Question: The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer,
The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.†A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?
![The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.” A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?](../images/the-accounting-firm-of-barnes-and-fischer-llp-is-a-273852-1.jpg)
![The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.” A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?](../images/the-accounting-firm-of-barnes-and-fischer-llp-is-a-273852-2.jpg)
![The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.” A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?](../images/the-accounting-firm-of-barnes-and-fischer-llp-is-a-273852-3.jpg)
![The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.” A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?](../images/the-accounting-firm-of-barnes-and-fischer-llp-is-a-273852-4.jpg)
![The accounting firm of Barnes and Fischer, LLP, is a medium-sized, national CPA firm. The partnership, formed in 1954, now has over 4,000 professionals on the payroll. The firm mainly provides auditing and tax services, but it has recently had success building the information systems consulting side of the business for non-audit clients and for audit clients that are not publicly traded.
It is mid-January 2019, and you are a newly promoted audit manager in an office of Barnes and Fischer, located in the Pacific Northwest. You have been a senior auditor for the past three of your five years with Barnes and Fischer. Your first assignment as audit manager is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Ocean Manufacturing, is a medium-sized manufacturer of small home appliances. The partner recently met the company’s president at a local chamber of commerce meeting. The president indicated that, after some difficult negotiations, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The president explained that the main reason for the switch is to build a relationship with a more nationally established CPA firm because the company plans to make an initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock within the next few years. Ocean’s annual financial statements have been audited each of the past 12 years in order to comply with debt covenants and to receive favorable interest rates on the company’s existing line of credit. Because the company’s December 31 fiscal year-end has already passed, time is of the essence for the company to contract with a new auditor to get the audit under way.
The partner, Jane Hunter, is intrigued with the idea of having a client in the home appliance industry, especially one with the favorable market position and growth potential of Ocean Manufacturing. Although there are several manufacturers of small home appliances in the area, your office has never had a client in the industry. Most of your office’s current audit clients are in the healthcare services industry. Thus, the partner feels the engagement presents an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Fischer to enter a new market. On the other hand, knowing the risks involved, the partner wants to make sure the client acceptance decision is carefully considered.
The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. Ocean Manufacturing is a fictitious company. All characters and names represented are fictitious; any similarity to existing companies or persons is purely coincidental.
BACKGROUND
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. manufactures small- to medium-sized home appliances. The company’s products include items like toasters, blenders, and trash compactors. Although Ocean’s common stock and other securities are not publicly traded, the company is planning an IPO in the next few years in hopes that it will be able to trade Ocean’s common stock on the NASDAQ. You have been assigned to gather information in order to make a recommendation on whether your firm should accept Ocean Manufacturing as a client.
Ocean wants to hire your firm to issue an opinion on its December 31, 2018 financial statements and has expressed interest in obtaining help to get its recently installed information technology (IT) system in better shape. Ocean also wants your firm’s advice and guidance on getting everything in order for the upcoming IPO. During the initial meeting with Ocean’s management, the following information was obtained about the industry and the company.
The Home Appliances Industry
Over the past several years, the domestic home appliances industry has been growing at a steady pace. The industry consists of a wide variety of manufacturers (domestic and foreign) who sell to a large number of wholesale and retail outlets. Though responsive to technological improvements, product marketability is linked to growth in the housing market. Retail outlets are served by both wholesale and manufacturer representatives.
Ocean Manufacturing, Inc
Ocean’s unaudited December 31, 2018 financial statements report total assets of $76 million, sales revenues of $156 million, and net profit of $3.9 million. In the past, the company has not attempted to expand aggressively or develop new product lines. Rather, it has concentrated on maintaining a steady growth rate by providing reliable products within a moderate to low price range. However, Ocean hopes to use the capital from the upcoming IPO to aggressively expand from a regional to a national market. Ocean primarily sells its products in small quantities to individually owned appliance stores. Over the last few years the company has begun to supply larger quantities to three national retail chains. Two of these larger retailers started buying Ocean’s products about two years ago. In order to handle the increased sales, Ocean significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity.
Though shaken by recent management turnover and ongoing difficulties with the company’s new accounting system, management feels that Ocean is in a position to grow considerably. Management notes that earnings have increased substantially each year over the past three years and that Ocean’s products have received increasing acceptance in the small appliance marketplace. Three years ago, the company received a qualified audit opinion relating to revenues and receivables. Ocean has changed auditors three times in the past 12 years.
