Singer v. Reali United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, 883 F.3d 425 (2018). Background and Facts, TranS1, Inc., a medical device company, sold the “System,” a spinal surgical procedure. TranS1’s financial success hinged on whether health insurers and government health-care programs would reimburse the claims of surgeons who used the System. When the American Medical Association designated the System to be “experimental,” surgeons could no longer count on being reimbursed for its use. TranS1 then coached surgeons to file fraudulent claims that would allow for full reimbursement. The company’s officers publicly stated that they were “assisting surgeons in obtaining appropriate reimbursement” but did not reveal the fraudulent scheme. When TranS1 disclosed that the government was investigating the firm, the value of its stock dropped. Phillip Singer and other shareholders filed a suit in a federal district court against Kenneth Reali and other officers, alleging a violation of Section 10(b). The court dismissed the complaint. The plaintiffs appealed. In the Language of the Court king, Circuit Judge: The material misrepresentation element of a Section 10(b) claim requires an allegation that the defendant acted deceptively, i.e., that the defendant engaged in deceptive acts such as misstatements and omissions by those with a duty to disclose. Furthermore, the deceptive act must concern a material fact. [Emphasis added.] The Complaint is sufficient to establish that, by choosing to speak about its reimbursement practices, the Company possessed a duty to disclose its alleged illegal conduct. The Company violated that duty and acted deceptively by way of false statements and statements that were misleading because they omitted the fraudulent reimbursement scheme. Furthermore, the facts of that scheme were material, in that a reasonable investor would have considered the scheme important in deciding whether to buy or sell TranS1 stock. To allege the scienter element, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant acted with a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud. By alleging that the fraudulent reimbursement scheme was known to the Officers, clearly illegal, and fundamental to TranS1’s financial success, the Complaint gives rise to a strong inference that TranS1 and the Officers intended to deceive the market, or at the very least acted recklessly, when they made false and misleading statements about the Company’s reimbursement practices that omitted the fraudulent reimbursement scheme. The causation element requires the pleading of a sufficiently direct relationship between the plaintiff’s economic loss and the defendant’s fraudulent conduct, which may be accomplished by alleging facts establishing that the defendant’s misrepresentation or omission was one substantial cause of the investment’s decline in value. [After the government began its investigation, TransS1] revealed enough facts for the market to finally recognize what the Officers’ previous statements had materially omitted: the existence of the Company’s fraudulent reimbursement scheme. According to the Complaint, the revelations caused the value of TranS1’s stock to plummet more than 40 percent. Such an allegation is wholly adequate to demonstrate that the exposure of the Company’s fraud was at least one substantial cause of the investment’s decline in value. Decision and Remedy; The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated the judgment of the district court and remanded the case. “The Complaint sufficiently pleads the material misrepresentation, scienter, and loss causation elements of the Section 10(b) claim.” Critical Thinking • Legal Environment; In documents available to the public, TranS1 included general warnings about “the risks of regulatory scrutiny and litigation.” Did this satisfy the company’s duty to disclose its allegedly fraudulent scheme? Why or why not? • Economic; If the plaintiffs can prove the elements of their claim, what should be the measure of their damages? Explain.
