Question: What is a keiretsu? Give a brief

> Economy-Cool air conditioners cost $300 to purchase, result in electricity bills of $150 per year, and last for five years. Luxury Air models cost $500, result in electricity bills of $100 per year, and last for eight years. The discount rate is 21%. a.

> You can purchase an optical scanner today for $400. The scanner provides benefits worth $60 a year. The expected life of the scanner is 10 years. Scanners are expected to decrease in price by 20% per year. Suppose the discount rate is 10%. 1. Should you

> Deutsche Transport can lease a truck for four years at a cost of €30,000 annually. It can instead buy a truck at a cost of €80,000, with annual maintenance expenses of €10,000. The truck will be sold at the end of four years for €20,000. Ignore taxes. a.

> Here again are the five lessons of market efficiency. For each lesson give an example showing the lesson’s relevance to financial managers. a. Markets have no memory. b. Trust market prices. c. Read the entrails. d. The do-it-yourself alternative. e. See

> In 2022, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) started planning its “Phase 3” requirements for reformulated gasoline (RFG). RFG is gasoline blended to tight specifications designed to reduce pollution from motor vehicles. CARB consulted with refiners

> Suppose that Sudbury Mechanical Drifters is proposing to invest $10 million in a new factory. It can depreciate this investment straight-line over 10 years. The tax rate is 40%, and the discount rate is 10%. a. What is the present value of Sudbury’s depr

> In the International Mulch and Compost example (Section 6-3), we assumed that early losses on the project could be used to offset taxable profits elsewhere in the corporation. Suppose that the losses had to be carried forward and offset against future ta

> Consider the following two projects: a. If the opportunity cost of capital is 11%, which of these two projects would you accept (A, B, or both)? b. Suppose that you can choose only one of these two projects. Which would you choose? The discount rate is s

> Plot the NPVs for the following projects for discount rates from 0% to 30%: a. Which one of these projects has no IRR? b. One of the projects has two IRRs. Which is this project and what are the IRRs? c. What are the IRRs of the other two projects? d. Su

> Consider the following two mutually exclusive projects: a. Calculate the NPV of each project for discount rates of 0%, 10%, and 20%. Plot these on a graph with NPV on the vertical axis and discount rate on the horizontal axis. b. What is the approximate

> Respond to the following comments: a. “I like the IRR rule. I can use it to rank projects without having to specify a discount rate.” b. “I like the payback rule. As long as the minimum payback period is short, the rule makes sure that the company takes

> Look up Intel (INTC), Oracle (ORCL), and HP (HPQ) on finance.yahoo.com. Rank the companies’ forward P/E ratios from highest to lowest. What are the possible reasons for the different ratios? Which of these companies appears to have the most valuable grow

> Look up General Mills (GIS), Kellogg (K), Campbell Soup (CPB), and Seneca Foods (SENEA). a. What are the current P/E and P/B ratios for these food companies? What are the dividend and dividend yield for each company? b. What are the growth rates of EPS a

> Here are forecasts for next year for two stocks: a. What are the dividend payout ratios for each firm? b. What are the expected dividend growth rates for each stock? c. If investors require a return of 15% on each stock, what are their values?

> Give two or three examples of research results or events that raise doubts about market efficiency. Briefly explain why.

> True or false? a. All stocks in an equivalent-risk class are priced to offer the same expected rate of return. b. The value of a share equals the PV of future dividends per share. c. The value of a share equals the PV of earnings per share assuming the f

> Look up P/E and P/B ratios for Entergy (ticker symbol ETR), using Yahoo! Finance or another Internet source. Calculate the same ratios for the following potential comparables: American Electric Power (AEP), CenterPoint Energy (CNP), and Southern Company

> Stock quotes Go to finance.yahoo.com and get trading quotes for IBM. a. What is the latest IBM stock price and market cap? b. What is IBM’s dividend payment and dividend yield? c. What is IBM’s trailing P/E ratio? d. Calculate IBM’s forward P/E ratio usi

