It is well known that cold air feels much colder in windy weather than what the thermometer reading indicates because of the “chilling effect” of the wind. This effect is due to the increase in the convection heat transfer coefficient with increasing air velocities. The equivalent wind chill temperature in °F is given by [ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA, 1993), p. 8.15] Tequiv = 91.4 − (91.4 – Tambient) × (0.475 − 0.0203V + 0.304√V) where V is the wind velocity in mi/h and Tambient is the ambient air temperature in °F in calm air, which is taken to be air with light winds at speeds up to 4 mi/h. The constant 91.4°F in the given equation is the mean skin temperature of a resting person in a comfortable environment. Windy air at temperature Tambient and velocity V will feel as cold as the calm air at temperature Tequiv. Using proper conversion factors, obtain an equivalent relation in SI units where V is the wind velocity in km/h and Tambient is the ambient air temperature in °C.
> A 30-kg aluminum block initially at 140°C is brought into contact with a 40-kg block of iron at 60°C in an insulated enclosure. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and the total entropy change for this process.
> A 25-kg iron block initially at 280°C is quenched in an insulated tank that contains 100 kg of water at 18°C. Assuming the water that vaporizes during the process condenses back in the tank, determine the total entropy change during this process.
> Ten grams of computer chips with a specific heat of 0.3 kJ/kg·K are initially at 20°C. These chips are cooled by placement in 5 grams of saturated liquid R-134a at –40°C. Presuming that the pressure remains constant while the chips are being cooled, dete
> An adiabatic pump is to be used to compress saturated liquid water at 10 kPa to a pressure to 15 MPa in a reversible manner. Determine the work input using (a) entropy data from the compressed liquid table, (b) inlet specific volume and pressure values,
> Is it possible to create entropy? Is it possible to destroy it?
> Define the isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes.
> Consider two solid blocks, one hot and the other cold, brought into contact in an adiabatic container. After a while, thermal equilibrium is established in the container as a result of heat transfer. The first law requires that the amount of energy lost
> Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-2 shown in Fig. P8–58.
> Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-3 shown in Fig. P8–57.
> A 0.55-ft3 well-insulated rigid can initially contains refrigerant-134a at 90 psia and 30°F. Now a crack develops in the can, and the refrigerant starts to leak out slowly, Assuming the refrigerant remaining in the can has undergone a reversib
> The water is stirred at the same time that it is being heated. Determine the minimum entropy change of the heat-supplying source if 100 kJ of work is done on the water as it is being heated.
> A rigid, 20-L steam cooker is arranged with a pressure relief valve set to release vapor and maintain the pressure once the pressure inside the cooker reaches 150 kPa. Initially, this cooker is filled with water at 175 kPa with a quality of 10 percent. H
> A piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 100°C with a quality of 50 percent. This steam undergoes two processes as follows: 1-2 Heat is transferred to the steam in a reversible manner while the temperature is held constant until the steam exist
> Two kg of saturated water vapor at 600 kPa are contained in a piston–cylinder device. The water expands adiabatically until the pressure is 100 kPa and is said to produce 700 kJ of work output. (a) Determine the entropy change of the water, in kJ/kg·K. (
> Water at 10°C and 81.4 percent quality is compressed isentropically in a closed system to 3 MPa. How much work does this process require in kJ/kg?
> An isentropic steam turbine processes 2 kg/s of steam at 3 MPa, which is exhausted at 50 kPa and 100°C. Five percent of this flow is diverted for feedwater heating at 500 kPa. Determine the power produced by this turbine in kW.
> What is a quasi-equilibrium process? What is its importance in engineering?
> How do the values of the integral ∫12 δQ/T compare for a reversible and an irreversible process between the same end states?
> The compressor in a refrigerator compresses saturated R-134a vapor at 0°F to 200 psia. Calculate the work required by this compressor, in Btu/lbm, when the compression process is isentropic.
> Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 160 kPa at a rate of 2 m3/min and is compressed to a pressure of 900 kPa. Determine the minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor.
> Water vapor enters a compressor at 35 kPa and 160°C and leaves at 300 kPa with the same specific entropy as at the inlet. What are the temperature and the specific enthalpy of water at the compressor exit?
> R-134a vapor enters into a turbine at 250 psia and 175°F. The temperature of R-134a is reduced to 20°F in this turbine while its specific entropy remains constant. Determine the change in the enthalpy of R-134a as it passes through
> Steam enters an adiabatic diffuser at 150 kPa and 120°C with a velocity of 550 m/s. Determine the minimum velocity that the steam can have at the outlet when the outlet pressure is 300 kPa.