> Sonja owns a bakery in San Francisco. 1. Secured Transactions. Sonja wants to borrow $40,000 from Credit National Bank to buy coffee-brewing equipment. If Credit National accepts Sonja’s equipment as collateral for the loan, how does it let other potenti
> My Pie, LLC, operates a casual restaurant that features pizzas baked in a wood-fired oven, cookie-and-ice-cream desserts, and craft brews. 1. Negotiable Instruments. Every four weeks, Fresh Food Distribution Network sells My Pie the food and beverages th
> Green Dollar, LLC, owns and operates retail stores that feature bargain-priced goods for budget minded consumers. 1. The Formation of Sales and Lease Contracts. Green Dollar decides to install solar panels on the roof of one of its stores as part of a ne
> Simmons v. Smith United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, 888 F.3d 994 (2018). Background and Facts, The Niobrara River runs through northern Nebraska before flowing into the Missouri River along the border between Nebraska and South Dakota. Pursu
> Alberto Corelli offers to pay $2,500 to purchase a painting titled Moonrise from Tara Shelley, an artist whose works have been causing a stir in the art world. Shelley accepts Corelli’s offer. Assuming that the contract has met all of the requirements fo
> Nondisclosure agreements (NDAs), or confidentiality agreements, are contracts that require one or more parties to keep quiet about a stated piece of information, whether it is a company’s trade secrets or a politician’s extramarital affairs. NDAs are qui
> CompTac, Inc., which is headquartered in San Francisco, California, is one of the leading software manufacturers in the United States. The company invests millions of dollars to research and develop new software applications and computer games, which are
> Joan owns and operates an antique furniture store in Eugene, Oregon. Initially, Joan’s customers were from Eugene and nearby towns in Oregon. Today, through her website, she also sells furniture to buyers around the country. 1. Jurisdiction. Joan contrac
> Methamphetamine (meth) is an addictive drug made chiefly in small toxic labs (STLs) in homes, tents, barns, and hotel rooms. The manufacturing process is dangerous, often resulting in explosions, burns, and toxic fumes. Government entities spend time and
> Bret D’Auguste was an experienced skier when he rented equipment to ski at Hunter Mountain Ski Bowl in New York. When D’Auguste entered an extremely difficult trail, he noticed immediately that the surface consisted of ice with almost no snow. He tried t
> Adverse Possession, The Wallen family owned a cabin on Lummi Island in the state of Washington. A driveway ran from the cabin across their property to South Nugent Road. Floyd Massey bought the adjacent lot and built a cabin on it in 1980. To gain access
> On learning that Sébastien planned to travel abroad, Roslyn asked him to deliver $25,000 in cash to her family in Mexico. During a customs inspection at the border, Sébastien told the customs inspector that he carried less than $10,000. The officer disco
> Kathleen Dodge was a flight attendant for United Continental Holdings, Inc. (UCH). After being assigned to work in Paris, France, she became pregnant. Because UCH does not allow its flight attendants to fly during their third trimester of pregnancy, Dodg
> Milena Weintraub and Larry Griffith were shareholders in Grand Casino, Inc., which operated a casino in South Dakota. Griffith owned 51 percent of the stock and Weintraub 49 percent. Weintraub managed the casino, which Griffith typically visited once a w
> Harun v. Rashid Court of Appeals of Texas, Dallas, 2018 WL 329292 (2018). Background and Facts Mohammed Harun was interested in opening a new restaurant, SpiceN-Rice, in Irving, Texas, but lacked the financial resources to do so. He asked Sharif Rashid i
> Liability of Partners. At least six months before the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, Stafford Fontenot and four others agreed to sell Cajun food at the games and began making preparations. On May 19, the group (calling themselves “Prairie Caju
> Immigration. Nicole Tipton and Sadik Seferi owned and operated a restaurant in Iowa. Acting on a tip from the local police, agents of Immigration and Customs Enforcement executed search warrants at the restaurant and at an apartment where some restaurant
> Dean Brothers Corp. owns and operates a steel drum manufacturing plant. Lowell Wyden, the plant superintendent, hired Best Security Patrol, Inc. (BSP), a security company, to guard Dean property and “deter thieves and vandals.” Some BSP security guards,
> John Warren wanted to buy a condominium in California. Hildegard Merrill was the agent for the seller. Because Warren’s credit rating was poor, Merrill told him he needed a co-borrower to obtain a mortgage at a reasonable rate. Merrill said that her daug
> Peter Gowin was an employee of a granite countertop business owned by Joann Stathis. In November 2026, Gowin signed a promissory note agreeing to pay $12,500 to become a co-owner of the business. The note was dated January 15, 2026—ten months before it w
> Milan purchased saffron extract, marketed as “America’s Hottest New Way to a Flat Belly,” online from Dr. Chen. The website stated that recently published studies showed a significant weight loss (more than 25 percent) for people who used pure saffron ex
> Kodiak agrees to sell one thousand espresso machines to Lin to be delivered on May 1. Due to a strike during the last week of April, there is a temporary shortage of delivery vehicles. Kodiak can deliver the espresso makers two hundred at a time over a p
> Techplate Corporation learns that a federal administrative agency is considering a rule that will have a negative impact on the firm’s ability to do business. Does the firm have any opportunity to express its opinion about the pending rule? Explain.
> Brian owes Jeff $1,000. Ed tells Brian to give him the $1,000 and he will pay Jeff. Brian gives Ed the $1,000. Ed never pays Jeff. Can Jeff successfully sue Ed for the $1,000? Why or why not?
