Most bats eat insects or fruit. Vampire bats, however, suck blood from birds or mammals. Like some snakes, and unlike any other mammals, vampire bats have thermoreceptors that can detect body heat given off by prey. Is the heat-detecting ability of vampire bats and snakes a homologous trait or an analogous one? Explain your reasoning.
> Cells lining the epididymis secrete a glycoprotein (beta-defensin) that coats sperm and facilitates their passage through cervical mucus. There are two common alleles for human beta-defensin: a wild-type allele (wt) and an allele with a deletion (del). T
> The cervix is the entrance to the ________. a. oviducts b. vagina c. uterus d. scrotum
> Cells lining the epididymis secrete a glycoprotein (beta-defensin) that coats sperm and facilitates their passage through cervical mucus. There are two common alleles for human beta-defensin: a wild-type allele (wt) and an allele with a deletion (del). T
> Some sperm mitochondria enter an egg during fertilization, but as sperm mature these mitochondria are tagged with a protein (ubiquitin) that marks them for destruction. What organelle carries out this destruction process?
> The ______ is a genetic dead end. a. polar body b. oocyte c. ovum d. sperm
> Cells lining the epididymis secrete a glycoprotein (beta-defensin) that coats sperm and facilitates their passage through cervical mucus. There are two common alleles for human beta-defensin: a wild-type allele (wt) and an allele with a deletion (del). T
> Fraternal twins are nonidentical siblings that form when two eggs mature and are released and fertilized at the same time. Explain why an increased level of FSH raises the likelihood of fraternal twins.
> Global climate change is causing ________. a. a decrease in sea level b. glacial melting c. acid rain d. all of the above
> Sexual reproduction ______. a. requires formation of gametes by meiosis b. produces offspring identical in their traits c. occurs only in vertebrates d. all of the above
> Cells lining the epididymis secrete a glycoprotein (beta-defensin) that coats sperm and facilitates their passage through cervical mucus. There are two common alleles for human beta-defensin: a wild-type allele (wt) and an allele with a deletion (del). T
> Drugs that interfere with sympathetic nerve signals are often prescribed for men who have high blood pressure. How might such drugs impair sexual performance?
> In the ________, neurons are arranged like maps that correspond to different parts of the body surface. a. retina b. somatosensory cortex c. basilar membrane d. occipital lobe
> Chemoreceptors play a role in the sense of ________. a. taste b. smell c. touch d. hearing e. both a and b f. all of the above
> Biological control of pest species __________. a. has no side effects b. involves mutualists c. uses natural enemies d. requires use of chemicals
> The oldest established land communities are _________. a. in the Arctic b. in temperate zones c. in the tropics d. on volcanic islands
> _________ steal parental care. a. Mutualists b. Commensalists c. Brood parasites d. Predators
> If you remove a species from a community, the population size of its main __________ is likely to increase. a. parasite b. competitor c. predator
> Species richness is greatest in communities __________. a. near the equator b. in temperate regions c. near the poles d. that recently formed
> With biological magnification, a _________ will have the highest pollutant load. a. producer b. primary consumer c. secondary consumer d. top-level consumer
> Growth of a forest in an abandoned corn field is an example of __________. a. primary succession b. resource partitioning c. secondary succession d. competitive exclusion
> With, one species evolves to look like another.
> ______ can lead to resource partitioning. a. Mutualism b. Parasitism c. Commensalism d. Interspecific competition
> A tick is a(n) _________. a. parasitoid b. ectoparasite c. endoparasite
> Which cannot be a symbiosis? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. interspecific competition
> Flightless birds that live on islands often have relatives on the mainland that can fly. The island species presumably evolved from fliers that, in the absences of predators, lost their ability to fly. Many island populations of flightless birds are now
> The type of physical environment in which a species typically lives is its ______. a. niche b. habitat c. community d. population
> With antibiotic resistance rising, researchers are looking for ways to reduce use of these drugs. Some cattle once fed antibiotic-laced food now get probiotic feed that can bolster populations of helpful bacteria in the animal’s gut. The idea is that if
> Burning fossil fuel releases ______ into the air. a. carbon dioxide b. nitrous oxide c. phosphates d. a and b
> Nitrogen fixation converts to ________. a. nitrogen gas; ammonia b. nitrates; nitrites c. ammonia; nitrogen gas d. ammonia; nitrates e. nitrogen gas; nitrogen oxides
> As a result of ________, an old animal usually has more pollutants in its body than a young one. a. bioaccumulation b. biological magnification
> Plant growth requires uptake of ________ from the soil. a. nitrogen b. carbon c. phosphorus d. both a and c e. all of the above
> Earth’s largest phosphorus reservoir is ________. a. the atmosphere b. the ocean c. sedimentary rock d. living organisms
> The ______ cycle is a sedimentary cycle. a. phosphorus b. carbon c. nitrogen d. water
> Greenhouse gases ________. a. slow the escape of heat energy from Earth into space b. are produced by natural and human activities c. are at higher levels than they were 100 years ago d. all of the above
> Earth’s largest carbon reservoir is ________. a. the atmosphere b. sediments and rocks c. seawater d. living organisms
