The (over)consumption of calories is one of the most important determinants of the obesity problem in Europe and the United States. Governments promote the consumption of healthy alternatives and try to support consumers in making healthy choices, for instance by the introduction of the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) in the United States. The NLEA requires manufacturers to provide nutrition information on the packaging of food products. In a similar vein, the European Commission is working on an updated version of its regulation on food labeling, issued in December 2006. This regulation defines specific nutritional profiles which the food industry must comply with in order to bear nutrition or health claims. Hence, governments want to make sure that consumers get reliable information on food and eventually make more healthy choices. Despite these efforts, the obesity problem continues to increase in the United States and Europe. Jonathan Wilson is a business student at Tilburg University. He has been interested in the overconsumption of food ever since he has read Brian Wansink’s famous study with the “bottomless bowls.” For this study, Wansink brought in 60 people for a free lunch and gave 22-ounce bowls of soup to half, while the other half unknowingly got 22-ounce bowls that automatically refilled as they ate (by an unseen tube under the table). The result: those eating from the bottomless bowls thought they’d eaten the same amount as people with regular bowls. They actually consumed 73% more soup. “The lesson is, don’t rely on your stomach to tell you when you’re full. It can lie,” Wansink reacted to the results of this study. Together with his thesis supervisor, Donald Driver, Jonathan has developed a series of studies on the effects of Nutrition Labels on people’s attitudes toward the product, buying intentions, and the perceived healthiness of food products. The purpose of his latest study was to determine how the provision of objective calorie information on healthy food items influences people’s experience of hunger. Jonathan has developed a first draft of the method section of this study, which is detailed next. The method section of a paper provides the methods and procedures used in a research study. The experiment: predictions: We compared hunger ratings between participants who sampled a healthy food item with calorie information versus participants who sampled a healthy food item without calorie information versus a “no sample” condition. We predicted that those who eat a healthy food item in the calorie information condition will subsequently report that they feel hungrier compared to those who eat a healthy food item in the no calorie information condition or those who do not eat the sample. Method: Participants and design. 90 undergraduate students (38 women) from Tilburg University were randomly assigned to the conditions of a 3 (food sample: healthy with calorie information vs. healthy without calorie information vs. no-sample) between-subjects design. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 37, with a median age of 22. The students received financial compensation (7 €) for their participation. Procedure and Materials. Participants in the sampling conditions were recruited to participate in a taste test of a Muesli/granola bar that was unwrapped and contained no identifying information. Participants in the no-sample condition were invited to participate in a marketing study rating the appearance of the bar. We asked all the participants in the sampling conditions to taste a sample of the same bar. In the healthy food item with calorie information condition, participants read that they were about to taste “a new health bar containing 78 calories, high levels of vitamins and fiber, and no artificial sweeteners.” In the healthy food item without calorie information condition, participants read that they were about to taste “a new health bar containing high levels of vitamins and fiber, and no artificial sweeteners.” Participants in these conditions then had a 10-gram sample of the bar. Those in the no-sample condition did not complete the taste test. Next, in order to assess the strength of the motive to fulfill their appetite, all participants rated how hungry they were at the present moment (7-point scale; 1 = not at all hungry, 7 = very hungry). Those in the no-sample condition rated their hunger but did not complete the taste test beforehand. After providing their hunger rating, they continued to rate how appealing they thought the bar was. The Questions. 1. Is the purpose of Jonathan’s study exploratory in nature, descriptive, or is it to test hypotheses? Explain. 2a. What is the difference between a causal and a correlational study? 2b. Is Jonathan’s study causal or correlational in nature? 3. There are various degrees of interference in research – minimal, moderate, and excessive interference. To what extent does Jonathan interfere with the normal flow of events in his study? 4a. Discuss the differences between a field study, a field experiment, and a lab experiment. 4b. What type of study is Jonathan’s study? Is it a field study, a field experiment, or a lab experiment? Explain. 4c. What is the ‘unit of analysis’ of Jonathan’s study? 5. Is Jonathan’s study cross-sectional or longitudinal in nature? 6. Discuss the interrelationships between the purpose of Jonathan’s study, the nature of his study in terms of correlational/causal, Jonathan’s interference with the normal flow of events, and the type of study in terms of field study, field experiment, and lab experiment.