> Elle, an accountant, certifies several audit reports for Flite Corporation, her client, knowing that Flite intends to use the reports to obtain loans from Good Credit Company (GCC). Elle believes that the reports are true and does not intend to deceive G
> Caterpillar, Inc. v. Sudlow Court of Appeals of Indiana, 52 N.E.3d 19 (2016). Background and Facts The firearms policy at a Caterpillar, Inc., facility in Indiana allowed employees who were legally permitted to possess firearms to store the weapons in th
> Creating Liability Waivers That Are Not Unconscionable Blanket liability waivers that absolve a business from virtually every event, even those caused by the business’s own negligence, are usually unenforceable because they are unconscionable. Exculpator
> Commercial Use of Drones The commercial use of drones—small, pilotless aerial vehicles—has been relatively slow to develop in the United States. Possible commercial uses of drones are numerous—railroad track inspection, oil and gas pipeline review, medic
> Can a River Be a Legal Person? Years ago, a famous law journal article entitled, “Should Trees Have Standing?” addressed the issue of who has the legal right to bring a lawsuit when nature is involved. That issue remains with us today. To have standing,
> Does Cloud Computing Have a Nationality? Most people use “the cloud” for the storage of their digital data—photos, e-mails, music, documents, and just about anything else. Not surprisingly, major global digital players like Apple, Amazon, Google, and Mic
> Should an Innocent General Partner Be Jointly Liable for Fraud? When general partners in a limited partnership jointly engage in fraud, there usually is no question that they are jointly liable. But if one general partner engages in fraud and the other i
> Is It Ethical (and Legal) to Brew “Imported” Beer Brands Domestically? Imported beer represents over a quarter of total beer purchases in the United States. While imported beer generally costs more than domestic beer, those who purchase and consume it be
> Does Everyone Have a Constitutional Right to Use Social Media? Social media have become the predominant means by which many Americans communicate, obtain news updates, and discover what is “trending.” At least one state, though, legislated a ban on the u
> The European Union Issues Record Fines Against Google in Antitrust Case. “Just google it.” Google’s search engine is so dominant that the company name has become a verb synonymous with conducting an Internet search. According to the European Commissioner
> Investment Crowdfunding—Regulations and Restrictions Small entrepreneurs today can gain access to public funds through crowdfunding without filing a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Generally, crowdfunding refers
> Secured Transactions—Escrow Services Online When you buy something online, you typically must use your credit card, make an electronic fund transfer, or send a check before the goods you buy are sent to you. If you are buying an expensive item, such as a
> Riedel v. Akron General Health System Court of Appeals of Ohio, Eighth District, 2018 -Ohio- 840, 97 N.E.3d 508 (2018). Background and Facts Akron General Health System owns and operates health-care centers, including Lodi Community Hospital, in Ohio. Aa
> Electronic Payment Systems Are Reducing the Use of Checks Many people no longer use checks. Businesses, in contrast, use checks regularly. Indeed, businesses are still using checks for more than half of their transactions. Issuing checks is costly, thoug
> Taxing Web Purchases In 1992, the United States Supreme Court ruled that an individual state cannot compel an out-of-state business that lacks a substantial physical presence within that state to collect and remit state taxes. a Congress has the power to
> Using Twitter to Cause Seizures—A Crime? Vanity Fair contributing editor and Newsweek senior writer Kurt Eichenwald has epilepsy, and he writes about his battle with the disease on occasion. For many suffering from this illness, strobe lights can spark s
> Riot Games, Inc., Protects Its Online Video Game Copyrights The acronym LoL generally means “laugh out loud.” But when it comes to the popular online video game League of Legends owned by Riot Games, Inc., LoL means something much different. More than 10
> Revenge Porn and Invasion of Privacy Nearly every digital device today takes photos and videos at virtually no cost. Software allows the recording of conversations via Skype. Many couples immortalize their “private moments” using such digital devices. On
> DWB, LLC v. D&T Pure Trust Court of Appeals of Arkansas, 2018 Ark. App. 283, 550 S.W.3d 420 (2018). Background and Facts; DWB, LLC, and Danny Brown operated Mayflower RV, a business in Arkansas. Doug Boydston and D&T Pure Trust leased the land to DWB and
