Question: The objective of both operating and transaction

> How does borrowing in a foreign currency change the risk associated with debt?

> How does the multinational’s ability to diversify its cash flows alter its ability to use greater amounts of debt?

> How do the motivations of individuals, both inside and outside the organization or business, define the limits of financial globalization?

> What technological change is even changing the symbols we use in the representation of different country currencies?

> What are the primary alternatives for the external financing of a foreign subsidiary?

> What is the difference between "internal" financing and "external" financing for a subsidiary?

> Should foreign subsidiaries of multinational firms conform to the capital structure norms of the host country or to the norms of their parent's country?

> What are the primary methods of funding foreign subsidiaries, and how do host government concerns affect those choices?

> What is the difference between a eurobond and a foreign bond and why do two types of international bonds exist?

> If the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity, why doesn’t the firm’s cost of capital continue to decrease with the use of more and more debt?

> What are the primary alternative instruments available for raising debt on the international marketplace?

> What is the advantage of securitized debt instruments sold on a market versus bank borrowing for multinational corporations?

> What is private equity and how do private equity funds differ from traditional venture capital firms?

> What is a private placement? What are the comparative pros and cons of private placement versus a pubic issue?

> Explain the strategies used by an MNE to counter blocked funds.

> What are the main barriers to cross-listing abroad?

> What are the main reasons causing firms to cross-list abroad?

> Give five reasons why a firm might cross-list and sell its shares on a very liquid stock exchange.

> What is the significance of IPOs versus FOs?

> ADRs and GDRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. What does it mean and will it matter to the investors purchasing the shares?

> Why does the strategic path to sourcing equity start with debt?

> Portfolio asset allocation can be accomplished along many dimensions depending on the investment objective of the portfolio manager. Identify the various dimensions.

> What are the fundamental distinctions which the international CAPM tries to capture which traditional domestic CAPM does not?

> What is the main advantage that international portfolio managers have compared to portfolio managers limited to domestic-only asset allocation?

> Both domestic and international portfolio managers are asset allocators. What is their portfolio management objective?

> What are some of the characteristics of a well-designed dispute resolution process?

> What is an equity risk premium? For an equity risk premium to be truly useful, what need it do?

> What are the classifications used in defining risk in the estimation of a firm’s cost of equity?

> What are the benefits of achieving a lower cost and greater availability of capital?

> How does capital mobility typically differ between industrialized countries and emerging market countries?

> Which do most countries control, capital inflows or capital outflows? Why?

> What factors seem to play a role in a government's choice to restrict capital mobility?

> Has capital mobility improved steadily over the past 50 years?

> Ultimately, what actions did Novo take to escape its segmented market?

> Global integration has given many firms access to new and cheaper sources of funds beyond those available in their home markets. What are the dimensions of a strategy to capture this lower cost and greater availability of capital?

> What were the impacts on Novo as a result of operating in a segmented market? What were the primary causes of the market segmentation?

> What are the primary pros and cons of using a gradual investing strategy to mitigate political risk?

> Why might emerging market multinationals list their shares abroad?

> What is the paradox?

> Do multinational firms have higher lower betas than their domestic counterparts?

> Do multinational firms use relatively more or less debt than their domestic counterparts? Why?

> Do multinational firms have a higher or lower cost of capital than their domestic counterparts? Is this surprising?

> Firms located in illiquid and segmented emerging markets would benefit from nationalizing their own cost of capital. What do they need to do, and what conditions must exist for their efforts to succeed?

> What is the effect of market liquidity and segmentation on a firm's cost of capital?

> What is market segmentation, and what are the six main causes of market segmentation?

> What is meant by the term market liquidity? What are the main disadvantages for a firm to be located in an illiquid market?

> What are the most common challenges a firm resident in a segmented market faces in regards to its access to capital?

> Answer the following questions about OPIC: a. What is OPIC? b. What types of political risks can OPIC insure against?

> The key to managing operating exposure at the strategic level is for management to recognize a disequilibrium in parity conditions when it occurs and to be pre-positioned to react most appropriately. How can this task best be accomplished?

> Explain how the concept of macroeconomic uncertainty expands the scope of analyzing operating exposure.

> According to financial theory, which is more important to the value of the firm, financing or operating cash flows?

> What are examples of static exposures versus dynamic exposures?

> Explain the time horizons used to analyze and measure unexpected changes in exchange rates.

> Why do unexpected exchange rate changes contribute to operating exposure, but expected exchange rate changes do not?

