Using standard steam tables, calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion, , from its definition for steam at 450°C and pressures of 10 kPa and 1 MPa. Then compare your results with the value obtained by assuming that steam is a perfect gas, and explain the difference.
> Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for film boiling of water on a 1.3-cm horizontal tube if the tube temperature is 550oC and the system is placed under a pressure of 50 kPa.
> In a metal alloy manufacturing and heat treatment plant and in its immersion quenching process, steel plates are first heated in a furnace and then quenched (or cooled) in a coolant bath to obtain the desired steel properties and surface hardness. In on
> Calculate the peak heat flux for nucleate pool boiling of water at 300 kPa pressure and 110oC on clean copper.
> It has recently been proposed by Andraka et al. of Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, in Sodium Reflux Pool-Boiler Solar Receiver On-Sun Test Results (SAND89-2773, June 1992) that the heat flux from a parabolic dish solar concentrator coul
> Environmental concerns have recently motivated the search for replacements for chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. An experiment has been devised to deter- mine the applicability of one such replacement. A silicon chip is bonded to the bottom of a thin copp
> In boiling (and condensation) heat transfer, the convection heat transfer coefficient, hc, is expected to depend on the difference between the surface and saturation temperatures, /, the body force arising from the density difference between liquid a
> A thin-walled, horizontal copper tube of 0.5-cm OD is placed in a pool of water at atmospheric pressure and 100oC. Inside the tube an organic vapor is condensing, and the outside surface temperature of the tube is uniform at 232oC. Calculate the average
> Water at atmospheric pressure is boiling in a pot with a flat-copper bottom on an electric range that maintains the surface temperature at 115oC. Calculate the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
> A small oven with a surface area of 0.28 m2 is located in a room in which the walls and the air are at a temperature of 27°C. The exterior surface of the oven is at 150°C, and the next heat transfer by radiation between the oven’s surface and the surroun
> Overhead electric transmission lines get heated (due to the electric resistivity of the cable material) and lose heat to the ambient air; this transmission energy loss due to heat transfer is referred to as the Joule effect in the conduction material. Co
> The heat loss from uninsulated hot water pipes installed in homes can be considerable and hence increases the overall energy cost of the home. Consider a 5-m-long section of such a pipe that has an outer diameter of 1.7 cm and a surface temperature of 75
> Consider the electrical space heater of Example 8.1, where the electric resistance heating coil is enclosed in a straight horizontal polished metallic cylinder that has an outer diameter of 1 cm and an emissivity of 0.9. If its surface temperature is at
> A 0.15-m-square circuit board is to be cooled in a vertical position, as shown in the sketch. The board is insulated on one side, while on the other, 100 closely spaced square chips are mounted. Each chip dissipates 0.06 W of heat. The board is exposed t
> The following equation has been proposed for the heat transfer coefficient in natural convection from long vertical cylinders to air at atmospheric pressure: where Tf = the film temperature / is in the range 0 to 200°C. The corresponding equat
> A gas-fired industrial furnace is used to generate steam. The furnace is a 3-m cubic structure, and the interior surfaces are completely covered with boiler tubes transporting pressurized wet steam at 150°C. It is desired to keep the furnace losses to 1%
> A horizontal disk 1 m in diameter rotates in air at 25°C. If the disk is at 100°C, estimate the number of revolutions per minute at which natural convection for a stationary disk becomes less than 10% of the heat transfer for a rotating disk.
> A vertical, isothermal plate 30 cm high is suspended in an atmospheric airstream flowing at 2 m/s in a vertical direction. If the air is at 16°C, estimate the plate temperature for which the natural-convection effect on the heat transfer coefficient will
> Suppose a thin, vertical, flat plate 60 cm high and 40 cm wide is immersed in a fluid flowing parallel to its surface. If the plate is at 40°C and the fluid at 10°C, estimate the Reynolds number at which buoyancy effects are essentially negligible for he
> Consider a vertical, 20-cm-tall, flat plate at 120°C, suspended in a fluid at 100°C. If the fluid is being forced past the plate from above, estimate the fluid velocity for which natural convection becomes negligible (less than 10%) in (a) mercury, (b)
> A horizontal, 3-mm-thick flat-copper plate, 1-m long and 0.5-m wide, is exposed in air at 27°C to radiation from the sun. If the total rate of solar radiation absorbed is 300 W and the combined radiation and convection heat transfer coefficients on the u
> Reconsider the problem of cooling of a rotating rod (shaft) by natural convection described in Example 8.6. Determine the shaft rotation at which the heat transfer contribution due to the rotation convection is about the same as that due to natural conve
> A mild steel (1% carbon), 2-cm-OD shaft rotating in 20°C air at 20,000 rev/min is attached to two bearings 0.7 m apart, as shown below. If the temperature at the bearings is 90°C, determine the temperature distribution along the sh
> A sphere 0.1 m in diameter is rotating at 20 rpm in a large container of CO2 at atmospheric pressure. If the sphere is at 60°C and the CO2 at 20°C, estimate the rate of heat transfer.