> Most of Earth’s fresh water is _________. a. in lakes and streams b. in aquifers and soil c. frozen as ice d. in bodies of organisms
> Efficiency of energy transfers in aquatic ecosystems is typically higher than in land ecosystems because __________. a. aquatic food webs include more endotherms b. algae do not make lignin c. primary production cannot occur in water d. all of the above
> Primary productivity is affected by ________. a. nutrient availability b. amount of sunlight c. temperature d. all of the above
> All organisms at the top trophic level _________. a. capture energy from a nonliving source b. obtain carbon from a nonliving source c. would be at the top of an energy pyramid d. all of the above
> To assess the impact of human activity on the carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphere, it helps to take a long view. One useful data set comes from deep core samples of Antarctic ice. The oldest ice core that has been fully analyzed
> Sulfur dioxide released by coal-burning power plants contributes to _________. a. ozone destruction b. sea level rise c. acid rain d. desertification
> Organisms at the lowest trophic level in a tallgrass prairie are all _________. a. two steps away from the original energy input b. autotrophs c. heterotrophs d. both a and b e. both a and c
> To assess the impact of human activity on the carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphere, it helps to take a long view. One useful data set comes from deep core samples of Antarctic ice. The oldest ice core that has been fully analyzed
> In most ecosystems, the primary producers use energy from ________ to build organic compounds. a. sunlight b. heat c. breakdown of wastes and remains d. breakdown of inorganic substances in the habitat
> To assess the impact of human activity on the carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphere, it helps to take a long view. One useful data set comes from deep core samples of Antarctic ice. The oldest ice core that has been fully analyzed
> Unrelated species in geographically separated parts of a biome may resemble one another as a result of ________. a. morphological divergence b. morphological convergence c. resource partitioning d. coevolution
> What biome borders on boreal forest? a. savanna b. taiga c. tundra d. chaparral
> If a mammal injures its leg, the resulting pain discourages the animal from putting too much weight on the leg while it is healing. An injured insect shows no such shielding response when its leg is injured. Some have cited the lack of such a shielding r
> Which is a somatic sensation? a. taste b. smell c. touch d. hearing e. a through c f. all of the above
> ______ is defined as a decrease in the response to an ongoing stimulus. a. Perception b. Visual accommodation c. Sensory adaptation d. Somatic sensation
> A compound extracted from the leaves of the shrub Stevia rebaudiana shows promise as a natural sugar substitute. The compound is 300 times sweeter than sugar, but it also has a slight bitter aftertaste. Given what you know about taste receptors, explain
> The pain of heartburn is an example of a ______. a. somatic sensation b. visceral sensation c. sensory adaptation d. spinal reflex
> Like other nocturnal carnivores, the ferret shown in Figure 33.14 has light-reflecting material in its choroid. Explain why the presence of reflective material in this layer of the eye maximizes the degree to which light excites photoreceptors. Explain a
> Male aggression is rare in bonobo society and common in chimpanzee society. Various authors have argued that either one species or the other should be considered a model for “natural” human behavior. Explain why, from the standpoint of relatedness, there
> Unlike Archaeopteryx, modern birds have ______. a. a long bony tail b. a toothless beak c. a two-chambered heart d. feathers
> Turtles, lizards, and birds belong to one major lineage of amniotes, and ______ belong to another. a. sharks b. frogs and toads c. mammals d. salamanders
> Corals rely on symbiotic ________ for sugars. a. fungi b. amoebas c. dinoflagellates d. green algae
> Tetrapods evolved from ______. a. sharks b. teleosts c. lobe-finned fishes d. placoderms
> Both cartilaginous and bony fishes have ______. a. jaws b. a bony skeleton c. lungs d. a swim bladder e. a four-chambered heart f. all of the above
> The ecological footprint of a person in the United States is about ________ that of a person in India. a. half b. twice c. one-ninth d. nine times
> All members of a cohort are the same ________. a. sex b. size c. age d. weight
> For a given species, the maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions is its ______. a. biotic potential b. carrying capacity c. life history pattern d. age structure
> A population of worms is growing exponentially in a compost heap. Thirty days ago there were 300 worms and now there are 600. How many worms will there be 30 days from now, assuming conditions remain constant and resources are unlimited? a. 1,200 b. 1,60
> Suppose 200 fish are marked and released in a pond. The following week, 200 fish are caught and 100 of them have marks. There are about _________ fish in this pond. a. 200 b. 300 c. 400 d. 2,000
> Most commonly, individuals of a population show a _______ distribution within their habitat. a. clumped b. random c. nearly uniform d. none of the above
> When researchers moved guppies from populations preyed on by cichlids to a habitat with killifish, the life histories of the transplanted guppies evolved. They came to resemble those of guppy populations preyed on by killifish. Males became gaudier; some
> A ______ is a change in the rate of random movement in response to a specific stimulus. a. epigenetic trait b. taxis c. kinesis d. migration