> Why do many firms only allow hedging of booked exposures, and not quotation or backlog exposures?

> What do you see as the primary difference between operating exposure and translation exposure? Would this have the same meaning to a private firm as a publicly traded firm?

> According to surveys of corporate practices, which currency exposures do most firms regularly hedge?

> What is investment insurance, and what organizations provide such coverage?

> What are the main differences between losses from transaction exposure and translation exposure?

> What is hyperinflation and what are the consequences for translating foreign financial statements in countries experiencing hyperinflation?

> How do some firms attempt to hedge their long-term operation exposure with contractual hedges? What assumptions do they make in order to justify contractual hedging of their operating exposure? How effective is such contractual hedging in your opinion?

> Explain how currency swaps can hedge foreign exchange operating exposure. What are the accounting advantages of currency swaps?

> Explain how back-to-back loans can hedge foreign exchange operating exposure. Would firms have any specific worries about their partner in a back-to-back loan arrangement?

> An alternative arrangement for managing operating exposure between firms with a continuing buyer-supplier relationship is risk sharing. Explain how risk sharing works.

> Explain how matching currency cash flows can offset operating exposure.

> Operating exposures can be partially managed by adopting operating or financing policies that offset anticipated foreign exchange exposures. What are four of the most commonly employed proactive policies?

> How can a multinational firm diversify operations? How can it diversify its financing? Do you believe these are effective ways of managing operating exposure?

> Define operating exposure, economic exposure, and competitive exposure. Can you provide any insights into what may be behind the use of the different terms?

> An international investment agreement spells out specific rights and responsibilities of both the foreign firm and the host government. What are the main financial policies that should be included in an investment agreement?

> What are the major differences in translating assets between the current rate method and the temporal method?

> One of the major differences between translation methods is which balance sheet components are translated at which exchange rates, current or historical. Why would accounting practices ever use historical exchange rates?

> What are the two basic methods for translation used globally?

> Can or should a company change the functional currency designation of a foreign subsidiary from year to year? If so, when would it be justified?

> What is a functional currency? What do you think a "non-functional currency" would be?

> What is the difference between a self-sustaining foreign subsidiary and an integrated foreign subsidiary?

> In the context of preparing consolidated financial statements, are the words translate and convert synonyms?

> What activity gives rise to translation exposure?

> How does translation alter the global tax liabilities of a firm? If a multinational firm's consolidated earnings increase as a result of consolidation and translation, what is the impact on tax liabilities?

> When would a multinational firm, if ever, realize and recognize the cumulative translation losses recorded over time associated with a subsidiary?

> Have studies found that more or less government involvement in a prospective project is helpful in the success of the business?

> When is a balance sheet hedge justified?

> If a U.S.-based multinational company generates more than 80% of its profits (earnings) outside the U.S. in the euro zone and Japan, and both the euro and the yen fall significantly in value versus the dollar as occurred in the second half of 2014, is th

> What are the primary options firms have to manage translation exposure?

> Where do you believe that most company's would prefer currency translation imbalances or adjustments to go, to earnings or consolidated equity? Why?

> What are the major differences in translating liabilities between the current rate method and the temporal method?

> What does the word translation mean? Why is translation exposure called an accounting exposure?

> What are the four main types of transactions from which transaction exposure arises?

> Describe six arguments against a firm pursuing an active currency risk management program?

> Describe four arguments in favor of a firm pursuing an active currency risk management program?

> How does currency hedging theoretically change the expected cash flows of the firm?

> What are the seven most common political risk mitigation strategies employed by multinational enterprises?

> Capital budgeting for a foreign project is considerably more complex than the domestic case. What are the factors that add complexity?

> What – according to financial theory – is the value of a firm?

> What is a hedge? How does that differ from speculation?

> Define currency risk.

> Which of the three currency exposures relate to cash flows already contracted for, and which of the exposures do not?

> Ultimately, a treasurer must choose among alternative strategies to manage transaction exposure. Explain the two main decision criteria that must be used.

> Why do many firms object to paying for foreign currency option hedges? Do firms pay for forward contract hedges? How do forwards and options differ if at all?

> Theoretically, shouldn't forward contract hedges and money market hedges have the same identical outcome? Don't they both use the same three specific inputs – the initial spot rate, the domestic cost of funds, and the foreign cost of funds?

> What is the difference between a balance sheet hedge, a financing hedge, and a money market hedge?