> Estimate the rate of heat transfer from one side of a 2-m-diameter disk with a surface temperature of 50°C rotating at 600 rev/min in 20°C air.
> The electronic controls of a medical imaging device are housed in a compartment such that it heat dissipates heat to the ambient from a flat vertical plate surface, 15 cm wide and 20 cm high, to which fins are attached so as to enhance the heat transfer
> Use Fig. 8.3 to determine the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient for the conditions given in Problem 8.4.
> An electronic device is to be cooled by natural convection in atmospheric air at 20°C. The device generates 50 W internally, and only one of its external surfaces is suitable for attaching fins. The surface available for attaching cooling fins
> An electronic device is to be cooled in air at 20°C by an array of equally spaced vertical rectangular fins, as shown in the following sketch. The fins are made of aluminum and their average temperature, Ts, is 100°C. Estimate (a)
> Consider the problem described in Example 8.5. Show that the transient heating of the water in the pan, assuming the water to be well-mixed and thermally homogenous at any instant in time, can be expressed by the following: where V is the volume of water
> The refrigeration system for an indoor ice rink is to be sized by an HVAC contractor. The refrigeration system has a COP (coefficient of performance) of 0.5. The ice surface is estimated to be 22°C, and the ambient air is -4°C. Dete
> A flat roof is modeled as a flat plate insulated on the bottom and placed in the sunlight. If the radiant heat that the roof receives from the sun is 600 W/m2, the convection heat transfer coefficient between the roof and the air is 12 W/m2 K, and the ai
> The surfaces of two concentric spheres with radii of 75 and 100 mm are maintained at 325 K and 275 K, respectively. (a) If the space between the spheres is filled with nitrogen at 500 kPa, estimate the convection heat transfer rate. (b) If both sphere
> Liquid oxygen at -183°C is stored in a thin-walled spherical container with an outside diameter of 2 m. This container is surrounded by another sphere of 2.5-m inside diameter to reduce heat loss. The inner spherical surface has an emissivity of 0.05, an
> A solar collector design consists of several parallel tubes, each enclosed concentrically in an outer tube that is transparent to solar radiation. The tubes are thin walled with inner and outer cylinder diameters of 0.10 and 0.15 m, respectively. The ann
> Two long, concentric, horizontal aluminum tubes of 0.2 m and 0.25 m diameter are maintained at 300 K and 400 K, respectively. The space between the tubes is filled with nitrogen. If the surfaces of the tubes are polished to prevent radiation, estimate th
> Calculate the rate of heat transfer between a pair of concentric horizontal cylinders 20 mm and 126 mm in diameter. The inner cylinder is maintained at 37°C, and the outer cylinder is maintained at 17°C.
