Question: The pilot of an airplane reads the

> An adiabatic capillary tube is used in some refrigeration systems to drop the pressure of the refrigerant from the condenser level to the evaporator level. R-134a enters the capillary tube as a saturated liquid at 70°C and leaves at â&#1

> An inventor claims to have invented an adiabatic steady flow device with a single inlet-outlet that produces 230 kW when expanding 1 kg/s of air from 1200 kPa and 300°C to 100 kPa. Is this claim valid?

> Helium gas enters a nozzle whose isentropic efficiency is 94 percent with a low velocity, and it exits at 14 psia, 180°F, and 1000 ft/s. Determine the pressure and temperature at the nozzle inlet.

> Air at 500 kPa and 400 K enters an adiabatic nozzle at a velocity of 30 m/s and leaves at 300 kPa and 350 K. Using variable specific heats, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency, (b) the exit velocity, and (c) the entropy generation.

> A gasoline line is connected to a pressure gage through a double-U manometer, as shown in Fig. P2–81. If the reading of the pressure gage is 370 kPa, determine the gage pressure of the gasoline line.

> Air enters the evaporator section of a window air conditioner at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 6 m3/min. The refrigerant-134a at 120 kPa with a quality of 0.3 enters the evaporator at a rate of 2 kg/min and leaves as saturated va

> A 0.8-m3 rigid tank contains carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at 250 K and 100 kPa. A 500-W electric resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on for 40 min, after which the pressure of CO2 is measured to be 175 kPa. Assuming the surrounding

> Refrigerant-134a at 700 kPa and 40°C is expanded adiabatically in a closed system to 60 kPa. Determine the work produced, in kJ/kg, and final enthalpy for an isentropic expansion efficiency of 80 percent.

> Ten lbm of R-134a is expanded without any heat transfer in a closed system from 120 psia and 100°F to 20 psia. If the isentropic expansion efficiency is 95 percent, what is the final volume of this refrigerant?

> One hundred kg of saturated steam at 100 kPa is to be adiabatically compressed in a closed system to 1000 kPa. How much work is required if the isentropic compression efficiency is 90 percent?

> Heat is transferred at a rate of 2 kW from a hot reservoir at 800 K to a cold reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the rate at which the entropy of the two reservoirs changes and determine if the second law is satisfied.

> A piston–cylinder device contains steam that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially the steam is at 400 kPa and 350°C with a volume of 0.5 m3. The steam is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initia

> A piston–cylinder device initially contains 15 ft3 of helium gas at 25 psia and 70°F. Helium is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 70 psia and 300°F. Determine (a) the entropy change of helium, (b) the entropy change of the surrou

> A piston–cylinder device contains air that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially, air is at 400 kPa and 300 K with a volume of 0.3 m3. Air is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initial pressure, a

> A 100-lbm block of a solid material whose specific heat is 0.5 Btu/lbm·R is at 80°F. It is heated with 10 lbm of saturated water vapor that has a constant pressure of 20 psia. Determine the final temperature of the block and water, and the entropy change

> A water pipe is connected to a double-U manometer as shown in Fig. P2–80E at a location where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psia. Determine the absolute pressure at the center of the pipe.

> Define stress, normal stress, shear stress, and pressure.

> What is the maximum volume that 3 kg of oxygen at 950 kPa and 373°C can be adiabatically expanded to in a piston–cylinder device if the final pressure is to be 100 kPa?

> Is it possible to expand water at 30 psia and 70 percent quality to 10 psia in a closed system undergoing an isothermal, reversible process while exchanging heat with an energy reservoir at 300°F?

> What is the minimum internal energy that steam can achieve as it is expanded adiabatically in a closed system from 1500 kPa and 320°C to 100 kPa?

> A refrigerator with a coefficient of performance of 4 transfers heat from a cold region at –20°C to a hot region at 30°C. Calculate the total entropy change of the regions when 1 kJ of heat is transferred from the

> A proposed heat pump design creates a heating effect of 25 kW while using 5 kW of electrical power. The thermal energy reservoirs are at 300 K and 260 K. Is this possible according to the increase of entropy principle?

> A rigid tank contains 7.5 kg of saturated water mixture at 400 kPa. A valve at the bottom of the tank is now opened, and liquid is withdrawn from the tank. Heat is transferred to the steam such that the pressure inside the tank remains constant. The valv

> Steam is accelerated as it flows through an actual adiabatic nozzle. The entropy of the steam at the nozzle exit will be (greater than, equal to, less than) the entropy at the nozzle inlet.

