm thick to the same rectangular s

> The top of a 30-cm I-beam is maintained at a temperature of 260oC, while the bottom is at 93oC. The thick- ness of the web is 1.25 cm. Air at 260oC is blowing along the side of the beam so that / The thermal conductivity of the steel may be assumed const

> The wall of a liquid-to-gas heat exchanger has a sur- face area on the liquid side of 1.8 m2 (0.6 m * 3.0 m)with a heat transfer coefficient of 255 W/m2 K. On the other side of the heat exchanger wall flows a gas, and the wall has 96 thin rectangular ste

> Heat is transferred from water to air through a brass wall (k = 54 W/m K) . The addition of rectangular brass fins, 0.08 cm thick and 2.5 cm long, spaced 1.25 cm apart, is contemplated. Assuming a water-side heat transfer coefficient of 170 W/m2 K and an

> To determine the thermal conductivity of a long, solid 2.5-cm-diameter rod, one half of the rod was inserted into a furnace while the other half was projecting into air at 27oC. After steady state had been reached, the temperatures at two points 7.6 cm a

> A turbine blade 6.3 cm long, with cross-sectional area A = 4.6 3 10-4 m2 and perimeter P = 0.12 m, is made of stainless steel (k = 18 W/m K) . The temperature of the root, Ts, is 482oC. The blade is exposed to a hot gas at 871oC, and the heat transfer co

> A wall with a thickness L is made of a material with a thermal conductivity that varies with its thickness x according to the equation, k=(ax +b) W/mK, where a and b are constants. If the heat flux applied at the surface of one end (x =0) of the wall is

> A circumferential fin of rectangular cross section, 3.7-cm OD and 0.3 cm thick, surrounds a 2.5-cm- diameter tube as shown below. The fin is constructed of mild steel. Air blowing over the fin produces a heat transfer coefficient of 28.4 W/m2 K. If the t

> Both ends of a 0.6-cm copper U-shaped rod are rigidly affixed to a vertical wall as shown in the accompanying sketch. The temperature of the wall is maintained at 93oC. The developed length of the rod is 0.6 m, and it is exposed to air at 38oC. The combi

> One end of a 0.3-m-long steel rod is connected to a wall at 204oC. The other end is connected to a wall that is maintained at 93oC. Air is blown across the rod so that a heat transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2 K is maintained over the entire surface. If the

> A plane wall 15 cm thick has a thermal conductivity given by the relation where T is in kelvin. If one surface of this wall is maintained at 1508C and the other at 508C, determine the rate of heat transfer per square meter. Sketch the temperature distrib

> The tip of a soldering iron consists of a 0.6-cm- diameter copper rod, 7.6 cm long. If the tip must be 204oC, what are the required minimum temperature of the base and the heat flow, in watts, into the base? Assume that W/m2 K and Tair 5 21&Acirc;&deg;C

> The addition of aluminum fins has been suggested to increase the rate of heat dissipation from one side of an electronic device 1 m wide and 1 m tall. The fins are to be rectangular in cross section, 2.5 cm long and 0.25 cm thick, as shown in the figure.