Question: The block of ice (temperature 0°C)

> During inhalation, the pressure in the lungs is slightly less than external pressure and the muscles controlling exhalation are relaxed. Under water, the body equalizes internal and external pressures. Discuss the condition of the muscles if a person und

> If you toss a textbook into the air, rotating it each time about one of the three axes perpendicular to it, you will find that it will not rotate smoothly about one of those axes. (Try placing a strong rubber band around the book before the toss so that

> Many people believe that a vacuum created inside a vacuum cleaner causes particles of dirt to be drawn in. Actually, the dirt is pushed in. Explain.

> A person stands a distance R from a door’s hinges and pushes with a force F directed perpendicular to its surface. By what factor does the applied torque change if the person’s position and force change to (a) 2R and 2F, (b) 2R and F, (c) R and F/2, (d)

> Figure CQ9.4 shows aerial views from directly above two dams. Both dams are equally long (the vertical dimension in the diagram) and equally deep (into the page in the diagram). The dam on the left holds back a very large lake, while the dam on the right

> (a) Is it possible to calculate the torque acting on a rigid object without specifying an origin? (b) Is the torque independent of the location of the origin?

> A water tank open to the atmosphere at the top has two small holes punched in its side, one above the other. The holes are 5.00 cm and 12.0 cm above the floor. How high does water stand in the tank if the two streams of water hit the floor at the same pl

> The fishing pole in Figure P8.3 makes an angle of 20.0° with the horizontal. What is the magnitude of the torque exerted by the fish about an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through the angler’s hand if the fish pu

> Oil having a density of 930 kg/m3 floats on water. A rectangular block of wood 4.00 cm high and with a density of 960 kg/m3 floats partly in the oil and partly in the water. The oil completely covers the block. How far below the interface between the two

> In about 1657, Otto von Guericke, inventor of the air pump, evacuated a sphere made of two brass hemispheres (Fig. P9.89). Two teams of eight horses each could pull the hemispheres apart only on some trials and then “with greatest diffi

> A u-tube open at both ends is partially filled with water (Fig. P9.88a). Oil (p = 750 kg/m3) is then poured into the right arm and forms a column L = 5.00 cm high (Fig. P9.88b). (a) Determine the difference h in the heights of the two liquid surfaces. (b

> A light spring of constant k = 90.0 N/m is attached vertically to a table (Fig. P9.87a). A 2.00-g balloon is filled with helium (density = 0.179 kg/m3) to a volume of 5.00 m3 and is then connected to the spring, causing the spring to stretch as shown in

> A helium-filled balloon, whose envelope has a mass of 0.25 kg, is tied to a 2.0-m-long, 0.050-kg string. The balloon is spherical with a radius of 0.40 m. When released, it lifts a length h of the string and then remains in equilibrium, as in Figure P9.8

> Figure P9.85 shows a water tank with a valve. If the valve is opened, what is the maximum height attained by the stream of water coming out of the right side of the tank? Assume h = 10.0 m, L = 2.00 m, and θ = 30.0°, and that the

> A hydrometer is an instrument used to determine liquid density. A simple one is sketched in Figure P9.84. The bulb of a syringe is squeezed and released to lift a sample of the liquid of interest into a tube containing a calibrated rod of known density.

> The human brain and spinal cord are immersed in the cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid is normally continuous between the cranial and spinal cavities and exerts a pressure of 100 to 200 mm of H2O above the prevailing atmospheric pressure. In medical work, pr

> Superman attempts to drink water through a very long vertical straw as in Figure P9.82. With his great strength, he achieves maximum possible suction. The walls of the straw don’t collapse. (a) Find the maximum height through which he c

> The approximate diameter of the aorta is 0.50 cm; that of a capillary is 10. mm. The approximate average blood flow speed is 1.0 m/s in the aorta and 1.0 cm/s in the capillaries. If all the blood in the aorta eventually flows through the capillaries, est

> A worker applies a torque to a nut with a wrench 0.500 m long. Because of the cramped space, she must exert a force upward at an angle of 60.0° with respect to a line from the nut through the end of the wrench. If the force she exerts has magnitude 80.0

> Take the density of blood to be p and the distance between the feet and the heart to be hH. Ignore the flow of blood. (a) Show that the difference in blood pressure between the feet and the heart is given by PF - PH = pghH. (b) Take the density of blood