> A marketing manager believes that limiting the availability of a product increases product desirability. What is the dependent variable here?
> Avatars are virtual characters that can be used as representatives of a company that is using the Internet as a distribution channel. For instance, avatars can be used as shopping assistants, website guides, or as identification figures. A manager of an
> You are interested in how person–organization fit relates to employees’ affective commitment and intention to stay with an organization during the early stages of a strategic organizational change.
> Define the problem statement (the why and the what) in the following situation: Employee loyalty Companies benefit through employee loyalty. Crude downsizing in organizations during the recession crushed the loyalty of millions. The economic benefits of
> How would you go about doing literature survey in the area of corporate social responsibility?
> A typical examples of causal research questions is: “What is the effect of reward system on productivity?” And What is the problem here, according to the researcher? And what is a possible solution to the problem, according to the same researcher?
> Do the project assigned below, following the step‐by‐step process outlined: Compile a bibliography on any one of the following topics, or any other topic of interest to you, from a business perspective: (a). service quality; (b). product development;
> Offer a clearly focused problem statement in the broad area of corporate culture, job satisfaction or risk-seeking behaviors of investors.
> Describe a situation where research will help you as a manager to make a good decision.
> The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stage”. Discuss this statement.
> For the topic you chose to work on for the project in Chapter 4, do the following: ● Go through the computer‐generated bibliography again. ● Define a problem statement that, in your opinion, would be most useful for researchers to investigate. ● Carry ou
> The Mobile Phone Company has been named as the most complained about mobile phone Company, narrowly beating 3G, which has shot to the top of the table as the worst landline provider. According to the latest figures from the regulator, Ofcom, the Mobile P
> 1. Develop a theoretical framework for the following situation and state one testable hypothesis in the null and the alternate. A school administrator is interested in finding how the threatened teachers’ strike can be averted. He knows that pay demands
> Several situations are given below. For each situation, respond to the following research design questions. a. What would be the nature of the study that would be designed - Exploratory, descriptive, or hypothesis-testing? b. Give reasons for your answer
> Make up three different situations in which motivation to work would be an independent variable, a mediating variable, and a moderating variable.
> A manager finds that off‐the‐job classroom training has a great impact on the productivity of the employees in her department. However, she also observes that employees over 60 years of age do not seem to derive much benefit and do not improve with such
> A recent study has investigated the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the market value of the firm. This study developed and tested a conceptual framework, which posits that (1) customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between CSR
> In 1864 Henricus Laroche started making high-quality chocolate in his kitchen in Ooigem, Belgium. Henricus learned his trade at a famous chocolate shop in Paris, and he and his wife began to make chocolate in bars, wafers and other shapes soon after Henr
> A production manager is concerned about the low output levels of his employees. The articles that he has read on job performance frequently mention four variables as being important to job performance: (1). skills required for the job, (2). rewards, (3
> Create a diagram to illustrate the relationships between the relevant variables in Exercise 5.9 and develop five different hypotheses.
