Question: The following graphs are based on data

> A newspaper story headline reads “gender plays part in monkeys’ toy choices, research finds—Like humans, male monkeys choose balls and cars, while females prefer Dolls and pots” (Kni

> Use the information given in the previous exercise to estimate the difference in mean GPA for students at the University of Central Florida who are employed and students who are not employed. Use a 90% confidence level to produce your estimate.

> In a study of the effect of college student employment on academic performance, the following summary statistics for GPA were reported for a sample of students who worked and for a sample of students who did not work (University of Central Florida Underg

> In a study of malpractice claims where a settlement had been reached, two random samples were selected: a random sample of 515 closed malpractice claims that were found not to involve medical errors and a random sample of 889 claims that were found to in

> Use the information given in the previous exercise to construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference in mean brain volume for children with and without ADHD.

> Do children diagnosed with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have smaller brains than children without this condition? This question was the topic of a research study described in the paper “Developmental trajectories of

> Use the information given in the previous exercise to construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference in mean daily calorie intake for teens who do eat fast food on a typical day and those who do not.

> What impact does fast-food consumption have on various dietary and health characteristics? The article “effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and Diet Quality among children in a national household Study” (

> Research has shown that, for baseball players, good hip range of motion results in improved performance and decreased body stress. The article “functional hip characteristics of baseball pitchers and position players” (The American Journal of Sports Medi

> The article “plugged in, but tuned out” (USA ToDAy, January 20, 2010) summarizes data from two surveys of kids age 8 to 18. One survey was conducted in 1999 and the other was conducted in 2009. Data on number of hours

> Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be a predictor of mortality after a heart attack. One measure of HRV is the average normal-to-normal beat interval (in milliseconds) for a 24-hour time period. Twenty-two heart attack patients who were dog

> Internet addiction has been described as excessive and uncontrolled Internet use. The authors of the paper “gender Difference in the relationship between internet addiction and Depression” (Computers in Human Behavior [2016]: 463–470) used a score design

> The authors of the paper “influence of biofeedback weight bearing training in Sit to Stand to Sit and the Limits of Stability on Stroke patients” (The Journal of Physical Therapy Science [2016]: 3011–

> Use the information in the previous exercise to answer the following questions. a. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference in mean time spent on Facebook for male college students and female college students in Southern California

> The paper “facebook Use and academic performance among college Students: a mixed-methods Study with a multiethnic Sample” (Computers in Human Behavior [2015]: 265–272) describes a survey of a sample of 66 male students and a sample of 195 female students

> The paper “pathological Video-game Use among Youth ages 8 to 18: a national Study” (Psychological Science [2009]: 594–705) included the information in the accompanying table about video game playing t

> The paper referenced in the Preview Example of this chapter (“mood food: chocolate and Depressive Symptoms in a cross-Sectional analysis,” Archives of Internal Medicine [2010]: 699–703) describes a study that investigated the relationship between depress

> Do female college students spend more time watching TV than male college students? This was one of the questions investigated by the authors of the paper “an ecological momentary assessment of the physical activity and Sedentary behaviour patterns of Uni

> The report referenced in the previous exercise also gave data for representative samples of 250 adults in Canada and 250 adults in England. The sample mean amount of sleep on a work night was 423 minutes for the Canada sample and 409 minutes for the Engl

> The National Sleep Foundation surveyed representative samples of adults in six different countries to ask questions about sleeping habits (“2013 international bedroom poll Summary of findings,” www.sleepfoundation.org/sites /default/files/rpt495a.pdf, re

> The article “genetic tweak turns promiscuous animals into Loyal mates” (Los Angeles Times, june 17, 2004) summarizes a research study that appeared in the June 2004 issue of Nature. In this study, 11 male meadow voles

> Use the information in the previous exercise to answer the following questions. a. Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the difference in mean Flesch reading ease score for healthrelated pages on Wikipedia and health-related pages on WebMD.