> In most species of clingfish (family Gobiesocidae), pelvic and pectoral fins converge to form a suction cup edged by hairy structures that allow a good seal even on rough surfaces. Experiments have shown that a clingfish’s suction cup can support up to 2

> Suppose two worlds, each having mass M and radius R, coalesce into a single world. Due to gravitational contraction, the combined world has a radius of only ¾ R. What is the average density of the combined world as a multiple of p0, the average density o

> An iron block of volume 0.20 m3 is suspended from a spring scale and immersed in a flask of water. Then the iron block is removed, and an aluminum block of the same volume replaces it. (a) In which case is the buoyant force the greatest, for the iron blo

> The total cross-sectional area of the load-bearing calcified portion of the two forearm bones (radius and ulna) is approximately 2.4 cm2. During a car crash, the forearm is slammed against the dashboard. The arm comes to rest from an initial speed of 80

> Determine the elongation of the rod in Figure P9.75 if it is under a tension of 5.8 x 103 N. Figure P9.75:

> The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench, about 11 km deep. The pressure at the ocean floor is huge, about 1.13 x 108 N/m2. (a) Calculate the change in volume of 1.00 m3 of water carried from the surface to the bottom of the Pacific. (b) T

> A high-speed lifting mechanism supports an 800. -kg object with a steel cable that is 25.0 m long and 4.00 cm2 in cross-sectional area. (a) Determine the elongation of the cable. (b) By what additional amount does the cable increase in length if the obje

> A stainless-steel orthodontic wire is applied to a tooth, as in Figure P9.72. The wire has an unstretched length of 3.1 cm and a radius of 0.11 mm. If the wire is stretched 0.10 mm, find the magnitude and direction of the force on the tooth. Disregard th

> Bone has a Young’s modulus of 18 x 109 Pa. Under compression, it can withstand a stress of about 160 x 106 Pa before breaking. Assume that a femur (thigh bone) is 0.50 m long, and calculate the amount of compression this bone can withstand before breakin

> A man opens a 1.00-m wide door by pushing on it with a force of 50.0 N directed perpendicular to its surface. What magnitude of torque does he apply about an axis through the hinges if the force is applied (a) At the center of the door? (b) At the edge f

> Two spheres, one hollow and one solid, are rotating with the same angular speed around an axis through their centers. Both spheres have the same mass and radius. Which sphere, if either, has the higher rotational kinetic energy? (a) The hollow sphere. (b

> Assume that if the shear stress in steel exceeds about 4.00 x 108 N/m2, the steel ruptures. Determine the shearing force necessary to (a) Shear a steel bolt 1.00 cm in diameter and (b) Punch a 1.00-cm-diameter hole in a steel plate 0.500 cm thick.

> For safety in climbing, a mountaineer uses a nylon rope that is 50. m long and 1.0 cm in diameter. When supporting a 90. -kg climber, the rope elongates 1.6 m. Find its Young’s modulus.

> Artificial diamonds can be made using high-pressure, high-temperature presses. Suppose an artificial diamond of volume 1.00 x 10-6 m3 is formed under a pressure of 5.00 GPa. Find the change in its volume when it is released from the press and brought to

> A plank 2.00 cm thick and 15.0 cm wide is firmly attached to the railing of a ship by clamps so that the rest of the board extends 2.00 m horizontally over the sea below. A man of mass 80.0 kg is forced to stand on the very end. If the end of the board d

> A 25.0-m long steel cable with a cross-sectional area of 2.03 x 10-3 m2 is used to suspend a 3.50 x 103 -kg container. By how much will the cable stretch once bearing the load?

> A 200.- kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200 x 10–4 m2, and Young’s modulus 8.00 x 1010 N/m2. What is its increase in length?

> Small spheres of diameter 1.00 mm fall through 20°C water with a terminal speed of 1.10 cm/s. Calculate the density of the spheres.

> The viscous force on an oil drop is measured to be equal to 3.0 x 10-13 N when the drop is falling through air with a speed of 4.5 x 10-4 m/s. If the radius of the drop is 2.5 x 10-6 m, what is the viscosity of air?

> Glycerin in water diffuses along a horizontal column that has a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm2. The concentration gradient is 3.0 x 10-2 kg/m4, and the diffusion rate is found to be 5.7 x 10-15 kg/s. Determine the diffusion coefficient.