> A store manager observes that the morale of employees in her supermarket is low. She thinks that if their working conditions are improved, pay scales raised, and the vacation benefits made more attractive, the morale will be boosted. She doubts, however,
> Failure to follow accounting principles causes immense confusion, which in turn creates a number of problems for the organization. Those with vast experience in bookkeeping, however, are able to avert the problems by taking timely corrective action. List
> You want to investigate the specific effects of specific emotions on customers’ behavioral responses to failed service encounters across industries. Discuss the design decisions that you as a researcher will make to investigate this issue, giving reasons
> You want to examine how exposure to thin or heavy models in advertisements influences a person’s selfesteem. You believe that the effect of exposure to models in advertisements depends on the extremity of the model’s thinness or heaviness. Discuss the de
> A foreman thinks that the low efficiency of the machine tool operators is directly linked to the high level of fumes emitted in the workshop. He would like to prove this to his supervisor through a research study. 1. Would this be a causal or a correlati
> Describe a situation where you used research in order to inform thinking, decisions, and/or actions in relation to a personal issue of interest such as buying a new mobile phone or going to the movies. Provide information about the purpose of your resear
> Explain giving reasons which is more important – applied or basic research.
> Why is it important to be adept in handling the manager-researcher relationship?
> Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each.
> One hears the word research being mentioned by several groups such as research organizations, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, rese
> Why do we still have transform the following problem statement into a researchable topic for investigation? The introduction of flexible work hours has created more problems than it has solved.
> Below are three scenarios. Indicate how the researcher should proceed in each case; that is, determine the following, giving reasons: a. Type of research question (exploratory, descriptive, or causal). b. The extent of researcher interference. c. The s
> Discuss the interrelationships among the research questions of a study (exploratory, descriptive, and causal), study setting (no contrived or contrived), researcher interference, research strategy, and time horizon of study.
> Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design?
> A field study is often more useful than a lab experiment.” Discuss this statement
> Is a field study totally out of the question if one is trying to establish cause and effect relationships?
> Why is it important to consider basic research design issues before conducting the study and even as early as at the time of formulating the research question?
> What are the basic research design issues? Describe them in some detail.
> Daniel Lourenço is a Portuguese student of International Business. Born in Reguengos de Monsaraz, he is an active sportsman, excelling in football and swimming. As a young man Daniel developed a keen interest in aviation. He read everything he was able t
> For the following case: a. Identify the problem b. Develop a diagram representing the conceptual model c. Develop the hypotheses. Concerned about her current customer base, manager Andersen started to think of factors that might affect the attractiveness
> In recent decades, many service markets have been liberalized. For this reason, incumbent service firms are facing new competitors and must address customer switching. You are discussing the determinants of customer switching with a service firm manager.
> It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenever we are sure of the predicted direction. How will you justify this statement?
> There is an advantage to stating the hypothesis both in the null and the alternate; it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing. Explain.
> In an applied research context you do not need to explain the relationships between the variables in your conceptual model. Discuss this statement.
> Good models are complex. What’s more, a good model should include both moderating and mediating variables. Discuss this statement.
> Develop a theoretical framework for the following case. Once given, perks are extraordinarily hard to take away without sapping employee morale. The adverse effects of these cuts far outweigh the anticipated savings in dollars. Research has shown that wh
> Because literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, a good, in-depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework. Discuss this statement.
> Why is appropriate citation important? What are the consequences of not giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted?
> After studying and extracting information from all the relevant work done previously, how does the researcher know which references, articles, and information should be given prominence in the literature survey?
> What is the purpose of the literature survey?
> Should a researcher always find information on structural and job characteristics from those interviewed? Give reasons for your answer with examples.
> Why is it important to gather information on the background of the organization? Whys is it important to review the literature on your topic?
> Describe the functions of preliminary data gathering.
> Below is the gist of an article from BusinessWeek. After reading it: a. identify the broad problem area b. explain how you would proceed further. Two years ago, Electronic Arts, the second-largest U.S. video game company, ran on promises. Developers pitc
> Define ‘problem’ and provide an example of a problem you have encountered in your daily life. Discuss how you have used research to solve this problem.
> Discuss the most important differences between positivism and constructionism.
> If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this question.
> Discuss the following statement: Good research is deductive in nature.
> Is there a specific perspective on research that appeals to you? Why?