> Many people now turn to the Internet to get information on health-related topics. The paper “an examination of health, medical and nutritional information on the internet: a comparative study of wikipedia, webmD and the mayo clinic websites” (The Interna

> Example 13.5 looked at a study comparing students who use Facebook and students who do not use Facebook (“facebook and academic performance,” Computers in Human Behavior [2010]: 1237–1245). In addition to asking the students in the samples about GPA, eac

> In a study of memory recall, 8 students from a large psychology class were selected at random and given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. Each was asked to list as many of the words as he or she could remember both 1 hour and 24 hours l

> Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies who are not premature. The article “premature babies may recover intelligence, Study Says&ac

> Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass, as calcium is depleted in the mother’s body to provide for milk production. The paper “bone mass is recovered from Lactation to postweaning in adolesce

> In a study of memory recall, 8 students from a large psychology class were selected at random and given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. Each was asked to list as many of the words as he or she could remember both 1 hour an

> Suppose you are given the computer output shown. You want to test the hypothesis, b = 1.0. Describe how you would use the computer output to test this hypothesis. Linear Fit y = 5.6452776 + 0.9797401*x Summary of Fit RSquare RSqureAdj Root Mean Squa

> Researchers in Hawaii have recently documented a large increase in the prevalence of a bird parasite known as chewing lice (“explosive increase in ectoparasites in hawaiian forest birds,” The Journal of Parasitology [2

> Ruffed grouse are a species of birds that nest on the ground. Because of this, chick survival at night in the first few weeks of life depends on avoiding predators. Biologists have theorized that protection from predators might be supplied by the mother

> There are 4 basic assumptions necessary for making inferences about b, the slope of the population regression line. a. What are the four assumptions? b. Which assumptions can be checked using sample data? c. What statistics or graphs would be used to

> Theropods were carnivorous dinosaurs, characterized by short forelimbs, living in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. (Tyrannosaurus rex is classified as a Theropod.) What scientists know about therapods is based on studying incomplete skeletal remains.

> The SAT and ACT exams are often used to predict a student’s first-term college grade point average (GPA). Different formulas are used for different colleges and majors. Suppose that a student is applying to State U with an intended major in civil enginee

> In the context of the simple linear regression model, explain the difference between a and a. Between b and b. Between σe and se.

> Explain what distinguishes a deterministic model from a probabilistic model.

> The authors of the article “Age, Spacing and Growth Rate of Tamarix as an Indication of Lake Boundary Fluctuations at Sebkhet Kelbia, Tunisia” ( Journal of Arid Environments [1982]: 43–5 1) used a sim

> The production of pups and their survival are the most significant factors contributing to gray wolf population growth. The causes of early pup mortality are unknown, and difficult to observe. The pups are concealed within their dens for 3 weeks after bi

> The sand scorpion is a predator that always hunts from a motionless resting position outside its own burrow. When prey appears on the horizon, within say 20 cm, the scorpion assumes an alert posture; it determines the angular position of the prey, makes

> Models of climate change predict that global temperatures and precipitation will increase in the next 100 years, with the largest changes occurring during winter in northern latitudes. Researchers recently gathered data on the potential effects of climat

> Carbon acrosols have been identified as a contributing factor in a number of air quality problems. In a chemical analysis of diesel engine exhaust, x = mass (mg/cm2) and y = elemental carbon (mg/cm2) were recorded ("comparison of Solvent extraction and t

> Investigators in northern Alaska periodically monitored radio collared wolves in 25 wolf packs over 4 years, keeping track of the packs’ home ranges (“population dynamics and harvest characteristics of wolves in the ce

> The accompanying scatterplot, based on 34 sediment samples with x = sediment depth (cm) and y = oil and grease content (mg/kg), appeared in the article “mined land reclamation using polluted urban navigable waterway Sedimentsâ&#12

> Exercise 15.21 gave data on x = nerve firing frequency and y = pleasantness rating when nerves were stimulated by a light brushing stoke on the forearm. The x values and the corresponding residuals from a simple linear regression are as follows: a. Con

> In the study described in Exercise 15.31, the effect of latitude on mean clutch size was investigated. Data from various locations in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on y = mean clutch size and x = latitude were measured. The scatterplot, stan

> Models of climate change predict that global temperatures and precipitation will increase in the next 100 years, with the largest changes occurring during winter in northern latitudes. Researchers gathered data on the potential effects of climate change

> The article “Vital dimensions in Volume perception: can the eye fool the Stomach?” (Journal of Marketing Research [1999]: 313– 326) gave the accompanying data on the dimensions (in cm) of the containe

> Carbon aerosols have been identified as a contributing factor in a number of air quality problems. In a chemical analysis of diesel engine exhaust, x = mass (mg/cm2) and y = elemental carbon (mg/cm2) were recorded (“comparison of Solven

> The clutch size (number of eggs laid) for turtles is known to be influenced by body size, latitude, and average environmental temperature. Researchers gathered data on Gopher tortoises in Okeeheelee County Park in Florida to further understand the factor

> Suppose you are given the computer output shown. You are interested in testing the null hypothesis b = 1.0 versus an alternative hypothesis of b > 1.0. Describe how you would use the given computer output to test these hypotheses. Linear Fit y =

> In anthropological studies, an important characteristic of fossils is cranial capacity. Frequently skulls are at least partially decomposed, so it is necessary to use other characteristics to obtain information about capacity (in cm3). One measure that h

> The paper referenced in Exercise 15.11 (“depression, body mass index, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—A holistic Approach,” International Journal of COPD [2016]:239–249) ga

> The accompanying data are a subset of data from the report “great jobs, great lives” (gallup-purdue index 2015 report, www.gallup.com/reports/197144/gallup-purdue -index-report-2015.aspx, retrieved may 27, 2017). The v

> What is the distinction between σe and se?