> Bailey v. Kentucky Lottery Corp. Kentucky Court of Appeals 542 S.W.3d 305 (2018). Background and Facts; Kentucky Lottery Corporation (the Lottery) operates the state’s lottery. In one of the Lottery’s contests, a scratch-off ticket that revealed a “Final
> Klipsch Group, Inc. v. ePRO E-Commerce Limited United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 880 F.3d 620 (2018) Background and Facts: Klipsch Group, Inc., makes sound equipment, including headphones. Klipsch filed a suit in a federal district court ag
> In the Language of the Court; Driving that train, high on cocaine, Casey Jones you better watch your speed. Trouble ahead, trouble behind, and you know that notion just crossed my mind. The Grateful Dead, Casey Jones, on Workingman’s Dead (Warner Bros. R
> Santangelo v. Comcast Corp. United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, 162 F.Supp.3d 691 (2016) In the Language of the Court John Z. LEE, United States District Judge I. Factual and Procedural Background [Keith Santang
> In re Bass Supreme Court of North Carolina, 366 N.C. 464, 738 S.E.2d 173 (2013) Background and Facts; Tonya Bass signed a note with Mortgage Lenders Network USA, Inc., to borrow $139,988, repayable with interest in monthly instalments of $810.75, to buy
> Olivares v. Transportation Security Administration United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, 819 F.3d 454 (2016). I. BACKGROUND In the aftermath of the tragic terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Congress created the Transportatio
> Hammoud v. Advent Home Medical, Inc. Court of Appeals of Michigan, 2018 WL 1072988 (2018). Background and Facts, Advent Home Medical, Inc., is a family-owned close corporation. Carlia Cichon is Advent’s president. Her daughter, Amanda Hammoud, owned 400
> Greenfield v. Mandalay Shores Community Association California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 6, 21 Cal.App.5th 896, 230 Cal.Rptr.3d 827 (2018). Background and Facts, Mandalay Shores is a beach community in California’s Oxnard Coastal Zone wh
> Reese v. Newman District of Columbia Court of Appeals, 131 A.3d 880 (2016). In the Language of the Court KING, Senior Judge: * * * Allison Reese and * * * Nicole Newman were co-owners of ANR Construction Management, LLC * * *. Following disputes over man
> Shamburger v. Shamburger Court of Appeals of Arkansas, Division I, 2016 Ark.App. 57, 481 S.W.3d 448 (2016). In the Language of the Court Cliff HOOFMAN, Judge There are five LLPs [limited liability partnerships] at issue in this case: (1) CMH Management,
> Franchina v. City of Providence United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit, 881 F.3d 32 (2018). Background and Facts; Lori Franchina, a rescue lieutenant with the Providence Fire Department in Rhode Island, was assigned to work a shift with fellow fir
> Contemporary Cars, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 814 F.3d 859 (2016) In the Language of the Court HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Contemporary Cars, Inc., sells and services cars in Maitland, Florida. Bo
> M.J. v. Wisan Utah Supreme Court, 2016 UT 13, 371 P.3d 21 (2016). In the Language of the Court Associate Chief Justice LEE: [Members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (“FLDS Church”) in Utah formed the United Effort Plan T
> In re Chamberlain United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, 721 Fed.Appx. 826 (2018). Background and Facts; When Stephen and Judith Chamberlain were divorced, their marital settlement agreement included a “College Education” provision. Stephen promi
> Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran Supreme Court of the United States, __ U.S. __, 138 S.Ct. 816, __ L.Ed.2d __ (2018). Background and Facts; Hamas, a terrorist organization sponsored by the Islamic Republic of Iran, carried out three suicide bombings in
> SunTrust Bank v. Monroe Court of Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth, 2018 WL 651198 (2018). Background and Facts; Liberty Redevelopment Group, LLC, financed the purchase of an Aston Martin sports car for $233,305.46 with a loan from the dealer, Aston Martin of
> Jarrell v. Conerly* Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Fourth Circuit, 240 So.3d 266 (2018). Background and Facts; Jessie Conerly and Ramon Jarrell signed a letter of intent to enter into a business venture and form a limited liability company, K&M, LLC. They
> Cipriano Square Plaza Corp. v. Munawar Maryland Court of Special Appeals, 2018 WL 1040020 (2018). Background and Facts; Haseeb and Razia Munawar entered into a lease to rent space in a shopping center in Greenbelt, Maryland, owned by Cipriano Square Plaz
> Dearborn West Village Condominium Association v. Makki Court of Appeals of Michigan, 2019 WL 97152 (2019). Background and Facts; Dearborn West Village Condominium Association manages the Dearborn West Village Condominium complex in Dearborn, Michigan. Th