> The growing use of social network sites (such as Facebook) and online communities (such as for instance the Apple Computer community, the community of Harley-Davidson riders, and the community of Starbucks customers) provides exciting opportunities for o
> This case exercise covers many issues found in new product and service development projects. In particular, the case examines a new type of product that is to be launched in an uncertain and unpredictable market and also carries some development risks. A
> The example of the bullwhip effect shown in Table 7.2 shows how a simple 5 per cent reduction in demand at the end of supply chain causes fluctuations that increase in severity the further back an operation is placed in the chain. Table 7.2: (a). Using
> Described as having ʻrevolutionised the concept of sandwich making and eatingʼ, Prêt A Manger opened their first shop in the mid-1980s, in London. Now they have over 130 shops in UK, New York, Hong Kong and Tokyo. They say that their secret is to focus c
> The manager of a sweet shop decides to sample batches of sweets to check that the weight is reasonably consistent. She takes 9 samples, each with 10 bags. The data below shows the average mean weight for each sample and the weight range. What control lim
> An animal park in Amsterdam has decided to samples 50 visitors each day (n) to see how many visitors are from overseas. The data below is for the last seven days. If it decided to continue recording this data and plot it on a control chart for attributes
> A local shop has a relatively stable demand for tins of sweetcorn throughout the year, with an annual total of 1,400 tins. The cost of placing an order is estimated at £15 and the annual cost of holding inventory is estimated at 25 per cent of the produc
> The environmental services department of a city has two recycling services – newspaper collection (NC) and general recycling (GR). The NC service is a door-to-door collection service that, at a fixed time every week, collects old newspapers that househol
> Supplies4medics distributes a range of around 4000 SKUs of medical and safety item supplies across Europe. The case highlights increasing problems with inventory shortages and declining service levels, at the same time that total inventory levels were at
> Some (even relatively experienced) project managers neglect stakeholders in the project management process, preferring to ‘manage them at a distance’ rather than allow them to interfere with the project. Others argue that the benefits of stakeholder mana
> The activities, their durations and precedences for designing, writing and installing a bespoke computer database are shown in Table 15.3. Draw a network diagram (activity-on-node) for the project and calculate the fastest time in which the operation mig
> Revisit the six examples of failure described at the beginning of the chapter. Compile a table that summarises your view of: (a). The reasons for the main failure. (b). How it might have been prevented. (c). The result (damage) of the failure.
> It is week 35 of a busy year at Ashby Architect’s and Jo Ashby is facing a big problem. Both her two junior partners have been diagnosed with a serious illness contracted on a trip to scope out a prospective job in Lichtenstein. So Jo h
> Find a copy of a financial newspaper (Financial Times, Wall Street Journal, Economist, etc.) and identify one company that is described in the paper that day. What do you think would be the main operations issues for that company?
> The Fast and Efficient (FAC) transport Group is reviewing its fleet maintenance operations. ‘Our lease on our current maintenance and repair facilities site will expire in a year, and we need to decide how to operate in the future. Currently we have the
> Mark Key is an events coordinator for a small company. Returning from his annual holiday in France, he is given six events to plan. He gives them the codes A–F. He needs to decide upon the sequence in which to plan the events and wants
> Write down five services that you have ‘consumed’ in the last week. Try and make these as varied as possible. Examples could include public transport, a bank, any shop or supermarket, attendance at an education course, a cinema, a restaurant and so on. F
> Visit an IKEA superstore and a smaller furniture store. Observe how the shop operates, for example, where customers go, how staff interact with them, how big it is, how the shop has chosen to use its space, what variety of products it offers and so on. T
> The Managing Partner of The Branding Partnership (TBP) describes her business. ʻIt is about four years now since we specialized in the small to medium firms’ market. Before that we also used to provide brand consultancy services for anyone who walked in
> Blackberry Hill Farm (BHF) has developed two businesses to complement their traditional farming activity over the last 6 years. The first is a service operation opening up the farm to paying visitors who can observe farming activities and enjoy tours, wa
> Quentin Cakes make about 20,000 cakes per year in two sizes, both based on the same recipe. Sales peak at Christmas time when demand is about 50 per cent higher than in the more quiet summer period. Their customers (the stores who stock their products) o
> A company that produces concrete paving slabs is introducing a new range of ‘textured’ nonslip products. To do this it must invest in a new machine. Demand is forecast to be around 10,000 units per month for the first year and approximately 24,000 units
> A data centre is ‘a facility composed of networked computers and storage that businesses or other organisations use to organise, process, store and disseminate large amounts of data. A business typically relies heavily upon the applications, services and
> Consider the music business as a supply network. How did music downloads and streaming affect to artists’ sales? What implications did electronic music transmission have for record shops?