> a. Explain the difference between the line y = a + bx and the line yˆ = a + bx. b. Explain the difference between b and b. c. let x* denote a particular value of the independent variable. Explain the difference between a 1 bx* and a 1 bx*.

> The authors of the paper “decreased brain Volume in Adults with childhood lead exposure” (Public Library of Science Medicine [may 27, 2008]: e112) studied the relationship between childhood environmental lead exposure

> The largest commercial fishing enterprise in the southeastern United States is the harvest of shrimp. In a study described in the paper “long-term trawl monitoring of white Shrimp, litopenaeus setiferus (linnaeus), Stocks within the Ace

> Researchers studying pleasant touch sensations measured the firing frequency (impulses per second) of nerves that were stimulated by a light brushing stroke on the forearm and also recorded the subject’s numerical rating of how pleasant

> Consider a test of hypotheses about, b the population slope in a linear regression model. a. If you reject the null hypothesis, b = 0, what does this mean in terms of a linear relationship between x and y? b. If you fail to reject the null hypothesis,

> Acrylamide is a chemical that is sometimes found in cooked starchy foods and which is thought to increase the risk of certain kinds of cancer. The paper “A Statistical regression model for the estimation of Acrylamide concentrations in

> Do taller adults make more money? The authors of the paper “Stature and Status: height, Ability, and labor market outcomes” (Journal of Political Economics [2008]: 499–532) investigated the association between height and earnings. They used the simple li

> The paper “the effects of Split Keyboard geometry on upper body postures” (ergonomics [2009]: 104–111) describes a study to determine the effects of several keyboard characteristics on typing speed. O

> Consider the accompanying data on x = research and development expenditure (thousands of dollars) and y = growth rate (% per year) for eight different industries. a. Would a simple linear regression model provide useful information for predicting growt

> A nursing student has completed his final project, and is preparing for a meeting with his project advisor. The subject of his project was the relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body mass index (BMI). The last time he met with his adv

> A journalist is reporting about some research on appropriate amounts of sleep for people 9 to 19 years of age. In that research, a linear regression model is used to describe the relationship between alertness and number of hours of sleep the night befor

> The standard deviation of the errors, se, is an important part of the linear regression model. a. What is the relationship between the value of se and the value of the test statistic in a test of a hypotheses about b? b. What is the relationship betwee

> The production of pups and their survival are the most significant factors contributing to gray wolf population growth. The causes of early pup mortality are unknown and difficult to observe. The pups are concealed within their dens for 3 weeks after bir

> The paper “depression, body mass index, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—A holistic Approach” (International Journal of COPD [2016]:239–249) gives data on x = change in Bod

> Consider the accompanying data on x = advertising share and y = market share for a particular brand of soft drink during 10 randomly selected years. a. Construct a scatterplot for these data. Do you think the simple linear regression model would be app

> Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is thought to increase the risk of breast cancer. The accompanying data on x 5 percent of women using HRT and y 5 breast cancer incidence (cases per 100,000 women) for a region in Germany for 5 years appeared in the pape

> Identify the following relationships as deterministic or probabilistic: a. The relationship between the speed limit and a driver’s speed. b. The relationship between the price in dollars and the price in Euros of an object. c. The relationship between

> Tom and Ray are managers of electronics stores with slightly different pricing strategies for USB drives. In Tom’s store, customers pay the same amount, c, for each USB drive. In Ray’s store, it is a little more exciting. The customer pays an up-front co

> The paper “predicting Yolk height, Yolk width, Albumen length, eggshell weight, egg Shape index, eggshell thickness, egg Surface Area of japanese Quails using Various egg traits as regressors” (International Journal of Poultry Science [2008]: 85–88) sugg

> The flow rate in a device used for air quality measurement depends on the pressure drop x (inches of water) across the device’s filter. Suppose that for x values between 5 and 20, these two variables are related according to the simple linear regression