> Here is a small part of the order book for Mesquite Foods: a. Georgina Sloberg submits a market order to sell 100 shares. What price will she receive? b. Norman Pilbarra submits a market order to buy 400 shares. What is the maximum price that he will pay

> a. “I would like to sell 1000 shares of Walmart at best.” b. “I would like to buy 500 shares of Hattersley at $50 or better.” Which of these is a limit order and which is a market order? If the price of Walmart is $50 and the price of Hattersley is $60,

> Phoenix Corp. faltered in the recent recession but is recovering. Free cash flow has grown rapidly. Forecasts made in 2019 are as follows: Phoenix’s recovery will be complete by 2024, and there will be no further growth in net income or

> Permian Partners (PP) produces from aging oil fields in west Texas. Production is 1.8 million barrels per year in 2018, but production is declining at 7% per year for the foreseeable future. Costs of production, transportation, and administration add up

> True or false? a. The bid price is always greater than the ask price. b. An investor who wants to sell his stock immediately should enter a limit order. c. The sale of shares by a large investor usually takes place in the primary market. d. Electronic Co

> Write a spreadsheet program to construct a series of bond tables that show the present value of a bond given the coupon rate, maturity, and yield to maturity. Assume that coupon payments are semiannual and yields are compounded semiannually.

> A bond’s credit rating provides a guide to its price. In the fall of 2017 Aaa bonds yielded 3.6% and Baa bonds yielded 4.3%. If some bad news causes a 10% five-year bond to be unexpectedly downrated from Aaa to Baa, what would be the effect on the bond

> True or false? The efficient-market hypothesis assumes that: a. There are no taxes. b. There is perfect foresight. c. Successive price changes are independent. d. Investors are irrational. e. There are no transaction costs. f. Forecasts are unbiased.

> The following table shows the prices of a sample of Narnian Treasury strips in December 2018. Each strip makes a single payment of $1,000 at maturity. a. Calculate the annually compounded, spot interest rate for each year. b. Is the term structure upward

> Look again at the bonds in part (b) of Problem 24. a. Explain intuitively why the yield to maturity on the 10% bond is less than that on the 5% bond. b. What should be the yield to maturity on a five-year zero-coupon bond? c. Show that the correct yield

> Choose 10 U.S. Treasury bonds with different coupons and different maturities. Calculate how their prices would change if their yields to maturity increased by 1 percentage point. Are long- or short-term bonds most affected by the change in yields? Are h

> Bond prices and yields In November 2017, Treasury 4¾s of 2041 offered a semiannually compounded yield to maturity of 2.6%. Recognizing that coupons are paid semiannually, calculate the bond’s price.

> The following statements are true. Explain why. a. If a bond’s coupon rate is higher than its yield to maturity, then the bond will sell for more than face value. b. If a bond’s coupon rate is lower than its yield to maturity, then the bond’s price will

> A 10-year bond is issued with a face value of $1,000, paying interest of $60 a year. If interest rates increase shortly after the bond is issued, what happens to the bonds: a. Coupon rate? b. Price? c. Yield to maturity?

> A bank loan requires you to pay $70,000 at the end of each of the next eight years. The interest rate is 8%. a. What is the present value of these payments? b. Calculate for each year the loan balance that remains outstanding, the interest payment on the

> Annuities due A store offer two payment plans. Under the installment plan, you pay 25% down and 25% of the purchase price in each of the next 3 years. If you pay the entire bill immediately, you can take a 10% discount from the purchase price. a. Which i

> The $40 million lottery prize that you have just won actually pays out $2 million a year for 20 years. The interest rate is 8%. a. If the first payment comes after 1 year, what is the present value of your winnings? b. What is the present value if the fi

> Lofting Snodbury is considering investing in a new boring machine. It costs $380,000 and is expected to produce the following cash flows: If the cost of capital is 12%, what is the machine’s NPV?

> Some extreme bubbles are obvious with hindsight, after they burst. But how would you define a bubble? There are many examples of good news and rising stock prices, followed by bad news and falling stock prices. Can you set out rules and procedures to dis

> a. If the present value of $139 is $125, what is the discount factor? b. If that $139 is received in year 5, what is the interest rate?