> Chemoautotrophic bacteria and archaea are the primary producers for food webs _______. a. in mangrove wetlands b. at seamounts c. on coral reefs d. at hydrothermal vents
> A honeybee worker is a _________. a. fertile female b. sterile female c. fertile male d. sterile male
> Helping other individuals at a reproductive cost to oneself might be adaptive if those helped are ________. a. members of another species b. competitors for mates c. close relatives d. counterfeit signalers
> Generally, living in a social group costs the individual in terms of _______. a. competition for food, other resources b. vulnerability to contagious diseases c. competition for mates d. all of the above
> In most ________, males and females cooperate in care of the young. a. mammals b. birds c. insects d. all of the above
> A ______ is a chemical that conveys information between individuals of the same species. a. pheromone b. neurotransmitter c. hormone d. all of the above
> The honeybee dance language transmits information about distance to food by way of ________ signals. a. tactile b. chemical c. acoustical d. visual
> An animal that navigates by the stars needs ______. a. an ability to sense Earth’s magnetic field b. pheromone receptors c. an internal clock d. an acute sense of hearing
> Section 1.6 described how a peacock butterfly will, when threatened, open its wings to reveal two large eyespots that are hidden when the butterfly is at rest. By one hypothesis, eyespots frighten a predatory bird by mimicking the eyes of the birdâ
> Section 1.6 described how a peacock butterfly will, when threatened, open its wings to reveal two large eyespots that are hidden when the butterfly is at rest. By one hypothesis, eyespots frighten a predatory bird by mimicking the eyes of the birdâ
> Section 1.6 described how a peacock butterfly will, when threatened, open its wings to reveal two large eyespots that are hidden when the butterfly is at rest. By one hypothesis, eyespots frighten a predatory bird by mimicking the eyes of the birdâ
> Warm, still water holds ______ oxygen than cold, fast-flowing water. a. more b. less
> For billions of years, the only bright objects in the night sky were stars or the moon. Night-flying moths used them to navigate in a straight line. Today, the instinct to fly toward bright objects causes moths to exhaust themselves fluttering around str
> Photosynthesis sustains plant growth, and inputs of sunlight sustain photosynthesis. Why, then, do seedlings that germinate in a fully darkened room grow taller than seedlings of the same species that germinate in full sun?
> 1. An important difference between plant development and animal development is that ______. a. only plant development depends on hormones b. plants continue to develop throughout their lifetime c. animals, but not plants, have a circulatory system 2. __
> Professional gardeners often soak seeds in hydrogen peroxide before planting them. Why?
> Predation by sea lampreys on native fishes in the Great Lakes is an ongoing problem. To help solve it, Michael Wagner and his team test methods of repelling lampreys. They carried out an experiment to investigate reports that sea lampreys detect the scen
> Vertebrate jaws evolved from _______. a. gill supports b. ribs c. scales d. teeth
> Predation by sea lampreys on native fishes in the Great Lakes is an ongoing problem. To help solve it, Michael Wagner and his team test methods of repelling lampreys. They carried out an experiment to investigate reports that sea lampreys detect the scen
> Why is it more difficult to determine the sex of a newly hatched canary than a newborn puppy?
> If a plant’s stomata are made to stay open at all times, or closed at all times, it will die. Why?
> True or false? All hormones secreted by arthropods such as crabs and insects are also secreted by vertebrates.
> Biome distribution depends on __________. a. climate b. elevation c. soils d. all of the above
> An ______ species has population levels so low it is at great risk of extinction in the near future. a. endemic b. endangered c. indicator d. exotic
> The _______ has endocrine and exocrine functions. a. hypothalamus b. parathyroid gland c. pineal gland d. pancreas
> Releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus cause secretion of hormones by the ______ pituitary lobe. a. anterior b. posterior
> 1. A ______ is synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane. a. steroid hormone b. protein hormone c. peptide hormone d. hormone receptor 2. In adults, too much ______ can cause acromegaly. a. melatonin b. cortisol c. insulin
> A diabetic who injects too much insulin can lose consciousness. Explain why injecting excess insulin could impair brain function. Glucagon reverses this effect. Explain how.
> Women who have been blind since birth almost never have breast cancer. A high level of one specific hormone is though to contribute to their low cancer rate. Which hormone is it and why are levels of this hormone unusually high in the blind?
> When you dig up a plant to move it from one spot to another, the plant is more likely to survive if some of the soil around the roots is transferred to the new location along with the plant. Make a hypothesis that explains this observation, and then desi
> Decomposing organic matter in soil is called ______. a. clay b. humus c. topsoil d. silt e. sand f. leaching
> Which organelle in brown adipose tissue gives this tissue its heightened capacity to produce heat? a. mitochondria b. endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi bodies d. ribosomes
> Pesticide Residues in Urine To carry the USDA’s organic label (right), food must be produced without synthetic pesticides that farmers often use on conventionally grown fruits, vegetables, and many grains. Chensheng Lu of Em