Management
In October 2018, the company experienced significant management turnover when both the vice- president of operations and the controller resigned to take jobs in other cities. The reason for their leaving was disclosed by management as being related to “personal issues.” A new vice-president, Jessica Wood, was hired in November, and the new controller joined early last month. Jessica is an MBA with almost 12 years of experience in the industry. Theodore Jones, the new controller, has little relevant experience and seems frustrated with the company’s new IT system. The company’s president, Andrew Cole, has a BBA and, as the founder, has worked at all levels of the business. Mr. Zachery, who is principally in charge of the company’s procurement and manufacturing functions, meets weekly with Mr. Cole, as does Frank Stevens, who has served as vice president over finance for the past eight years.
Accounting & Control Systems
The company switched to a new, integrated central accounting system in early 2018.This new system maintains integrated inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger software modules. The transition to the new system throughout last year was handled mainly by the former controller. Unfortunately, the transition to this new system was not well managed. The company is still working to modify it to better meet company needs, to retrain the accounting staff, and to adapt the company’s accounting controls to better complement the system.
Problems still exist in inventory tracking and cost accumulation, receivables billing and aging, payroll tax deductions, payables, and balance sheet account classifications. The company stopped parallel processing the old accounting system in April 2018. During several brief periods throughout 2018, conventional audit trails were not kept intact due to system failures and errors made by untrained personnel.
The company’s accounting staff and management are both frustrated with the situation because, among other problems, internal management budget reports, inventory status reports, and receivables billings are often late and inaccurate, and several shipping deadlines have been missed.
Your office has never audited a company with the specific IT system in place at Ocean. However, your local office’s IT team is fairly confident they will be able to diagnose Ocean’s control weaknesses and help Ocean overcome current difficulties.
Accounts Receivable, Cash, and Inventories
The sales/receivables system handles a volume ranging from 3,100 to 4,400 transactions per month, including sales and payments on account for about 1,300 active credit customers. The seven largest customers currently account for about 18% of accounts receivable, whereas the remainder of the accounts range from $2,000 to $36,000, with an average balance around $9,400.
Finished goods inventories are organized and well protected, but in-process inventories appear somewhat less organized. The company uses a complicated hybrid form of process-costing to accumulate inventory costs and to account for interdepartmental in-process inventory transfers for its four major product lines.
Predecessor Auditor
When you approached Frank Stevens, Ocean’s vice-president of finance, to request permission to speak with the previous auditor, he seemed hesitant to discuss much about the prior audit firm. He explained that, in his opinion, the previous auditor did not understand Ocean’s business environment very well and was not technically competent to help the company with its new IT system. He further indicated that the predecessor auditor and Ocean’s management had disagreed on minor accounting issues during the prior year’s audit. In Mr. Stevens’ opinion, the disagreement was primarily due to the auditor’s lack of understanding of Ocean’s business and industry environment. According to Mr. Stevens, the audit partner indicated that because of the accounting issues, he would be unable to issue a clean opinion on the financial statements. In order to receive an unqualified opinion, Ocean had to record certain adjustments to revenues and receivables. Mr. Stevens believed the adjustments were unnecessary but felt forced to make them to receive a clean audit opinion.
Mr. Stevens noted that Ocean’s management feels confident that your firm’s personnel possess better business judgment skills and have the knowledge and ability to understand and help improve Ocean’s IT system. Mr. Stevens also indicated that Ocean wants to switch auditors at this time to prepare for the upcoming IPO, noting that companies often switch to larger accounting firms with national reputations in preparation for going public.Your firm has been highly recommended to him by a friend who is an administrator of a hospital audited by Barnes and Fischer. After some discussion between Mr. Stevens and Mr. Cole, Ocean’s president, they granted you permission to contact the previous auditor.
During your visit with the previous auditor, he indicated that the problems his firm had with Ocean primarily related to
(1) the complexities and problems with Ocean’s new IT system and
(2) management’s tendency to aggressively adjust year-end accruals in order to meet creditors’ requirements. The auditor also disclosed that the dissolution of the relationship with Ocean was a mutual agreement between the two parties, and that his firm’s relationship with management had been somewhat difficult almost from the beginning. Apparently, the final straw that broke the relationship involved a disagreement over the fee for the upcoming audit.
Client Background Check
A background check on Ocean’s management revealed that five years ago Ocean’s vice president of finance was charged with a misdemeanor involving illegal gambling on local college football games. According to the news reports, charges were later dropped in return for Mr. Stevens’ agreeing to pay a fine of $500 and to perform 100 hours of community service. The background check revealed no other legal or ethical problems with any other Ocean executives.