> In the five years preceding the end of 2016, the price of Amazon shares rose by 34% a year. If you had invested $100 in Amazon at the beginning of this period, how much would you have by the end of the period?

> Compute the future value of a $100 investment for the following combinations of rates and times. a. r = 6%, t = 10 years b. r = 6%, t = 20 years c. r = 4%, t = 10 years d. r = 4%, t = 20 years

> In 2017, Leonardo da Vinci’s painting Salvator Mundi sold for a record $450.3 million. In 1958, it sold for $125, equivalent in purchasing power to about $1,060 at 2017 prices. The painting was originally commissioned by King Louis XII of France in about

> You are contemplating membership in the St. Swithin’s and Ancient Golf Club. The annual membership fee for the coming year is $5,000, but you can make a single payment today of $12,750, which will provide you with membership for the next three years. Sup

> a. The cost of a new automobile is $10,000. If the interest rate is 5%, how much would you have to set aside now to provide this sum in five years? b. You have to pay $12,000 a year in school fees at the end of each of the next six years. If the interest

> Old Time Savings Bank pays 4% interest on its savings account. If you deposit $1,000 in the bank and leave it there: a. How much interest will you earn in the first year? b. How much interest will you earn in the second year? c. How much interest will yo

> Do large block holders increase company value? Does your answer depend on the structure of the financial system?

> It is suggested that family control allows the firm to focus on the long-term interests of the firm. What do you think are the offsetting disadvantages of family ownership?

> True/false? a. In China, networks of companies are known as keiretsus. b. Dual-class equity prevents any one group of shareholders from maintaining control. c. Large firms in Germany have two boards of directors. d. Opaqueness is particularly dangerous i

> “The strong form of the efficient-market hypothesis is nonsense. Look at mutual fund X; it has had superior performance for each of the last 10 years.” Does the speaker have a point? Suppose that there is a 50% probability that X will obtain superior per

> Generally in most Anglo-Saxon economies, managers have an obligation to act in the interests of shareholders. In other countries, they may have wider obligations to society as a whole. What are the pros and cons of the two sets of obligations?

> True/ false? a. Direct holdings of equity by households are larger in Japan than in the United States. b. Bank financing of corporations is relatively important in Japan and continental Europe. c. Intercompany loans and trade credit are particularly impo

> Examine some recent examples of divestitures. What do you think were the underlying reasons for them? How did investors react to the news?

> True or false? a. Carve-out or spin-off of a division improves incentives for the division’s managers. b. The announcement of a spin-off is generally followed by a sharp fall in the stock price. c. Privatizations are generally followed by massive layoffs

> List the disadvantages of traditional U.S. conglomerates. Can private-equity firms overcome these disadvantages?

> True or false? a. One of the first tasks of an LBO’s financial manager is to pay down debt. b. Once an LBO or MBO goes private, it almost always stays private. c. Many early MBOs were arranged for unwanted divisions of large diversified companies. d. “Ca

> In Section 31-5, we described how Valeant and its ally, Pershing Square, lost the battle to acquire Allergan. Sometimes, the losers in a takeover battle can also win if they own a toehold stake in the target’s stock. Between April and June 2014, Pershing

> Connect each term to its correct definition or description. a. poison pill b. tender offer c. shark repellent d. merger e. tax inversion f. proxy contest A. Changes in the corporate charter that are designed to deter an unwelcome takeover B. Measure in w

> Examine a recent merger in which at least part of the payment made to the seller was in the form of stock. Use stock market prices to obtain an estimate of the gain from the merger and the cost of the merger.

> Many commentators have blamed the subprime crisis on “irrational exuberance.” What is your view? Explain briefly.

> In recent years, several large banks have paid management bonuses partly in bonds and partly in stock. What do you think is the reason for this? Do you think it is a good idea?