> A 0.18-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid water at 120°C. A valve at the bottom of the tank is now opened, and one-half of the total mass is withdrawn from the tank in liquid form. Heat is transferred to the water from a source at 230°C so tha

> Liquid water at 200 kPa and 15°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 200 kPa and 150°C. Liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate of 4.3 kg/s, and the chamber is estimated to lose heat to the surroun

> Steam expands in a turbine steadily at a rate of 40,000 kg/h, entering at 8 MPa and 500°C and leaving at 40 kPa as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 8.2 MW, determine the rate of entropy generation for this process. Ass

> Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere. Now equal volumes of water and light oil (ρ = 49.3 lbm/ft3) are poured from different arms. A person blows from the oil side of the U tube until the contact surface of the two fluids mov

> Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle at 2 MPa and 350°C with a velocity of 55 m/s and exits at 0.8 MPa and 390 m/s. If the nozzle has an inlet area of 7.5 cm2, determine (a) the exit temperature and (b) the rate of entropy generation for this process.

> Steam enters a diffuser at 20 psia and 240°F with a velocity of 900 ft/s and exits as saturated vapor at 240°F and 100 ft/s. The exit area of the diffuser is 1 ft2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam and (b) the rate of entropy generation duri

> The inner and outer surfaces of a 4-m × 10-m brick wall of thickness 20 cm are maintained at temperatures of 16°C and 4°C, respectively. If the rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1800 W, determine the rate of entropy generation within the wall.

> Stainless-steel ball bearings (ρ = 8085 kg/m3 and cp = 0.480 kJ/kg·°C) having a diameter of 1.8 cm are to be quenched in water at a rate of 1100 per minute. The balls leave the oven at a uniform temperature of 900°C and are exposed to air at 20°C for a

> Long cylindrical steel rods (ρ = 7833 kg/m3 and cp = 0.465 kJ/kg·°C) of 10-cm diameter are heat treated by drawing them at a velocity of 3 m/min through a 7-m-long oven maintained at 900°C. If the rods enter

> In a production facility, 1.2-in-thick, 2-ft × 2-ft square brass plates (ρ = 532.5 lbm/ft3 and cp = 0.091 Btu/lbm·°F) that are initially at a uniform temperature of 75°F are heated by passing them through an oven at 1300°F at a rate of 450 per minute. If

> Chickens with an average mass of 2.2 kg and average specific heat of 3.54 kJ/kg·°C are to be cooled by chilled water that enters a continuous-flow-type immersion chiller at 0.5°C and leaves at 2.5°C. Chickens are dropped into the chiller at a uniform tem

> During a heat transfer process, the entropy of a system (always, sometimes, never) increases.

> An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm-diameter sphere. The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 8°C and is dropped into boiling water at 97°C. Taking the properties of the egg to be ρ = 1020 kg/m3 and cp

> Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of 60°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 75 kg/s and leaves at 27°C. Assuming the condenser to be perfect

> A glass tube is attached to a water pipe, as shown in Fig. P2–78. If the water pressure at the bottom of the tube is 107 kPa and the local atmospheric pressure is 99 kPa, determine how high the water will rise in the tube, in m. Take th

> In a dairy plant, milk at 4°C is pasteurized continuously at 72°C at a rate of 12 L/s for 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. The milk is heated to the pasteurizing temperature by hot water heated in a natural-gas-fired boiler that

> Air (cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·°C) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a crossflow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 1.6 m3/s. The combustion gases (cp = 1.10 kJ/kg·°C) enter at 180°C

> Cold water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg⋅°C) leading to a shower enters a well-insulated, thin-walled, double pipe, counterflow heat exchanger at 10°C at a rate of 0.95 kg/s and is heated to 70°C by hot water (cp = 4

> Water at 20 psia and 50°F enters a mixing chamber at a rate of 300 lbm/min where it is mixed steadily with steam entering at 20 psia and 240°F. The mixture leaves the chamber at 20 psia and 130°F, and heat is lost to the

> Oxygen enters an insulated 12-cm-diameter pipe with a velocity of 70 m/s. At the pipe entrance, the oxygen is at 240 kPa and 20°C, and at the exit it is at 200 kPa and 18°C. Calculate the rate at which entropy is generated in the pipe.

> In an ice-making plant, water at 0°C is frozen at atmospheric pressure by evaporating saturated R-134a liquid at –16°C. The refrigerant leaves this evaporator as a saturated vapor, and the plant is sized to produce

> Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 7 MPa, 500°C, and 45 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and 75 m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 5 MW and the isentropic efficiency is 77 percent, determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through

> Air enters a compressor steadily at the ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 22°C and leaves at 800 kPa. Heat is lost from the compressor in the amount of 120 kJ/kg, and the air experiences an entropy decrease of 0.40 kJ/kg·K. Using constant specific heats,

> The entropy of steam will (increase, decrease, remain the same) as it flows through an actual adiabatic turbine.

