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Question: Suppose (1, 1) is a critical point

Suppose (1, 1) is a critical point of a function f with continuous second derivatives. In each case, what can you say about f?
Suppose (1, 1) is a critical point of a function f with continuous second derivatives. In each case, what can you say about f?


Suppose (1, 1) is a critical point of a function f with continuous second derivatives. In each case, what can you say about f?





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(a) fæ(1, 1) = 4, fay(1, 1) = 1, fy(1, 1) = 2 (b) fæ(1, 1) = 4, fry(1, 1) = 3, fy(1, 1) = 2


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> Because fraud prevention programs are so costly, despite being ethically superior, they almost always result in higher costs and thus lower net income than using only a strong system of fraud detection.

> Because complete fraud prevention is impossible because it requires changing actual human behavior, successful companies should forgo fraud prevention and instead focus on strong fraud detection programs

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> Criminal conviction is much more difficult to achieve than a civil judgment because there must be proof “beyond a reasonable doubt" that the perpetrator intentionally stole assets.

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> The three elements of the fraud triangle by which the investigative techniques are often classified are 1. the theft act, 2. concealment efforts, and 3. conversion methods.

> Fraud is difficult to detect because some fraud symptoms often cannot be differentiated from non-fraud factors that appear to be symptoms.

> Frauds typically start large and get smaller as the perpetrator tries to conceal his dishonest acts.

> The net worth method is rarely, if ever, helpful in actual fraud investigations.

> Expectations about punishment must be communicated randomly among work groups if fraud is to be prevented.

> Effective hiring policies that discriminate between marginal and highly ethical individuals contribute to an organization's success in preventing fraud.

> Creating an expectation of punishment causes firm morale to deteriorate and often results in lower productivity.

> Not all possible controls should be implemented; rather, one must assess a control's cost and benefits before implementation.

> The major role of employee assistance programs is to help employees recover from the damaging psychological effects of fraud.

> Tips and complaints are the most common way fraud is detected.

> Even with the right opportunity or significant pressure, most people would probably not steal or embezzle.

> Most investigators rely heavily on interviews to obtain the truth.

> Once predication is present, an investigation is usually undertaken to determine whether or not fraud is actually occurring.

> If a perpetrator is not caught, his confidence in the scheme will decrease, and he will become less and less greedy.

> Several publicly available databases provide information that can be helpful in investigations.

> Organizations that want to prevent fraud must make it easy for employees and others to report suspicious activities.

> Research has shown that it is employees and managers, not auditors, who detect most frauds.

> No matter how well an organization has developed a culture of honesty and high ethics, most organizations will still have some fraud.

> Developing a positive work environment is of little importance when creating a culture of honesty.

> Fraud prevention involves two fundamental activities: 1. a hotline for tips and 2. assessing the risk of fraud and developing concrete responses to mitigate the risks and eliminate opportunities for fraud.

> Fraud prevention includes taking steps to create and maintain a culture of honesty and high ethics.

> Investigating fraud is the most cost-effective way to reduce losses from fraud.

> Legal action taken by an organization can affect the probability of whether fraud will recur.

> Physical evidence includes evidence gathered from paper, computers, and other written documents.

> Once fraud has been committed, there are no winners.

> Private credit records are maintained on both individuals and organizations by various credit-reporting companies.

> Many organizations merely dismiss dishonest employees because of the expense and time involved in prosecuting them.

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> Companies that commit financial statement fraud are often experiencing net losses or have profits that are significantly lower than expectations.

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> Occupational fraud is fraud committed on behalf of an organization.

> Unintentional errors in financial statements are a form of fraud.

> Fraud perpetrators are often those who are least suspected and most trusted.

> The single most critical element for a fraud to be successful is opportunity.

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