> If Winterbourne from Problem 12 has a price-earnings ratio of 12 and Monkton has a P/E ratio of 8, what should be the P/E ratio of the merged firm? Assume in this case that the merger is financed by an issue of new Winterbourne shares. Monkton will get o

> Winterbourne is considering a takeover of Monkton Inc. Winterbourne has 10 million shares outstanding, which sell for $40 each. Monkton has 5 million shares outstanding, which sell for $20 each. If the merger gains are estimated at $25 million, what is t

> Gobi Desserts is bidding to take over Universal Puddings. Gobi has 3,000 shares outstanding, selling at $50 per share. Universal has 2,000 shares outstanding, selling at $17.50 a share. Gobi estimates the economic gain from the merger to be $15,000. a. I

> As financial manager of Corton Inc., you are investigating a possible acquisition of Denham. You have the basic data given in the following table. You estimate that investors expect a steady growth of about 6% in Denham’s earnings and d

> Examine several recent mergers and suggest the principal motives for merging in each case.

> How do you think mergers should be regulated? For example, what defenses should target companies be allowed to employ? Should managers of target firms be compelled to seek out the highest bids? Should they simply be passive and watch from the sidelines?

> Examine a hostile acquisition and discuss the tactics employed by both the predator and the target companies. Do you think that the management of the target firm was trying to defeat the bid or to secure the highest price for its stockholders? How did ea

> True or false? a. Under purchase accounting any difference between the amounts paid for the target’s assets and their book value is shown as goodwill in the merged company’s balance sheet. b. In a tax-free merger, the acquirer can write up the value of t

> In Section 30-5, we described a three-month bill that was issued on an annually compounded yield of 5%. Suppose that one month has passed and the investment still offers the same annually compounded return. What is the percentage discount? What was your

> The financial manager of JAC Cosmetics is considering opening a lockbox in Pittsburgh. Checks cleared through the lockbox will amount to $10,000 per day. The lockbox will make cash available to the company three days earlier than is currently the case. a

> True or false? a. Most managers tend to be overconfident. b. Psychologists have found that, once people have suffered a loss, they are more relaxed about the possibility of incurring further losses. c. Psychologists have observed that people tend to put

> Anne Teak, the financial manager of a furniture manufacturer, is considering operating a lockbox system. She forecasts that 300 payments a day will be made to lockboxes with an average payment size of $1,500. The bank’s charge for operating the lockboxes

> True or false? a. “Money market” refers to the system of electronic cash transfers between corporations and within the banking industry. b. The eurodollar market is a market for exchanging dollars for euros or vice versa. c. Most large corporations maint

> Polar Express Railroad keeps a $5 million inventory of spare parts on hand for repairing unexpected breakdowns and equipment failures. The inventory is held in one centralized warehouse at a storage cost of $330,000 per year. The inventory has been finan

> Take another look at Example 30.1. Suppose a rise in interest rates increases carrying cost per ton from $55 to $75. What is the effect on economic order quantity?

> Central banks pushed short-term interest rates down to extremely low levels in the financial crisis that started in 2008. Some Treasury bill rates in Europe were negative. Other things equal, how would you expect corporations’ inventory levels to respond

> True or false? a. Companies with negative net working capital are usually in financial trouble. b. Principal payments on long-term debt are shown as current liabilities if due within the next 12 months. c. Accounts payable are usually a small fraction of

> Look again at Problem 7, which asked you to assume that the 6.5% interest rate was the opportunity cost of capital. Was that a reasonable assumption? What should the opportunity cost of capital for inventory depend on? Would it ever make sense to use the

> Uppose you are a wealthy individual paying 37% tax on interest income, 20% on dividends, and zero tax on municipal notes. What is the expected after-tax yield on each of the following investments? a. A municipal note yielding 6.5% pretax. b. A Treasury b

> What is a territorial corporate income tax system? How does it differ from the U.S. tax system that was in place before 2018? Explain why the U.S. system in 2017 and earlier forced U.S companies to leave and invest profits abroad.