> Banc of California, N.A. v. Madhok Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, __ N.J.Super. __ , 2019 WL 149660 (2019). Background and Facts Ritu Madhok borrowed $213,069 from Banc of California, N.A., to buy a house in Iselin, New Jersey. She exe
> Horton v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Court of Appeals of Texas, Dallas, 2018 WL 494776 (2018). Background and Facts Robbie Horton, a paralegal for the law firm of Stovall & Associates, P.C., opened an individual checking account with JPMorgan Chase Bank (
> Mills v. Chauvin Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, 103 A.D.3d 1041, 962 N.Y.S.2d 412 (2013). Background and Facts Gregory Mills and Robert Chauvin were friends and attorneys who maintained a professional and business relati
> Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd. v. United States International Trade Commission United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit, 879 F.3d 1377 (2018). Background and Facts; Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Company, a Chinese firm, makes crystalline si
> Louisiana Department of Revenue v. Apeck Construction, Inc. Louisiana Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, 238 So.3d 1045 (2018) Background and Facts; Apeck Construction, Inc. (AC), delivered and installed building and construction materials on a federal gove
> Mirandette v. Nelnet, Inc. United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, 720 Fed.Appx. 288 (2018). Background and Facts; To pay for his daughter’s education, Kurt Mirandette borrowed funds. As a condition of the loan, Mirandette signed a “Master Promiss
> All the Way Towing, LLC v. Bucks County International, Inc. Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, 452 N.J. Super. 565, 178 A.3d 97 (2018). Background and Facts; After extensive discussions, Bucks County International, Inc., contracted with Al
> Moore v. Bearkat Energy Partners, LLC Court of Appeals of Texas, Waco, 2018 WL 683754 (2018). Background and Facts; Jason Lane hired Bearkat Energy Partners, LLC, to buy mineral leases in Leon County, Texas. Lane intended to package the leases to sell to
> Cronkelton v. Guaranteed Construction Services, LLC Court of Appeals of Ohio, Third District, 2013 -Ohio- 328, 988 N.E.2d 656 (2013). The case before this Court stems from a real estate transaction for a foreclosed car wash in Bellefontaine, Ohio. [A cou
> Kennedy v. Shave Barber Co. Court of Appeals of Georgia, 348 Guap. 298, 822 S.E.2d 606 (2018). Background and Facts; Patricia Kennedy worked as a master barber for The Shave, a barbershop in the Virginia-Highland neighbourhood of Atlanta, Georgia. Under
> Cincinnati Reds, LLC v. Testa Supreme Court of Ohio, 2018 -Ohio- 4669, __ N.E.3d __ (2018). Background and Facts; Faced with rising ticket prices and increasing entertainment options, Major League Baseball organizations have experienced challenges in get
> Headspace International, LLC v. Podworks Corp. Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 1, 5 Wash.App.2d 883, 428 P.3d 1260 (2018). Background and Facts; Headspace International, LLC, creates and develops highly refined essential plant oils, including ca
> Testator Marion E. Peterson died in 2008. She was survived by her two siblings, Arvin Peterson and Carolyn Peterson Basner. After testator’s death, Vasta Lucas, testator’s long-time companion and executor of testator’s estate, filed a petition to probate
> Background and Facts, Ida Cannon was injured in an auto accident while operating a vehicle owned by Ivy Harp. Cannon was hospitalized for nine days. Because she did not own a vehicle and was not covered under any other policy, she submitted a claim for b
> Background and Facts, Michael Preston found a diamond ring on the floor of a Walmart store in Tumwater, Washington. He kept the ring and later pawned it. The ring belonged to Nicole Amacker who had removed it to assist a fellow shopper and then had forgo
> Laccetti v. Securities and Exchange Commission United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, 885 F.3d 724 (2018). Background and Facts; The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board investigated an audit by the Ernst & Young accounting fi
> Candelore v. Tinder, Inc. California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 3, 19 Cal.App.5th 1138, 228 Cal.Rptr.3d 336 (2018). Background and Facts; Tinder, Inc., owns and operates the dating app, Tinder. The free version of the app presents users w
> Toll Processing Services, LLC v. Kastalon, Inc. United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 880 F.3d 820 (2018). Background and Facts; Toll Processing Services, LLC, a subsidiary of International Steel Services, Inc., was formed to own and operate a
> Haywood v. Massage Envy Franchising, LLC United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 887 F.3d 329 (2018). Background and Facts Massage Envy, LLC, is a franchisor based in Arizona that grants licenses to independently owned and operated entities for