Independence Review
As part of Barnes and Fischer’s quality control program, each employee of Barnes and Fischer is required to file with the firm an updated disclosure of their personal stock investments every three months. You ask a staff auditor to review the disclosures as part of the process of considering Ocean as a potential client. She reports to you that there appears to be no stock ownership issue except that a partner in Barnes and Fischer’s Salt Lake City office owns shares in a venture capital fund which in turn holds a private equity investment in Ocean common stock. The venture capital fund holds 50,000 shares of Ocean stock, currently valued at approximately $18 a share. The stock is not publicly traded, so this value is estimated. This investment represents just over a half of one percent of the value of the fund’s total holdings. The partner’s total investment in the mutual fund is currently valued at about $56,000. No other independence issues were noted.
Financial Statements
You acquired the past three years’ financial statements from Ocean, including the unaudited statements for the most recent year ended December 31, 2018.This financial information is provided on the pages that follow. The partner who will be in charge of the Ocean engagement, Jane Hunter, wants you to look them over to see what information you can draw from them, paying particular attention to items that might be helpful in determining whether or not to accept Ocean as a new audit client.
REQUIRED
[1] The client acceptance process can be quite complex. Identify five procedures an auditor should perform in determining whether to accept a client. Which of these five are required by auditing standards?
[2] What nonfinancial matters should be considered before accepting Ocean as a client? How important are these issues to the client acceptance decision? Why?
[3] Using Ocean’s financial information, below, calculate relevant preliminary analytical procedures to obtain a better understanding of the prospective client and to determine how Ocean is doing financially. Compare Ocean’s ratios to the industry ratios provided. Identify any major differences and briefly list any concerns that arise from this analysis in terms of how each might affect the client acceptance decision.
[4] [a] Ocean wants Barnes and Fischer to aid in developing and improving its IT system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having the same CPA firm provide both auditing and consulting services? Given current auditor independence rules, will Barnes and Fischer be able to help Ocean with its IT system and still provide a financial statement audit? Support your conclusion with appropriate citations to authoritative standards if your instructor indicates that you should do so.
[b] As indicated in the case, one of the partners in another office has invested in a venture capital fund that owns shares of Ocean common stock. Would this situation constitute a violation of independence according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? Why or why not?
[5] [a] Prepare a memo to the partner making a recommendation as to whether Barnes and Fischer should or should not accept Ocean Manufacturing, Inc. as an audit client. Carefully justify your position in light of the information in the case. Include consideration of reasons both for and against acceptance and be sure to address both financial and nonfinancial issues to justify your recommendation.
[b] Prepare a separate memo to the partner briefly listing and discussing the five or six most important factors or risk areas that will likely affect how the audit is conducted if the Ocean engagement is accepted. Be sure to indicate specific ways in which the audit firm should tailor its approach based on the factors you identify.
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT QUESTIONS
It is recommended that you read the Professional Judgment Introduction found at the beginning of this book prior to responding to the following questions.
[6] [a] How might the confirmation tendency affect the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[b] How might the overconfidence tendency come into play in the auditor's client acceptance decision?
[c] How might an auditor mitigate the possible effects of the confirmation and overconfidence tendencies in a client acceptance situation?](../images/the-accounting-firm-of-barnes-and-fischer-llp-is-a-273852-5.jpg)
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> What are the contingency theories of leadership?
> What are the causes and consequences of abuse of power?
> What power or influence tactics and their contingencies are identified most often?
> How is leadership different from power?
> The authors who suggested that membership in a team makes us smarter found that teams were more rational and quicker at finding solutions to difficult probability problems and reasoning tasks than were individuals. After participation in the study, team
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> What are the relevant points of intellectual and physical abilities to organizational behavior?
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> What type of group or team are cyclists working for a supervisor for Deliveroo? Justify your answer.
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> Is there ever a case in which illegitimate tasks should be tolerated or “rightfully” given? Explain your answer.
> When is work performed by individuals preferred over work performed by teams?
> What are the major job attitudes?
> How do you think employees should respond when given illegitimate tasks? How can an organization monitor the tasks it assigns to employees and ensure that the tasks are legitimate? Explain your answer.
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> How do you overcome the potential problems of cross-cultural communication?
> What do you think are the best workplace applications for emotion reading technology?
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> Does the decision to accept or refuse the frozen meat shipment call for ethical or legal considerations? Why?
> How would you have acted had you been in a similar situation?
> How can organizations create team players?
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> Does behavior always follow from attitudes?
> What should Sipho have done differently?
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> What are the major ways that jobs can be redesigned?
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> What conditions or context factors determine whether teams are effective?