> Determine the rate of heat loss through a double-paned window shown in the sketch if the inside room temperature is 65°C and the average out- side air is 0°C during December. Neglect the effect of the window frame. If the house is e
> A long cylinder 0.1 m in diameter has a surface temperature of 400 K. If it is immersed in a fluid at 350 K, natural convection will occur as a result of the temperature difference. Calculate the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers that will determine the Nusse
> A flat-plate solar collector of 3 m * 5 m area has an absorber plate that is to operate at a temperature of 70°C. To reduce heat losses, a glass cover is placed 0.05 m from the absorber. Its operating temperature is estimated to be 35Â&d
> An architect is asked to determine the heat loss through a wall of a building constructed as shown in the sketch. The space between the walls is 10 cm and contains air. If the inner surface is at 20°C, and the outer surface is at -8Â&de
> Estimate the rate of convection heat transfer across a 1-m-tall double-pane window assembly in which the outside pane is at 0°C and the inside pane is at 20°C. The panes are spaced 2.5 cm apart. What is the thermal resistance (R-value) of the window if t
> To reduce home heating requirements, modern building codes in many parts of the country require the use of double-glazed or double-pane windows, i.e., windows with two panes of glass. Some of these so-called thermos pane windows have an evacuated space b
> In petroleum processing plants, it is often necessary to pump highly viscous liquids such as asphalt through pipes. To keep pumping costs within reason, the pipelines are electrically heated to reduce the viscosity of the asphalt. Consider a 15-cm-OD un
> A long steel rod (2 cm in diameter, 2 m long) has been heat treated and quenched to a temperature of 100°C in an oil bath. To cool the rod further, it is necessary to remove it from the bath and expose it to room air. Is cool-down faster by cooling the c
> An 20-cm-diameter horizontal steam pipe carries 1.66 kg/min of dry, pressurized, saturated steam at 120°C. If the ambient air temperature is 20°C, deter- mine the rate of condensate flow at the end of 3 m of pipe. Use an emissivity of 0.85 for the pi
> A 2-cm-diameter bare aluminum electric power trans- mission line with an emissivity of 0.07 carries 500 A at 400 kV. The wire has an electrical resistivity of 1.72 / and is suspended horizontally between two towers separated by 1 km. Determine the surfac
> Only 10% of the energy dissipated by the tungsten filament of an incandescent lamp is in the form of useful visible light. Consider a 100-W lamp with a 10-cm spherical glass bulb, as shown in the sketch. Assuming an emissivity of 0.85 for the glass and a
> A sphere 20 cm in diameter containing liquid air (-140°C) is covered with 5-cm-thick glass wool (50 kg/m3 density) with an emissivity of 0.8. Estimate the rate of heat transfer to the liquid air from the surrounding air at 20°C by convection and ra
> A thermocouple (0.8-mm OD) is located horizon- tally in a large enclosure whose walls are at 37°C. The enclosure is filled with a transparent, quiescent gas that has the same properties as air. The electromotive force (emf) of the thermocouple indicates
> Compare the rate of condensate flow from the pipe in Problem 8.28 ( air pressure = 200 kPa) with that for a 3.89-cm-OD pipe and 200 kPa air pressure. What is the rate of condensate flow if the 2-cm pipe is submerged in a 20°C constant-temperature water
> A long, 2-cm-diameter horizontal copper pipe carries dry saturated steam at 120 kPa absolute pressure. The pipe is contained within an environmental testing chamber in which the ambient air pressure can be adjusted from 50 kPa to 200 kPa absolute, while
> An electronic device that internally generates 600 mW of heat has a maximum permissible operating temperature of 70°C. It is to be cooled in 25°C air by attaching aluminum fins with a total surface area of 12 cm2. The convection
> A laboratory experiment has been performed to determine the natural-convection heat transfer correlation for a horizontal cylinder of elliptical cross section in air. The cylinder is 1 m long, has a hydraulic diameter of 1 cm, a surface area of 0.0314 m2
> A pot of coffee has been allowed to cool to 17°C. If the electric coffee maker is turned back on, the hot plate on which the pot rests is brought up to 70°C immediately and held at that temperature by a thermostat. Consider the pot
> A thin electronic circuit board, 0.1 m * 0.1 m in size, is to be cooled in air at 25°C, as shown in the sketch. The board is placed in a vertical position, and the back side is well insulated. If the heat dissipation is uniform at 200 W/m2, d
> A 2.5-m * 2.5-m steel sheet 1.5 mm thick is removed from an annealing oven at a uniform temperature of 425°C and placed in a large room at 20°C in a horizontal position. (a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer from the steel sheet immediately after its
> A 1-m-square copper plate is placed horizontally on 2-m-high legs. The plate has been coated with a material that provides a solar absorptivity of 0.9 and an infrared emissivity of 0.25. If the air temperature is 30°C, determine the equilibrium temperatu
> Solar radiation at 600 W/m2 is absorbed by a black roof inclined at 30° as shown. If the underside of the roof is well insulated, estimate the maximum roof temperature in Tinfinity = 20°C air.
> Cooled air is flowing through a long, sheet metal air-conditioning duct 0.2 m high and 0.3 m wide. If the duct temperature is 10°C and passes through a crawl space under a house at 30°C, estimate (a) the heat transfer rate to the cooled air per meter le
> An electronic circuit board the shape of a flat plate is 0.3 m * 0.3 m in planform and dissipates 15 W. It is placed in operation on an insulated surface either in a horizontal position or at an angle of 45° to horizontal; in both cases, it is in still a
> From its definition and from the property values in Appendix 2, Table 13, calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion, , for saturated water at 403 K. Then compare your results with the value in the table.