> Steam enters a steady-flow adiabatic nozzle with a low inlet velocity as a saturated vapor at 6 MPa and expands to 1.2 MPa. (a) Under the conditions that the exit velocity is to be the maximum possible value, sketch the T-s diagram with respect to the sa
> Reconsider Prob. 8–42. Using appropriate software, investigate the effects of the source temperature and final pressure on the total entropy change for the process. Let the source temperature vary from 30 to 210°C, and let the final pressure vary from 25
> A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is transferred now to the refrigerant from a source at 35°C until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine (a) the entropy change of the refrigerant, (b) the
> A rigid tank contains 5 kg of saturated vapor steam at 100°C. The steam is cooled to the ambient temperature of 25°C. (a) Sketch the process with respect to the saturation lines on a T-v diagram. (b) Determine the entropy change of the steam, in kJ/K. (c
> How would you define a system to determine the rate at which an automobile adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
> Refrigerant-134a at 320 kPa and 40°C undergoes an isothermal process in a closed system until its quality is 45 percent. On a per-unit-mass basis, determine how much work and heat transfer are required.
> Is the value of the integral ∫12 δQ/T the same for all reversible processes between states 1 and 2? Why?
> Refrigerant-134a is expanded isentropically from 600 kPa and 70°C at the inlet of a steady-flow turbine to 100 kPa at the outlet. The outlet area is 1 m2, and the inlet area is 0.5 m2. Calculate the inlet and outlet velocities when the mass flow rate is
> One kg of R-134a initially at 600 kPa and 25°C undergoes a process during which the entropy is kept constant until the pressure drops to 100 kPa. Determine the final temperature of the R-134a and the final specific internal energy.
> An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside the cylinder is now turned on, and 1700 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam. Determine the entropy cha
> Reconsider Prob. 8–35. Using appropriate software, evaluate and plot the work done by the refrigerant as a function of final pressure as it varies from 0.8 to 0.4 MPa. Compare the work done for this process to one for which the temperat
> An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of saturated refrigerant-134a vapor at 0.8 MPa pressure. The refrigerant is now allowed to expand in a reversible manner until the pressure drops to 0.4 MPa. Determine (a) the final t
> A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of compressed liquid water at 400 kPa and 60°C while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the water expands to fill the
> The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with superheated water vapor at 200 kPa and 150°C. At this moment both the inlet and the exit valves to the radiator are closed. After a while the temperature of the steam drops to
> Using the relation dS = (δQ/T)int rev for the definition of entropy, calculate the change in the specific entropy of R-134a as it is heated at a constant pressure of 200 kPa from a saturated liquid to a saturated vapor. Use the R-134a tables to verify yo
> Reconsider Prob. 2–84E. Using appropriate software, plot the equivalent wind chill temperatures in °F as a function of wind velocity in the range of 4 to 40 mph for the ambient temperatures of 20, 40, and 60°F. Discuss the results. Data from Prob 2-84:
> A well-insulated rigid tank contains 3 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept
> Two lbm of water at 300 psia fill a weighted piston–cylinder device whose volume is 2.5 ft3. The water is then heated at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 500°F. Determine the resulting change in the water’s total entropy.
> Is an isothermal process necessarily internally reversible? Explain your answer with an example.
> One lbm of R-134a is expanded isentropically in a closed system from 100 psia and 100°F to 10 psia. Determine the total heat transfer and work production for this process.
> Is a process that is internally reversible and adiabatic necessarily isentropic? Explain.
> A rigid vessel filled with a fluid is allowed to leak some fluid out through an opening. During this process, the specific entropy of the remaining fluid remains constant. How does the entropy of the environment change during this process?
> A rigid vessel is filled with a fluid from a source whose properties remain constant. How does the entropy of the surroundings change if the vessel is filled such that the specific entropy of the vessel contents remains constant?
> A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 40°C that is being stirred by a paddle wheel. The paddle wheel does 200 kJ of work on the ideal gas. It is observed that the temperature of the ideal gas remains constant during this process as a result of
> Refrigerant-134a enters the coils of the evaporator of a refrigeration system as a saturated liquid vapor mixture at a pressure of 140 kPa. The refrigerant absorbs 180 kJ of heat from the cooled space, which is maintained at –10°C, and leaves as saturate
> Air is compressed by a 40-kW compressor from P1 to P2. The air temperature is maintained constant at 25°C during this process as a result of heat transfer to the surrounding medium at 20°C. Determine the rate of entropy change of the air. State the assum
> During the isothermal heat rejection process of a Carnot cycle, the working fluid experiences an entropy change of –0.7 Btu/R. If the temperature of the heat sink is 95°F, determine (a) the amount of heat transfer, (b) the en
> Reconsider Prob. 8–20. Using appropriate software, study the effects of the varying heat added to the working fluid and the source temperature on the entropy change of the working fluid, the entropy change of the source, and the total entropy change for
> During the isothermal heat addition process of a Carnot cycle, 900 kJ of heat is added to the working fluid from a source at 400°C. Determine (a) the entropy change of the working fluid, (b) the entropy change of the source, and (c) the total entropy cha
> Does the cyclic integral of heat have to be zero (i.e., does a system have to reject as much heat as it receives to complete a cycle)? Explain.