> Sucrose is allowed to diffuse along a 10.- cm length of tubing filled with water. The tube is 6.0 cm2 in cross-sectional area. The diffusion coefficient is equal to 5.0 x 10-10 m2/s, and 8.0 x 10-14 kg is transported along the tube in 15 s. What is the d

> A constant net torque is applied to an object. Which one of the following will not be constant? (a) Angular acceleration, (b) Angular velocity, (c) Moment of inertia, or (d) Center of gravity.

> The aorta in humans has a diameter of about 2.0 cm, and at certain times the blood speed through it is about 55 cm/s. Is the blood flow turbulent? The density of whole blood is 1050 kg/m3, and its coefficient of viscosity is 2.7 x 10-3 N · s/m2.

> What radius needle should be used to inject a volume of 500. cm3 of a solution into a patient in 30.0 min? Assume the length of the needle is 2.5 cm and the solution is elevated 1.0 m above the point of injection. Further, assume the viscosity and densit

> A hypodermic needle is 3.0 cm in length and 0.30 mm in diameter. What pressure difference between the input and output of the needle is required so that the flow rate of water through it will be 1 g/s? (Use 1.0 x 10-3 Pa · s as the viscosity of water.)

> Spherical particles of a protein of density 1.8 g/cm3 are shaken up in a solution of 20°C water. The solution is allowed to stand for 1.0 h. If the depth of water in the tube is 5.0 cm, find the radius of the largest particles that remain in solution at

> The pulmonary artery, which connects the heart to the lungs, has an inner radius of 2.6 mm and is 8.4 cm long. If the pressure drop between the heart and lungs is 400 Pa, what is the average speed of blood in the pulmonary artery?

> A straight horizontal pipe with a diameter of 1.0 cm and a length of 50 m carries oil with a coefficient of viscosity of 0.12 N · s/m2. At the output of the pipe, the flow rate is 8.6 x 10-5 m3/s and the pressure is 1.0 atm. Find the gauge pressure at th

> A thin 1.5-mm coating of glycerine has been placed between two microscope slides of width 1.0 cm and length 4.0 cm. Find the force required to pull one of the microscope slides at a constant speed of 0.30 m/s relative to the other slide.

> Whole blood has a surface tension of 0.058 N/m and a density of 1050 kg/m3. To what height can whole blood rise in a capillary blood vessel that has a radius of 2.0 x 10-6 m if the contact angle is zero?

> A certain fluid has a density of 1080 kg/m3 and is observed to rise to a height of 2.1 cm in a 1.0-mm-diameter tube. The contact angle between the wall and the fluid is zero. Calculate the surface tension of the fluid.

> Using a screwdriver, you try to remove a screw from a piece of furniture, but can’t get it to turn. To increase the chances of success, you should use a screwdriver that (a) Is longer, (b) Is shorter, (c) Has a narrower handle, or (d) Has a wider handle.

> To lift a wire ring of radius 1.75 cm from the surface of a container of blood plasma, a vertical force of 1.61 x 10-2 N greater than the weight of the ring is required. Calculate the surface tension of blood plasma from this information.

> A square metal sheet 3.0 cm on a side and of negligible thickness is attached to a balance and inserted into a container of fluid. The contact angle is found to be zero, as shown in Figure P9.49a, and the balance to which the metal sheet is attached read

> The Venturi tube shown in Figure P9.48 may be used as a fluid flowmeter. Suppose the device is used at a service station to measure the flow rate of gasoline (p = 7.00 x 102 kg/m3) through a hose having an outlet radius of 1.20 cm. If the difference in p

> Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone Park erupts at approximately 1-hour intervals, and the height of the fountain reaches 40.0 m (Fig. P9.47). (a) Consider the rising stream as a series of separate drops. Analyze the free-fall motion of one of the drops t

> Water is pumped through a pipe of diameter 15.0 cm from the Colorado River up to Grand Canyon Village, on the rim of the canyon. The river is at 564 m elevation and the village is at 2096 m. (a) At what minimum pressure must the water be pumped to arrive

> The inside diameters of the larger portions of the horizontal pipe depicted in Figure P9.45 are 2.50 cm. Water flows to the right at a rate of 1.80 x 10-4 m3/s. Determine the inside diameter of the constriction. Figure P9.45:

> A large storage tank, open to the atmosphere at the top and filled with water, develops a small hole in its side at a point 16.0 m below the water level. If the rate of flow from the leak is 2.50 x 10-3 m3/min, determine (a) The speed at which the water

> A jet of water squirts out horizontally from a hole near the bottom of the tank shown in Figure P9.43. If the hole has a diameter of 3.50 mm, what is the height h of the water level in the tank? Figure P9.43:

> Water moves through a constricted pipe in steady, ideal flow. At the lower point shown in Figure P9.42, the pressure is 1.75 x 105 Pa and the pipe radius is 3.00 cm. At the higher point located at y = 2.50 m, the pressure is 1.20 x 105 Pa and the pipe ra

> In a water pistol, a piston drives water through a larger tube of radius 1.00 cm into a smaller tube of radius 1.00 mm as in Figure P9.41. (a) If the pistol is fired horizontally at a height of 1.50 m, use ballistics to determine the time it takes water

> One container is filled with argon gas and another with helium gas. Both containers are at the same temperature. Which atoms have the higher rms speed? (a) Argon, (b) Helium, (c) They have the same speed, or (d) Not enough information to say.

> A man attaches a divider to an outdoor faucet so that water flows through a single pipe of radius 9.00 mm into two pipes, each with a radius of 6.00 mm. If water flows through the single pipe at 1.25 m/s, calculate the speed of the water in the narrower

> A jet airplane in level flight has a mass of 8.66 x 104 kg, and the two wings have an estimated total area of 90.0 m2. (a) What is the pressure difference between the lower and upper surfaces of the wings? (b) If the speed of air under the wings is 225 m

> When a person inhales, air moves down the bronchus (windpipe) at 15 cm/s. The average flow speed of the air doubles through a constriction in the bronchus. Assuming incompressible flow, determine the pressure drop in the constriction.

> A hypodermic syringe contains a medicine with the density of water (Fig. P9.37). The barrel of the syringe has a cross-sectional area of 2.50 x 10-5 m2. In the absence of a force on the plunger, the pressure everywhere is 1.00 atm. A force F( of magnitud

> A liquid (p = 1.65 g/ cm3) flows through a horizontal pipe of varying cross section as in Figure P9.36. In the first section, the cross-sectional area is 10.0 cm2, the flow speed is 275 cm/s, and the pressure is 1.20 x 105 Pa. In the second section, the

> (a) Calculate the mass flow rate (in grams per second) of blood (p = 1.0 g/cm3) in an aorta with a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm2 if the flow speed is 40. cm/s. (b) Assume that the aorta branches to form a large number of capillaries with a combined cro

> Water flowing through a garden hose of diameter 2.74 cm fills a 25.0-L bucket in 1.50 min. (a) What is the speed of the water leaving the end of the hose? (b) A nozzle is now attached to the end of the hose. If the nozzle diameter is one-third the diamet

> A large water tank is 3.00 m high and filled to the brim, the top of the tank open to the air. A small pipe with a faucet is attached to the side of the tank, 0.800 m above the ground. If the valve is opened, at what speed will water come out of the pipe

> A horizontal pipe narrows from a radius of 0.250 m to 0.100 m. If the speed of the water in the pipe is 1.00 m/s in the larger-radius pipe, what is the speed in the smaller pipe?

> A 1.00-kg beaker containing 2.00 kg of oil (density = 916 kg/m3) rests on a scale. A 2.00-kg block of iron is suspended from a spring scale and is completely submerged in the oil (Fig. P9.31). Find the equilibrium readings of both scales. Figure P9.31:

> Why doesn’t the melting of ocean-based ice raise as much concern as the melting of land-based ice?

> An object weighing 300 N in air is immersed in water after being tied to a string connected to a balance. The scale now reads 265 N. Immersed in oil, the object appears to weigh 275 N. Find (a) The density of the object and (b) The density of the oil.

> A sample of an unknown material appears to weigh 300. N in air and 200. N when immersed in alcohol of specific gravity 0.700. What are (a) The volume and (b) The density of the material?

> A light spring of force constant k = 160 N/m rests vertically on the bottom of a large beaker of water (Fig. P9.28a). A 5.00-kg block of wood (density = 650 kg/m3) is connected to the spring, and the block–spring system is allowed to co

> A cube of wood having an edge dimension of 20.0 cm and a density of 650. kg/m3 floats on water. (a) What is the distance from the horizontal top surface of the cube to the water level? (b) What mass of lead should be placed on the cube so that the top of

> The gravitational force exerted on a solid object is 5.00 N as measured when the object is suspended from a spring scale as in Figure P9.26a. When the suspended object is submerged in water, the scale reads 3.50 N (Fig. P9.26b). Find the density of the o