> A laboratory apparatus is used to maintain a horizontal slab of ice at –2.2°C so that specimens can be prepared on the surface of the ice and kept close to 0°C. If the ice is 10 cm 3 3.8 cm and the laboratory is kept at 16°C, find the cooling rate in wat
> A composite refrigerator wall is composed of 5 cm of corkboard sandwiched between a 1.2-cm-thick layer of oak and a 0.8-mm-thick layer of aluminum lining on the inner surface. The average convection heat transfer coefficients at the interior and exterio
> A 0.1-cm-thick square, flat copper plate, 2.5 m * 2.5 m, is to be cooled in a vertical position. The initial temperature of the plate is 90°C with the ambient fluid at 30°C. The fluid medium is either atmospheric air or water. For both fluids, (a) calcu
> An aluminum sheet 0.4 m tall, 1 m long, and 0.002 m thick is to be cooled from an initial temperature of 150°C to 50°C by immersing it suddenly in water at 20°C. The sheet is suspended from two wires at the upper corners
> An electric heating blanket is subjected to an acceptance test. It is to dissipate 400 W on the high set- ting when hanging in air at 20°C. (a) If the blanket is 1.3 m wide, what is the length required If its average temperature at the high setting is t
> A mercury bath at 60°C is to be heated by immersing cylindrical electric heating rods, each 20 cm tall and 2 cm in diameter. Calculate the maximum electric power rating of a typical rod if its maximum surface temperature is 140°C.
> Consider a design for a nuclear reactor using natural- convection heating of liquid bismuth as shown. The reactor is to be constructed of parallel vertical plates 1.8 m tall and 1.2 m wide in which heat is generated uniformly. Estimate the maximum possib
> A long, heated, cylindrical steel rod is removed from a heat treatment furnace and has to be cooled to complete the process. If the surface temperature of the rod is at 150°C and the cooling fluid temperature is maintained at 25°C, what is the minimum di
> An electric room heater has been designed in the shape of a vertical cylinder 2 m tall and 30 cm in diameter. For safety, the heater surface cannot exceed 35°C. If the room air is at 20°C, find the power rating of the heater in watts.
> Compare the rate of heat loss from a human body with the typical energy intake from consumption of food (4.325 MJ/day). Model the body as a vertical cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.8 m high in still air. Assume the skin temperature is 2°C bel
> Solar One, located near Barstow, CA, was the first large-scale (10-MW electric) solar-thermal electric-power-generating plant in the United States. A schematic diagram of the plant is shown below. The receiver can be treated as a cylinder 7 m in dia
> Show that the coefficient of thermal expansion for an ideal gas is 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature.
> A simple solar heater consists of a flat plate of glass below which is located a shallow pan filled with water, so that the water is in contact with the glass plate above it. Solar radiation passes through the glass at the rate of 490 W/m2. The water is
> Air at an average temperature of 150°C flows through a short, square duct 10 * 10 * 2.25 cm at a rate of 15 kg/h, as shown in the sketch below. The duct wall temperature is 430°C. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient usin
> Air at 30°C enters a rectangular duct 1 m long and 4 mm by 16 mm in cross section at a rate of 0.0004 kg/s. If a uniform heat flux of 500 W/m2 is imposed on both of the long sides of the duct, calculate (a) the air outlet temperature, (b) th
> Nitrogen at 30°C and atmospheric pressure enters a triangular duct 0.02 m on each side at a rate of 4 * 10-4 kg/s. If the duct temperature is uniform at 200°C, estimate the bulk temperature of the nitrogen 2 m and 5 m from the inlet.