> In Prob. 8–18, assume that the heat is transferred from the cold reservoir to the hot reservoir contrary to the Clausius statement of the second law. Prove that this violates the increase of entropy principle—as it mus
> An insulated piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.02 m3 of saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water with a quality of 0.1 at 100°C. Now some ice at 18°C is dropped into the cylinder. If the
> A passive solar house that is losing heat to the outdoors at 3°C at an average rate of 50,000 kJ/h is maintained at 22°C at all times during a winter night for 10 h. The house is heated by 50 glass containers, each containing 20 L of water that is heated
> A well-insulated 4-m × 4-m × 5-m room initially at 10°C is heated by the radiator of a steam heating system. The radiator has a volume of 15 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 200 kPa and 200°C. At this moment both the inlet and the exit valves to
> One ton of liquid water at 80°C is brought into a well-insulated and well-sealed 4-m × 5-m × 7 m room initially at 22°C and 100 kPa. Assuming constant specific heats for both air and water at room temperatu
> In order to cool 1 ton of water at 20°C in an insulated tank, a person pours 140 kg of ice at –5°C into the water. Determine (a) the final equilibrium temperature in the tank and (b) the entropy generation during this process. The melting temperature and
> When measuring small pressure differences with a manometer, often one arm of the manometer is inclined to improve the accuracy of reading. (The pressure difference is still proportional to the vertical distance and not the actual length of the fluid alon
> A 15-ft3 steel container that has a mass of 75 lbm when empty is filled with liquid water. Initially, both the steel tank and the water are at 120°F. Now heat is transferred, and the entire system cools to the surrounding air temperature of 70°F. Determi
> A 1200-W electric resistance heating element whose diameter is 0.5 cm is immersed in 40 kg of water initially at 20°C. Assuming the water container is well insulated, determine how long it will take for this heater to raise the water temperature to 50°C.
> Two rigid tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A is insulated and contains 0.3 m3 of steam at 400 kPa and 60 percent quality. Tank B is uninsulated and contains 2 kg of steam at 200 kPa and 250°C. The valve is now opened, and steam flows from
> Heat in the amount of 100 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at 1200 K to a cold reservoir at 600 K. Calculate the entropy change of the two reservoirs and determine if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied.
> A steam turbine is equipped to bleed 6 percent of the inlet steam for feedwater heating. It is operated with 4 MPa and 350°C steam at the inlet, a bleed pressure of 800 kPa, and an exhaust pressure of 30 kPa. Calculate the work produced by this turbine w
> Air is expanded in an adiabatic turbine of 90 percent isentropic efficiency from an inlet state of 2800 kPa and 400°C to an outlet pressure of 100 kPa. Calculate the outlet temperature of air, the work produced by this turbine, and the entropy generation
> Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor as a saturated vapor at 160 kPa at a rate of 0.03 m3/s and leaves at 800 kPa. The power input to the compressor is 10 kW. If the surroundings at 20°C experience an entropy increase of 0.008 kW/K, determine (a) the rat
> Refrigerant-134a at 140 kPa and –10°C is compressed by an adiabatic 1.3-kW compressor to an exit state of 700 kPa and 60°C. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the volum
> Steam at 6000 kPa and 500°C enters a steady-flow turbine. The steam expands in the turbine while doing work until the pressure is 1000 kPa. When the pressure is 1000 kPa, 10 percent of the steam is removed from the turbine for other uses. The remaining 9
> Three kg of helium gas at 100 kPa and 27°C are adiabatically compressed to 900 kPa. If the isentropic compression efficiency is 80 percent, determine the required work input and the final temperature of helium.
> Repeat Prob. 2–81 for a pressure gage reading of 180 kPa. Data from Prob 2-81: A gasoline line is connected to a pressure gage through a double-U manometer, as shown in Fig. P2–81. If the reading of the pressure gage
> The compressor of a refrigerator compresses saturated R-134a vapor at –10°C to 800 kPa. How much work, in kJ/kg, does this process require when the process is isentropic?
> Reconsider Prob. 8–171. Determine the change in the work and heat transfer when the compression process is isentropic rather than isothermal. Data from Prob. 8-171: Carbon dioxide is compressed in a reversible, isothermal process from 100 kPa and 20°C t
> Carbon dioxide is compressed in a reversible, isothermal process from 100 kPa and 20°C to 400 kPa using a steady-flow device with one inlet and one outlet. Determine the work required and the heat transfer, both in kJ/kg, for this compression.