> Look up current interest rates offered by short-term investment alternatives. Suppose that your firm has $1 million excess cash to invest for the next two months. How would you invest this cash? How would your answer change if the excess cash were $5,000

> Explain how incentive and agency problems might contribute to mispricing of securities or to bubbles. Give examples.

> Take a look at Figure 30.1. Why do food stores hold large inventories? Why do railroads hold small inventories? Why do you think that pharmaceutical companies hold so much cash and securities? Answer briefly.

> The financial statements of Eagle Sport Supply are shown in Table 29.17. For simplicity, “Costs” include interest. Assume that Eagle’s assets are proportional to its sales. a. Find Eagle’s required external funds if it maintains a dividend payout ratio o

> Abbreviated financial statements for Archimedes Levers are shown in Table 29.16. If sales increase by 10% in 2018 and all other items, including debt, increase correspondingly, what must be the balancing item? What will be its value?

> Table 29.15 summarizes the 2019 income statement and end year balance sheet of Drake’s Bowling Alleys. Drake’s financial manager forecasts a 10% increase in sales and costs in 2020. The ratio of sales to average assets is expected to remain at .40. Inter

> Construct a new model for Dynamic Mattress based on your answer to Problem 19. Does your model generate a feasible financial plan for 2019? (Hint: If it doesn’t, you may have to allow the firm to issue stock.)

> Each of the following events affects one or more tables in Sections 29-2 and 29-3. Show the effects of each event by adjusting the tables listed in parentheses: a. Dynamic repays only $10 million of short-term debt in 2018 (Tables 29.2 and 29.3). b. Dyna

> a. Paymore places orders for goods equal to 75% of its sales forecast for the next quarter. What will orders be in each quarter of the coming year if the sales in the current quarter are expected to be $320 and the sales forecasts for the next five quart

> In fiscal 2017 and 2016, Estée Lauder’s financial statements included the following items. What was its cash cycle?

> Table 29.11 shows Dynamic Mattress’s year-end 2016 balance sheet, and Table 29.12 shows its income statement for 2017. Work out the statement of cash flows for 2017. Group these items into sources of cash and uses of cash. What will be

> Table 29.18 shows the 2019 financial statements for the Executive Cheese Company. Annual depreciation is 10% of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, plus 10% of new investments. The company plans to invest a further $200,000 per year in fixed asset

> Here are alphas and betas for Estée Lauder and Caterpillar Tractor for the 60 months ending June 2017. Alpha is expressed as a percent per month. Explain how these estimates would be used to calculate an abnormal return.

> a. What is the internal growth rate of Eagle Sport (see Problem 25) if the dividend payout ratio is fixed at 50% and the equity-to-asset ratio is fixed at two-thirds? b. What is the sustainable growth rate?

> State whether each of the following events is a source or use of cash, or neither. a. An automobile manufacturer increases production in response to a forecasted increase in demand. Unfortunately, the demand does not increase. b. Competition forces the f

> Look up some firms that have been in trouble. Plot the changes over the preceding years in the principal financial ratios. Are there any patterns?

> a. If a firm’s assets of $10,000 represent 200 days’ sales, what is its annual sales? b. What is its asset turnover ratio?

> Sara Togas sells all its output to Federal Stores. The following table shows selected 2017 financial data, in millions, for the two firms: The company’s tax rate is 35%. Calculate the sales-to-assets ratio, the operating profit margin,

> Look again at Table 28.8, which gives abbreviated balance sheets and income statements for Walmart. Assume Walmart had a 35% marginal corporate tax rate in 2017. Calculate the following using balance-sheet figures from the start of the year: a. Return on

> Table 28.8 gives abbreviated balance sheets and income statements for Walmart. At the end of fiscal 2017, Walmart had 2,960 million shares outstanding with a share price of $106. The company’s weighted-average cost of capital was about

> Keller Cosmetics maintains an operating profit margin of 8% and a sales-to-assets ratio of 3. It has assets of $500,000 and equity of $300,000. Assume that interest payments are $30,000 and the tax rate is 25%. a. What is the return on assets? b. What is