> Purified water, flowing at the rate of 45 kg/h is to be heated from 25°C to 75°C in a food processing plant before it is mixed with thickened tomato puree for sauce production. A thin-walled, 1.25 cm diameter, stainless steel tube is used, which is maint
> Reconsider Problem 7.19, where the tube-to-coil effects were ignored. By considering a helical coiled- tube heat exchanger where the tube length (straight length of an unwound coil) is the same as calculated previously, recommend a coil diameter, dc, for
> A nuclear reactor has rectangular flow channels with a large aspect ratio /Heat generation from the upper and lower surfaces is equal and uniform at any value of x. However, the rate varies along the flow path of the sodium coolant according to Assuming
> A 5000 m2 condenser is constructed with 2.5-cm-OD brass tubes that are 2.7 m long and have a 1.2 mm wall thickness. The following thermal resistance data were obtained at various water velocities inside the tubes (Trans. ASME, Vol. 58, p. 672, 1936). Ass
> Water in turbulent flow is to be heated in a single-pass tubular heat exchanger by steam condensing on the outside of the tubes. The flow rate of the water, its inlet and outlet temperatures, and the steam pressure are fixed. Assuming that the tube wall
> A long, 1.2-m-OD pipeline carrying oil is to be installed in Alaska. To prevent the oil from becoming too viscous for pumping, the pipeline is buried 3 m below ground. The oil is also heated periodically at pumping stations, as shown schematically in the
> A 3.05 m vertical cylindrical exhaust duct from a commercial laundry has an ID of 15.2 cm. Exhaust gases having physical properties approximating those of dry air enter at 316°C. The duct is insulated with 10.2 cm of rock wool having a thermal conductivi
> A submarine is to be designed to provide a comfortable temperature of no less than 21°C for the crew. The submarine is idealized by a cylinder 9 m in diameter and 61 m in length, as shown. The combined heat transfer coefficient on the interior
> Exhaust gases having properties similar to dry air enter an exhaust stack at 800 K. The stack is made of steel and is 8 m tall with a 0.5-m-ID. The gas flow rate is 0.5 kg/s, and the ambient temperature is 280 K. The outside of the stack has an emissivit
> A plastic tube of 7.6-cm-ID and 1.27-cm wall thick- ness has a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m K, a density of 2400 kg/m3, and a specific heat of 1675 J/kg K. It is cooled from an initial temperature of 77°C by passing air at 20°C inside and outside the
> In a biomedical processing plant, a newly developed liquid drug or medication that leaves a mixing chamber at 20°C needs to be heated to 70°C in a thermal curing process. This is achieved by heating the liquid media at the rate of 10 kg/h in a thin metal
> In a pipe-within-a-pipe heat exchanger, water flows in the annulus and an aniline-alcohol solution having the properties listed in Problem 7.28 flows in the central pipe. The inner pipe has a 1.3-cm-ID and a 1.6-cm-OD, and the ID of the outer pipe is
> Evalute the rate of heat loss per meter from pressurized water flowing at 200°C through a 10-cm-ID pipe at a velocity of 3 m/s. The pipe is covered with a 5-cm-thick layer of 85% magnesia wool with an emissivity of 0.5. Heat is transferred to the surroun
> Assume that the inner cylinder in Problem 7.40 is a heat source consisting of an aluminum-clad rod of uranium with a 5-cm diameter and 2 m long. Estimate the heat flux that raises the temperature of the bismuth 40°C and the maximum center and surface tem
> A double-pipe heat exchanger is used to condense steam at 7370 N/m2. Water at an average bulk temperature of 10°C flows at 3.0 m/s through the inner pipe, which is made of copper and has a 2.54-cm ID and a 3.05-cm OD. Steam at its saturation temperature
> A 2.54-cm-OD, 1.9-cm-ID steel pipe carries dry air at a velocity of 7.6 m/s and a temperature of 27°C. Ambient air is at 21°C and has a dew point of 10°C. How much insulation with a conductivity of 0.18 W/mK is needed to
> For fully turbulent flow in a long tube of diameter D, develop a relation between the ratio /in terms of flow and heat transfer parameters, where /is the tube length required to raise the bulk temperature of the fluid by / Use Eq. (7.61) for fluids with
> Liquid sodium is to be heated from 500 K to 600 K by passing it at a flow rate of 5.0 kg/s through a 5-cm- ID tube whose surface is maintained at 620 K. What length of tube is required?
> A heat exchanger wall consists of a copper plate 2 cm thick. The heat transfer coefficients on the two sides of the plate are 2700 and 7000 W/ ( m2 K ) , corresponding to fluid temperatures of 92 and 32°C, respectively. Assuming that the thermal conducti
> A heat exchanger is to be designed to heat a flow of molten bismuth from 377°C to 477°C. The heat exchanger consists of a 50-mm-ID tube with a sur- face temperature maintained uniformly at 500°C by an electric heater. Find the length of the tube and the
> Mercury flows inside a copper tube 9 m long with a 5.1-cm inside diameter at an average velocity of 7 m/s. The temperature at the inside surface of the tube is 38°C uniformly throughout the tube, and the arithmetic mean bulk temperature of the mercury is
> Determine the heat transfer coefficient for liquid bismuth flowing through an annulus (5-cm-ID, 6.1-cm- OD) at a velocity of 4.5 m/s. The wall temperature of the inner surface is 427°C, and the bismuth is at 316°C. Assume that heat losses from the outer
> Water enters a small copper tube, with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm, at the rate of 0.025 kg/s and a temperature of 15°C. Steam is condensing on the outer surface of the tube at atmospheric pressure so that tube-surface temperature is uniformly at 100°C.