> It sounds like a joke, but it is a genuine product innovation. It’s green, it’s square and it comes originally from Japan. It’s a square watermelon. Why square? Because Japanese grocery stores are not large and space cannot be wasted. Similarly a round w
> A janitor called Murray Spangler invented the vacuum cleaner in 1907. One year later, he sold his patented idea to William Hoover whose company went on to dominate the market. Now, the Dyson vacuum cleaner has jumped from nothing to a position where it d
> According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a circular economy is ‘one that is restorative and regenerative by design, and which aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between tech
> Innovation becomes particularly important at the interface between offerings and the people that use them. Consider two types of website: (a). Those which are trying to sell something such as Amazon.com. (b). Those primarily concerned with giving informa
> We have to get this new product and fast’, said the Operations Director. ‘Our competitors are close behind us and I believe their products will be almost as good as ours when they launch them.’ She was talking about a new product that the company hoped w
> One product for which customers value a very wide range of product types is that of domestic paint. Most people like to express their creativity in the choice of paints and other home decorating products that they use in their homes. Clearly, offering a
> This case uses publicly quoted information (usually from the companies’ own websites) to compare three well-known fashion retailers, all based in Europe. These three retailers are Benetton, based in Northern Italy, H&M, based in Sweden, and Zara, based i
> Xexon7 is a specialist artificial intelligence (AI) development firm that develops algorithms for various on-line services. As part of its client services it has a small (10 person) help-desk call centre to answer client queries. Clients could contact th
> DSD designs, makes and supplies medical equipment to hospitals and clinics. Its success was based on their research and development culture. Although around 50 per cent of manufacturing was done in-house, their products were relatively highly priced, but
> Examine this simple domestic project. The project definition is to make ‘breakfast in bed’ consisting of a boiled egg, toast and orange juice, using the minimum staff resources and time, and to a high quality (egg fres
> In the oil industry, project teams are increasingly using virtual reality and visualisation models of offshore structures that allow them to check out not only the original design, but any modifications that have to be made during construction. (a). Why
> Funding comes from a variety of sources; to restore the literally irreplaceable buildings we work on. We try to reconcile historical integrity with commercial viability, and rely on the support of volunteers. So we need to involve all stakeholders all th
> Revisit the two examples towards the beginning of the chapter describing the type of projects undertaken by Disney Imagineering and the Crossrail project. Using, the three methods of distinguishing between projects that are described in the chapter (thei
> An automated sandwich-making machine in a food manufacturer’s factory has six major components, with individual reliabilities as shown in Table 14.2. Table 14.2: Component ……………………………………………………………………………………. Reliability Bread slicer ………………………………………………………
> The light bulb in the men’s lavatories of a factory finally burnt out after 70 years of operation. The manager at the firm said, ‘It is actually a little bit sad. I joined the firm when I was fifteen (he is now sixty-three) and it was there then.’ In fac
> One cause of aircraft accident is ‘controlled flight into ground’. Predominantly, the reason for this is not mechanical failure but human failure such as pilot fatigue. Boeing, which dominates the commercial airline business, has calculated that over 60
> Wyco is a leading international retailer selling clothing and accessories with stores throughout the United States, Europe and the Middle East. The countries from which it sources its products include Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. It was shoc