> Identify the following relationships as deterministic or probabilistic: a. The relationship between height at birth and height at one year of age. b. The relationship between a positive number and its square root. c. The relationship between temperatu

> Suppose that a simple linear regression model is appropriate for describing the relationship between y = house price (in dollars) and x = house size (in square feet) for houses in a large city. The population regression line is y = 23,000 + 47x and σe =

> Let x be the size of a house (in square feet) and y be the amount of natural gas used (therms) during a specified period. Suppose that for a particular community, x and y are related according to the simple linear regression model with  = slope of popu

> Identify the following relationships as deterministic or probabilistic: a. The relationship between the length of the sides of a square and its perimeter. b. The relationship between the height and weight of an adult. c. The relationship between SAT s

> Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies that are not premature. The article “premature babies may recover intelligence, Study Says&a

> Use the information given in the previous exercise to construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean following distance for Greek taxi drivers while driving with no distractions and while driving and texting.

> The paper referenced in the previous exercise also had the 50 taxi drivers drive in the simulator while sending and receiving text messages. The mean of the 50 sample differences (no distraction – reading text messages) was 1.3 meters and the standard de

> The paper “Driving performance while Using a mobile phone: a Simulation Study of greek professional Drivers” (Transportation Research Part F [2016]: 164–170) describes a study in which 50 Greek male taxi drivers drove in a driving simulator. In the simul

> Can taking chess lessons and playing chess daily improve memory? The online article “the USa junior chess olympics research: Developing memory and Verbal reasoning” (New Horizons for Learning, april 2001; available at

> The paper referenced in the previous exercise also compared the reported heights and weights to actual measured heights and weights for a sample of 1052 female college students selected from eight different universities. The resulting data is summarized

> The authors of the paper “concordance of Self-report and measured height and weight of college Students” (Journal of Nutrition, Education and Behavior [2015]: 94–98) used a pairedsamples t test to reach the conclusion that male college students tend to o

> Use the data given in the previous exercise to complete the following: a. Estimate the mean difference in motion between dominant and nondominant arms for position players using a 95% confidence interval. b. The authors asserted that pitchers have a gr

> The paper “Quantitative assessment of glenohumeral translation in baseball players” (The American Journal of Sports Medicine [2004]: 1711–1715) considered various aspects of shoulder motion for a repr

> Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass as calcium is depleted in the mother’s body to provide for milk production. The paper “bone mass is recovered from Lactation to postweaning in adolescen

> Two proposed computer mouse designs were compared by recording wrist extension in degrees for 24 people who each used both mouse designs (“comparative Study of two computer mouse Designs,” cornell human factors Laboratory technical report rp7992). The di

> The article “puppy Love? it’s real, Study Says” (USA ToDAy, april 17, 2015) describes a study into how people communicate with their pets. The conclusion expressed in the title of the article was based on research published in Science (“oxytocin-gaze pos

> The humorous paper “will humans Swim faster or Slower in Syrup?” (American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal [2004]: 2646–2647) investigated the fluid mechanics of swimming. Twenty swimmers each

> The authors of the paper “Ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement in male and female athletes” (Journal of Athletic Training [2009]: 142–147) compared two different methods for measuring

> In Exercise 13.5, a hypothesis test leads to the conclusion that there is not convincing evidence that the mean time to exhaustion for experienced triathletes is greater when they run while listening to motivational music than when they run with no music

> Use the information given in the previous exercise to construct and interpret a 90% confidence interval estimate for the difference in mean MPF at brain location 2 before and after exposure to diesel exhaust.

> In the study described in the paper “exposure to Diesel exhaust induces changes in eeg in human Volunteers” (Particle and Fibre Toxicology [2007]), 10 healthy men were exposed to diesel exhaust for 1 hour. A measure of

> The paper “Less air pollution Leads to rapid reduction of airway inflammation and improved airway function in asthmatic children” (Pediatrics [2009]: 1051–1058) describes a study in which children with mild asthma who live in a pollut

> To determine if chocolate milk is as effective as other carbohydrate replacement drinks, nine male cyclists performed an intense workout followed by a drink and a rest period. At the end of the rest period, each cyclist performed an endurance trial in wh

> The authors of the paper “Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement” (International Journal of Nursing Studies [2010]: 931–936) compared two different ins

> The study described in the previous exercise also measured time to exhaustion for the 11 triathletes on a day when they listened to music that the runners had classified as neutral as compared to motivational. The researchers calculated the difference be

> Many runners believe that listening to music while running enhances their performance. The authors of the paper “effects of Synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes” (Journal of Science and Medici