> On October 21, 2001, Ian Ashpole of the United Kingdom achieved a record altitude of 3.35 km (11000 ft) powered by 600 toy balloons filled with helium. Each filled balloon had a radius of about 0.50 m and an estimated mass of 0.30 kg. (a) Estimate the to

> The average human has a density of 945 kg/m3 after inhaling and 1020 kg/m3 after exhaling. (a) Without making any swimming movements, what percentage of the human body would be above the surface in the Dead Sea (a body of water with a density of about 12

> A spherical weather balloon is filled with hydrogen until its radius is 3.00 m. Its total mass including the instruments it carries is 15.0 kg. (a) Find the buoyant force acting on the balloon, assuming the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3. (b) What is the n

> A large balloon of mass 226 kg is filled with helium gas until its volume is 325 m3. Assume the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3 and the density of helium is 0.179 kg/m3. (a) Draw a force diagram for the balloon. (b) Calculate the buoyant force acting on the

> A hot-air balloon consists of a basket hanging beneath a large envelope filled with hot air. A typical hot-air balloon has a total mass of 545 kg, including passengers in its basket, and holds 2.55 x 103 m3 of hot air in its envelope. If the ambient air

> Two spheres are made of the same metal and have the same radius, but one is hollow and the other is solid. The spheres are taken through the same temperature increase. Which sphere expands more? (a) Solid sphere, (b) Hollow sphere, (c) They expand by the

> A 62.0-kg survivor of a cruise line disaster rests atop a block of Styrofoam insulation, using it as a raft. The Styrofoam has dimensions 2.00 m x 2.00 m x 0.0900 m. The bottom 0.024 m of the raft is submerged. (a) Draw a force diagram of the system cons

> A small ferryboat is 4.00 m wide and 6.00 m long. When a loaded truck pulls onto it, the boat sinks an additional 4.00 cm into the river. What is the weight of the truck?

> A 20.0-kg lead mass rests on the bottom of a pool. (a) What is the volume of the lead? (b) What buoyant force acts on the lead? (c) Find the lead’s weight. (d) What is the normal force acting on the lead?

> A table-tennis ball has a diameter of 3.80 cm and average density of 0.0840 g/cm3. What force is required to hold it completely submerged under water?

> Piston ➀ in Figure P9.16 has a diameter of 0.25 in.; piston ➁ has a diameter of 1.5 in. In the absence of friction, determine the force F( necessary to support the 500-lb weight. Figure P9.16:

> A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable cuff and a manometer used to measure air pressure in the cuff. In a mercury sphygmomanometer, blood pressure is related to the difference in heights betw

> Blaise Pascal duplicated Torricelli’s barometer using a red Bordeaux wine, of density 984 kg/m3 as the working liquid (Fig. P9.14). (a) What was the height h of the wine column for normal atmospheric pressure? (b) Would you expect the v

> A container is filled to a depth of 20.0 cm with water. On top of the water floats a 30.0-cm-thick layer of oil with specific gravity 0.700. What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the container?

> A hydraulic jack has an input piston of area 0.050 m2 and an output piston of area 0.70 m2. How much force on the input piston is required to lift a car weighing 1.2 x 104 N?

> A collapsible plastic bag (Fig. P9.11) contains a glucose solution. If the average gauge pressure in the vein is 1.33 x 103 Pa, what must be the minimum height h of the bag to infuse glucose into the vein? Assume the specific gravity of the solution is 1

> If you are asked to make a very sensitive glass thermometer, which of the following working fluids would you choose? (a) Mercury (b) Alcohol (c) Gasoline (d) Glycerin

> (a) Calculate the absolute pressure at the bottom of a freshwater lake at a depth of 27.5 m. Assume the density of the water is 1.00 x 103 kg/m3 and the air above is at a pressure of 101.3 kPa. (b) What force is exerted by the water on the window of an u

> A normal blood pressure reading is less than 120/80 where both numbers are gauge pressures measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). What are the (a) Absolute and (b) Gauge pressures in pascals at the base of a 0.120 m column of mercury?

> Suppose a distant world with surface gravity of 7.44 m/s2 has an atmospheric pressure of 8.04 x 104 Pa at the surface. (a) What force is exerted by the atmosphere on a disk-shaped region 2.00 m in radius at the surface of a methane ocean? (b) What is the

> The four tires of an automobile are inflated to a gauge pressure of 2.0 x 105 Pa. Each tire has an area of 0.024 m2 in contact with the ground. Determine the weight of the automobile.