> Determine the work input and entropy generation during the compression of steam from 100 kPa to 1 MPa in (a) an adiabatic pump and (b) an adiabatic compressor if the inlet state is saturated liquid in the pump and saturated vapor in the compressor and th
> A completely reversible air conditioner provides 36,000 Btu/h of cooling for a space maintained at 70°F while rejecting heat to the environmental air at 110°F. Calculate the rate at which the entropies of the two reservoirs change and verify that this ai
> Helium gas is throttled steadily from 400 kPa and 60°C. Heat is lost from the helium in the amount of 1.75 kJ/kg to the surroundings at 25°C and 100 kPa. If the entropy of the helium increases by 0.34 kJ/kg·K in the valve, determine (a) the exit tempera
> An adiabatic capillary tube is used in some refrigeration systems to drop the pressure of the refrigerant from the condenser level to the evaporator level. R-134a enters the capillary tube as a saturated liquid at 70°C and leaves at â
> An inventor claims to have invented an adiabatic steady flow device with a single inlet-outlet that produces 230 kW when expanding 1 kg/s of air from 1200 kPa and 300°C to 100 kPa. Is this claim valid?
> Helium gas enters a nozzle whose isentropic efficiency is 94 percent with a low velocity, and it exits at 14 psia, 180°F, and 1000 ft/s. Determine the pressure and temperature at the nozzle inlet.
> Air at 500 kPa and 400 K enters an adiabatic nozzle at a velocity of 30 m/s and leaves at 300 kPa and 350 K. Using variable specific heats, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency, (b) the exit velocity, and (c) the entropy generation.
> A gasoline line is connected to a pressure gage through a double-U manometer, as shown in Fig. P2–81. If the reading of the pressure gage is 370 kPa, determine the gage pressure of the gasoline line.
> Air enters the evaporator section of a window air conditioner at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 6 m3/min. The refrigerant-134a at 120 kPa with a quality of 0.3 enters the evaporator at a rate of 2 kg/min and leaves as saturated va
> A 0.8-m3 rigid tank contains carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at 250 K and 100 kPa. A 500-W electric resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on for 40 min, after which the pressure of CO2 is measured to be 175 kPa. Assuming the surrounding
> Refrigerant-134a at 700 kPa and 40°C is expanded adiabatically in a closed system to 60 kPa. Determine the work produced, in kJ/kg, and final enthalpy for an isentropic expansion efficiency of 80 percent.
> Ten lbm of R-134a is expanded without any heat transfer in a closed system from 120 psia and 100°F to 20 psia. If the isentropic expansion efficiency is 95 percent, what is the final volume of this refrigerant?
> One hundred kg of saturated steam at 100 kPa is to be adiabatically compressed in a closed system to 1000 kPa. How much work is required if the isentropic compression efficiency is 90 percent?
> Heat is transferred at a rate of 2 kW from a hot reservoir at 800 K to a cold reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the rate at which the entropy of the two reservoirs changes and determine if the second law is satisfied.
> A piston–cylinder device contains steam that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially the steam is at 400 kPa and 350°C with a volume of 0.5 m3. The steam is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initia
> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 15 ft3 of helium gas at 25 psia and 70°F. Helium is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 70 psia and 300°F. Determine (a) the entropy change of helium, (b) the entropy change of the surrou
> A piston–cylinder device contains air that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially, air is at 400 kPa and 300 K with a volume of 0.3 m3. Air is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initial pressure, a
> A 100-lbm block of a solid material whose specific heat is 0.5 Btu/lbm·R is at 80°F. It is heated with 10 lbm of saturated water vapor that has a constant pressure of 20 psia. Determine the final temperature of the block and water, and the entropy change
> A water pipe is connected to a double-U manometer as shown in Fig. P2–80E at a location where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psia. Determine the absolute pressure at the center of the pipe.
> Define stress, normal stress, shear stress, and pressure.
> What is the maximum volume that 3 kg of oxygen at 950 kPa and 373°C can be adiabatically expanded to in a piston–cylinder device if the final pressure is to be 100 kPa?
> Is it possible to expand water at 30 psia and 70 percent quality to 10 psia in a closed system undergoing an isothermal, reversible process while exchanging heat with an energy reservoir at 300°F?
> What is the minimum internal energy that steam can achieve as it is expanded adiabatically in a closed system from 1500 kPa and 320°C to 100 kPa?
> A refrigerator with a coefficient of performance of 4 transfers heat from a cold region at –20°C to a hot region at 30°C. Calculate the total entropy change of the regions when 1 kJ of heat is transferred from the
> A proposed heat pump design creates a heating effect of 25 kW while using 5 kW of electrical power. The thermal energy reservoirs are at 300 K and 260 K. Is this possible according to the increase of entropy principle?
> A rigid tank contains 7.5 kg of saturated water mixture at 400 kPa. A valve at the bottom of the tank is now opened, and liquid is withdrawn from the tank. Heat is transferred to the steam such that the pressure inside the tank remains constant. The valv