> A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains saturated liquid water at 40-psia pressure. Now 600 Btu of heat is transferred to water from a source at 1000°F, and part of the liquid vaporizes at constant pressure. Determine the total entropy generated d

> Refrigerant-134a is expanded adiabatically from 100 psia and 100°F to a pressure of 10 psia. Determine the entropy generation for this process, in Btu/lbm·R.

> An iron block of unknown mass at 185°F is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 0.8 ft3 of water at 70°F. At the same time, a paddle wheel driven by a 200-W motor is activated to stir the water. Thermal equilibrium is established after 10 min with

> The exhaust nozzle of a jet engine expands air at 300 kPa and 180°C adiabatically to 100 kPa. Determine the air velocity at the exit when the inlet velocity is low and the nozzle isentropic efficiency is 93 percent.

> Hot combustion gases enter the nozzle of a turbojet engine at 260 kPa, 747°C, and 80 m/s, and they exit at a pressure of 85 kPa. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 92 percent and treating the combustion gases as air, determine (a) the exit v

> An adiabatic diffuser at the inlet of a jet engine increases the pressure of the air that enters the diffuser at 11 psia and 30°F to 20 psia. What will the air velocity at the diffuser exit be if the diffuser isentropic efficiency, defined as

> Reconsider Prob. 8–122E. Using appropriate software, study the effect of varying the nozzle isentropic efficiency from 0.8 to 1.0 on both the exit temperature and pressure of the air, and plot the results. Data from Prob. 8-122: Air enters an adiabatic

> Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 45 psia and 940°F with low velocity and exits at 650 ft/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle is 85 percent, determine the exit temperature and pressure of the air.

> An adiabatic steady-flow device compresses argon at 200 kPa and 27°C to 2 MPa. If the argon leaves this compressor at 550°C, what is the isentropic efficiency of the compressor?

> Argon gas enters an adiabatic compressor at 14 psia and 75°F with a velocity of 60 ft/s, and it exits at 200 psia and 240 ft/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 87 percent, determine (a) the exit temperature of the argon and (b) the work

> A piston–cylinder device contains superheated steam. During an actual adiabatic process, the entropy of the steam will (never, sometimes, always) increase.

> A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than an ordinary pan by maintaining a higher pressure and temperature inside. The lid of a pressure cooker is well sealed, and steam can escape only through an opening in the middle of the lid. A separate metal piece,

> Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 95 kPa and 27°C to 600 kPa and 277°C. Assuming variable specific heats and neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor and (b) the

> The adiabatic compressor of a refrigeration system compresses saturated R-134a vapor at 0°C to 600 kPa and 50°C. What is the isentropic efficiency of this compressor?

> Reconsider Prob. 8–116. Using appropriate software, redo the problem by including the effects of the kinetic energy of the flow by assuming an inlet-to-exit area ratio of 1.5 for the compressor when the compressor exit pipe inside diame

> Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 100 kPa at a rate of 0.7 m3/min and exits at 1-MPa pressure. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 87 percent, determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the exit

> Repeat Prob. 8–114 for a turbine efficiency of 85 percent. Data from Prob. 8-114: Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 92 percent. Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kW, wh

> Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 92 percent. Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kW, when the mass flow rate is 2 kg/s.

> Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 120 kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency of this turbine if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor?

> Combustion gases enter an adiabatic gas turbine at 1540°F and 120 psia and leave at 60 psia with a low velocity. Treating the combustion gases as air and assuming an isentropic efficiency of 82 percent, determine the work output of the turbine.

> Steam at 100 psia and 650°F is expanded adiabatically in a closed system to 10 psia. Determine the work produced, in Btu/lbm, and the final temperature of steam for an isentropic expansion efficiency of 80 percent.

> Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine at 800°C and 1.5 MPa at a rate of 80 kg/min and exhausts at 200 kPa. If the power output of the turbine is 370 kW, determine the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.

> The lower half of a 6-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water ( ρ = 1000 kg/m3) and the upper half with oil that has a specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the cylinder.

> A piston–cylinder device contains nitrogen gas. During a reversible, adiabatic process, the entropy of the nitrogen will (never, sometimes, always) increase.

> On a T-s diagram, does the actual exit state (state 2) of an adiabatic turbine have to be on the right-hand side of the isentropic exit state (state 2s)? Why?