> Heavenly Hana, LLC v. Hotel Union & Hotel Industry of Hawaii Pension Plan United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 891 F.3d 839 (2018). Background and Facts, The Hotel Union & Hotel Industry of Hawaii Pension Plan is a multiemployer plan that repre
> Schaefer v. Orth Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, 2018 WI App 35, 382 Wis.2d 271, 915 N.W.2d 730 (2018). Background and Facts Jason Schaefer and Randy Orth created Grilled Cheese, LLC, to own and operate a “Tom and Chee” franchise, a casual restaurant spec
> When Penny Shambo began receiving Medicaid benefits, she and her husband William owned and lived in a house with an appraised value of $125,000 and a mortgage of less than $50,000 in Saratoga County, New York. After William died, their daughter, Melissa
> When Larry Neal died, Gary, his brother and the executor of his estate, applied to a Texas state court to probate Larry’s will. The will provided, “I do give and bequeath to my niece, Valorie Jean (Neal) White, all my personal effects and all my tangible
> Two organizations, Class A Investors Post Oak, LP, and Cosmopolitan Condominium VP, LP, owned adjacent pieces of property in Houston, Texas. Each owner-organization planned to build a high-rise tower on its lot. The organizations signed an agreement that
> Craig and Sue Shaffer divided their real property into two lots. They enclosed one lot with a fence and sold it to the Murdocks. The other lot was sold to the Cromwells. All of the parties orally agreed that the fence marked the property line. Over the n
> Mansoor Akhtar lived rent-free in the basement of Anila Dairkee’s duplex in Minneapolis, Minnesota, for more than a year. When Dairkee asked Akhtar to move out, he refused. She changed the locks and advised him to remove his property from the duplex. But
> Anastasio Guerra agreed to loan his pickup truck to Gina Mandujano so that she could go grocery shopping in exchange for her making him lunch. When Mandujano drove out of the store’s parking lot, the truck’s power steering failed. Her wrist was caught in
> Brandy Sutton was the sole owner of the law firm Pendleton & Sutton in Lawrence, Kansas. Sutton offered a retirement plan as a benefit to the members of her staff. Each employee could contribute up to 3 percent of his or her salary. Sutton withheld the c
> Solomons One, LLC, was formed to develop waterfront property in Maryland. Vernon Donnelly was a member of the LLC and served as the company’s counsel. The state denied Solomons’s request for a permit to build a pier. Donnelly appealed the denial. Meanwhi
> Bennett, Inc., offered a substantial number of new common shares to the public. Harvey Helms had a long-standing interest in Bennett because his grandfather had once been president of the company. On receiving a prospectus prepared and distributed by Ben
> Apple, Inc., controls which apps can run on its iPhone software. Apple’s App Store is a website where iPhone users can find, buy, and download the apps. Apple prohibits third-party developers from selling iPhone apps through channels other than the App S
> S&P Brake Supply, Inc. v. Daimler Trucks North America, LLC Montana Supreme Court, 2018 MT 25, 390 Mont. 243, 411 P.3d 1264 (2018). Background and Facts S&P Brake Supply, Inc., was the sole authorized dealer for Western Star Trucks in Yellowstone County,
> PRC-Desoto International, Inc., makes and distributes more than 90 percent of the aerospace sealant used in military and commercial aircraft. Packaging Systems, Inc., buys the sealant in wholesale quantities, repackages it into special injection kits, an
> Sevenson Environmental Services was hired to clean up a Superfund site in Manville, New Jersey, where the soil was contaminated with creosote. (Creosote is a flammable, oily mixture of chemical compounds often used for preserving wood or as a pesticide.)
> Olivia Chernaik and other Oregon residents filed a suit in an Oregon state court against Governor Kate Brown and other state officials. According to the plaintiffs, the state holds “vital natural resources,” including water, air, land, and wildlife, in t
> In Richland, Washington, Robert Ingersoll planned his wedding to include about a hundred guests, a photographer, a caterer, a wedding cake, and flowers. Ingersoll had been a customer of Arlene’s Flowers and Gifts for more than nine years and had spent se
> Rainbow School, Inc., has run a child-care facility in Fayetteville, North Carolina, for more than twenty years. In addition to using the word “rainbow” in its name, the school uses rainbow imagery on its logo. Rainbow Early Education Holding, LLC, opera
> The Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) solicited bids to repaint the Commodore Barry Bridge, a mile-long structure spanning the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Alpha Painting & Construction Company, an experienced contractor that ha
