What is the evaluation order for the Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) in an SQL command? How can a query writer be sure that the operators will work in a specific, desired order?
> Explain the relationship between EXISTS and correlated subqueries.
> What are some of the purposes for which you would use correlated subqueries?
> When is it better to use a subquery instead of a join? Answer: Correlated subqueries use the result of the outer query to determine the processing of the inner query. Thus, the inner query varies for each row referenced in the outer query.
> Discuss the differences between an equi-join, natural join, and outer join.
> Research a NoSQL database such as MondoDB or Firebase. Why is it important to consider a metadata-based schema when working with NoSQL databases?
> Discuss the new commands that have been incorporated into SQL2007 and SQL2016, and identify the commands they have replaced in previous versions of SQL.
> What are the key new features of SQL introduced in SQL:2016?
> What is the purpose of the temporal extensions to SQL that were introduced in SQL:2011?
> What are the potential security implications of using embedded or dynamic SQL?
> Consider a major database in this organization, such as one supporting customer interactions, accounting, or manufacturing. What is the architecture for this database? Is the organization using some form of client/server architecture? Interview informati
> Match the following terms to the appropriate definition: - equi-join - derived table - natural join - correlated subquery - outer join - trigger a. returns all records of designated table b. keeps redundant columns c. utilizes values from main query in t
> Provide three reasons for embedding SQL in a 3GL.
> Discuss the differences between triggers and stored procedures.
> Explain three procedures to enforce data integrity.
> What can Persistent Stored Modules be used for?
> Why is it not possible to update a base table via update commands against a view?
> Describe an example in which you would want to use a derived table.
> Explain the use of derived tables.
> Explain the purpose of the WITH CHECK OPTION in a CREATE VIEW SQL command.
> When should we use joining and sub-query techniques?
> Determine the company’s use of intranet, extranet, or other Web-enabled business processes. For each type of process, determine its purpose and the database management system that is being used in conjunction with the networks. Ask what the company’s pla
> Explain why it is necessary to limit the kinds of updates performed on data when referencing data through a view.
> Define each of the following terms: a. dynamic view b. correlated subquery c. materialized view d. base table e. join f. equi-join g. self-join h. outer join i. virtualized table
> Explain the three classes of SQL commands and when they would be used.
> Describe the components and structure of a typical SQL environment.
> What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of an SQL standard?
> Describe a relational DBMS (RDBMS), its underlying data model, its data storage structures, and how data relationships are established.
> Explain what capabilities the new temporal features added to the SQL standard in SQL:2011.
> What are SQL-92, SQL:1999, SQL:2011, and SQL:2016? Briefly describe how SQL:2016 differs from SQL:1999.
> What is the purpose of the EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN PLAN command?
> Explain the difference between the WHERE and HAVING clause.
> Talk with a database administrator or designer from the organization. What type of metadata does this organization maintain about its databases? Why did the organization choose to keep track of these and not other metadata? What tools are used to maintai
> What can be changed about a table definition using the SQL command ALTER? Can you identify anything about a table definition that cannot be changed using the ALTER command?
> Explain the purpose of the CHECK clause within a CREATE TABLE SQL command.
> Contrast the following terms: a. scalar aggregate; vector aggregate b. DDL; DML c. catalog; schema
> How can an SQL command be structured to allow parallel execution?
> State four rules for choosing indexes for a relational database.
> What is a materialized view, and when would it be used?
> SQL:2006 and SQL:2008 introduced a new key word, MERGE. Explain how using this key word allows one to accomplish updating and merging data into a table using one command rather than two.
> What is an identity column? Explain the benefits of using the identity column capability in SQL.
> What considerations should be kept in mind when using indexing?
> Explain why SQL is called a set-oriented language.
> Investigate whether the organization follows more of a traditional file processing approach or the database approach to organizing data. How many different databases does the organization have? Try to draw a figure, similar to Figure 1-2, to depict some
> Contrast transactional and analytical data management approaches.
> How do you determine the order in which the rows in a response to an SQL query appear? What options do you have when specifying this order?
> In what clause of a SELECT statement is an IN operator used? What follows the IN operator? What other SQL operator can sometimes be used to perform the same operation as the IN operator? Under what circumstances can this other operator be used?
> How is the HAVING clause different from the WHERE clause?
> Match the following terms to the appropriate definitions: - referential integrity constraint - SQL: 2016 - Null value - scalar aggregate - vector aggregate - catalog - schema - host language a. list of values b. description of a database c. missing or no
> If an SQL statement includes a GROUP BY clause, the attributes that can be requested in the SELECT statement will be limited. Explain that limitation.
> What is the difference between COUNT, COUNT DISTINCT, and COUNT(*) in SQL? When will these three commands generate the same and different results?
> How is the order in which attributes appear in a result table determined? How are the column heading labels in a result table changed?
> Explain and provide at least one example of how to qualify the ownership of a table in SQL. What has to occur for one user to be allowed to use a table in a database owned by another user?