> Is the isentropic process a suitable model for compressors that are cooled intentionally? Explain.

> Describe the ideal process for an (a) adiabatic turbine, (b) adiabatic compressor, and (c) adiabatic nozzle, and define the isentropic efficiency for each device.

> Reconsider Prob. 8–105. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the quality of the steam at the turbine exit on the net-work output. Vary the quality from 0.5 to 1.0, and plot the net-work output as a function of this quality. Data from Pr

> Consider a steam power plant that operates between the pressure limits of 5 MPa and 10 kPa. Steam enters the pump as saturated liquid and leaves the turbine as saturated vapor. Determine the ratio of the work delivered by the turbine to the work consumed

> Water enters the pump of a steam power plant as saturated liquid at 20 kPa at a rate of 45 kg/s and exits at 6 MPa. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies and assuming the process to be reversible, determine the power input to the pump.

> Liquid water at 120 kPa enters a 7-kW pump where its pressure is raised to 5 MPa. If the elevation difference between the exit and the inlet levels is 10 m, determine the highest mass flow rate of liquid water this pump can handle. Neglect the kinetic en

> Saturated water vapor at 150°C is compressed in a reversible steady-flow device to 1000 kPa while its specific volume remains constant. Determine the work required in kJ/kg.

> Air is compressed isothermally from 13 psia and 55°F to 80 psia in a reversible steady-flow device. Calculate the work required, in Btu/lbm, for this compression.

> Determine the maximum amount of load, in kg, the balloon described in Prob. 2–72 can carry. Data from Prob 2-72: Balloons are often filled with helium gas because it weighs only about one-seventh of what air weighs under identical cond

> Calculate the work produced, in Btu/lbm, for the reversible steady-flow process 1–2 shown in Fig. P8–100E.

> A piston–cylinder device contains helium gas. During a reversible, isothermal process, the entropy of the helium will (never, sometimes, always) increase.

> Does a cycle for which ∮ δQ > 0 violate the Clausius inequality? Why?

> A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 25°C. The refrigerator consumes 500 W of power when operating and has a COP of 4.5. Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and (b) the temperature of the ref

> A completely reversible refrigerator operates between thermal energy reservoirs at 450 R and 540 R. How many kilowatts of power are required for this device to produce a 15,000-Btu/h cooling effect?

> A Carnot refrigerator absorbs heat from a space at 15°C at a rate of 16,000 kJ/h and rejects heat to a reservoir at 36°C. Determine the COP of the refrigerator, the power input in kW, and the rate of heat rejected to the high-temper

> An air-conditioning system is used to maintain a house at 70°F when the temperature outside is 100°F. The house is gaining heat through the walls and the windows at a rate of 800 Btu/min, and the heat generation rate within the house from people, lights,

> A heat pump operates on a Carnot heat pump cycle with a COP of 12.5. It keeps a space at 24°C by consuming 2.15 kW of power. Determine the temperature of the reservoir from which the heat is absorbed and the heating load provided by the heat pump.

> An air-conditioning system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is required to transfer heat from a house at a rate of 750 kJ/min to maintain its temperature at 24°C. If the outdoor air temperature is 35°C, determine the power required to operate this

> A completely reversible refrigerator is driven by a 10-kW compressor and operates with thermal energy reservoirs at 250 K and 300 K. Calculate the rate of cooling provided by this refrigerator.

> Reconsider Prob. 2–72. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the number of people carried in the balloon on acceleration. Plot the acceleration against the number of people, and discuss the results. Data from Prob 2-72:

> Determine the minimum work per unit of heat transfer from the source reservoir that is required to drive a heat pump with thermal energy reservoirs at 460 K and 535 K.

> A thermodynamicist claims to have developed a heat pump with a COP of 1.7 when operating with thermal energy reservoirs at 273 K and 293 K. Is this claim valid?

> It is well known that the thermal efficiency of heat engines increases as the temperature of the energy source increases. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of a power plant, somebody suggests transferring heat from the available energy source to a

> Is it possible for a heat engine to operate without rejecting any waste heat to a low-temperature reservoir? Explain.

> It is well established that the thermal efficiency of a heat engine increases as the temperature TL at which heat is rejected from the heat engine decreases. In an effort to increase the efficiency of a power plant, somebody suggests refrigerating the co

> In an effort to conserve energy in a heat-engine cycle, somebody suggests incorporating a refrigerator that will absorb some of the waste energy QL and transfer it to the energy source of the heat engine. Is this a smart idea? Explain.

> How can we increase the COP of a Carnot refrigerator?