> Explain the factors to be considered in deciding whether to create an index for a column in SQL.
> In this chapter, we described four important data models and their properties: enterprise, conceptual, logical, and physical. In the following table, summarize the important properties of these data models by entering a Y (for yes) or an N (for no) in ea
> What are the potential consequences of inappropriate indexing decisions?
> Explain the purpose of indexing in database implementation.
> Explain how referential integrity is established in databases that are SQL:1999 compliant. Explain how the ON UPDATE RESTRICT, ON UPDATE CASCADE, and ON UPDATE SET NULL clauses differ from one another. What happens if the ON DELETE CASCADE clause is set?
> What are the primary data integrity constraints in SQL?
> Define each of the following terms: a. data definition language b. data manipulation language c. referential integrity constraint d. relational DBMS (RDBMS) e. schema
> Demonstrate each of the anomaly types with an example.
> Describe three types of anomalies that can arise in a table and the negative consequences of each.
> What is a schema? Discuss two common methods of expressing a schema.
> List the three components of a relational data model.
> Describe the primary differences between the conceptual and logical data models.
> Consider Figure 1-15. a. What is the purpose of introducing an attribute called Product ID to the Product table? What is its data type? b. If the company wants to keep track of the total outstanding balances of customers, an attribute called â€
> Contrast the following terms: a. normal form; normalization b. candidate key; primary key c. partial dependency; transitive dependency d. composite key; recursive foreign key e. determinant; candidate key f. foreign key; primary key g. natural primary ke
> What are the benefits of the use of an enterprise key?
> Why is the natural key preserved whenever a surrogate key is created?
> Describe the difference between how a 1:M unary relationship and an M:N unary relationship are implemented in a relational data model.
> What is an enterprise key, and why is it important?
> Under what conditions must a foreign key not be null?
> What are the properties that a candidate key must satisfy?
> In the context of unary relationships, what is a recursive foreign key?
> Suggest four steps to represent super/subtype relationships.
> Match the following terms to the appropriate definitions: - well-structured relation - anomaly - functional dependency - determinant - composite key - 1NF - 2NF - 3NF - recursive foreign key - transitive dependency a. constraint between two attributes b.
> Martin is encouraged by the progress you have made so far. As promised, he forwards you an email from one of the key members of his staff, Pat Smith (an artist manager). He also provide you with an e-mail from Shannon Howard, a prospective artist who mig
> How do you represent a 1:M unary relationship in a relational data model?
> What are the benefits of enforcing the integrity constraints as part of the database design and implementation process (instead of doing it in application design)?
> Explain how each of the following types of integrity constraints is enforced in the SQL CREATE TABLE commands: a. entity integrity b. referential integrity
> List the three steps to remove transitive dependencies.
> Discuss how transitive dependencies in a relation can be removed when it leads to anomalies.
> Outline a shortcut to describe relations in 3NF.
> What do you understand by domain constraint?
> Describe how the following components of an E-R diagram are transformed into relations: a. regular entity type b. relationship (1:M) c. relationship (M:N) d. relationship (supertype/subtype) e. multivalued attribute f. weak entity g. composite attribute
> Does normalization place any constraint on the storage of data in physical form or on its processing performance? Explain.
> Define each of the following terms: a. determinant b. functional dependency c. transitive dependency d. recursive foreign key e. normalization f. composite key g. candidate key h. normal form i. partial functional dependency j. enterprise key k. surrogat
> Martin is encouraged by the progress you have made so far. As promised, he forwards you an email from one of the key members of his staff, Pat Smith (an artist manager). He also provide you with an e-mail from Shannon Howard, a prospective artist who mig
> What types of business rules are normally captured in an EER diagram?
> What is a completeness constraint, and what are the total and partial specialization rules?
> What is attribute inheritance? Why is it important?
> Explain how specialization and generalization assist in the development of supertype/subtype relationships.
> Explain the need for EER modeling.
> Discuss the notations used to represent EER models. Which notation is the most widely used?
> Contrast the following terms: a. supertype; subtype b. generalization; specialization c. disjoint rule; overlap rule d. total specialization rule; partial specialization rule e. PARTY; PARTY ROLE f. entity; entity cluster
> Match the following terms and definitions: - supertype - entity cluster - subtype - specialization - subtype discriminator - attribute inheritance - generalization a. subset of supertype b. creating a supertype for entity types c. subtype gets supertype
> When is a member of a supertype always a member of at least one subtype?
> Why must the minimum cardinality next to SUPPLIES from PURCHASED PART be one yet the minimum cardinality next to SUPPLIES from SUPPLIER may be zero?
> Martin is encouraged by the progress you have made so far. As promised, he forwards you an email from one of the key members of his staff, Pat Smith (an artist manager). He also provide you with an e-mail from Shannon Howard, a prospective artist who mig
> Discuss how it is decided which subtype will be inserted with a new instance of a supertype.
> Does a data modeling project using a packaged data model require less or greater skill than a project not using a packaged data model? Why or why not?
