Question: Why does a crystal act as a

> The circuit is used to study the charging of a capacitor. (a) At t = 0, the switch is closed. What initial charging current is measured by the ammeter? (b) After the current has decayed to zero, what are the voltages at points A, B, and C?

> Derive the rotational form of Newton's second law as follows. Consider a rigid object that consists of a large number N of particles. Let Fn, mn, and rn represent the tangential component of the net force acting on the nth particle, the mass of that part

> A vertical metal rod of length 20 cm moves south at constant speed 2.6 m/s in a 0.60 T magnetic field directed west. (a) Which end of the rod has an accumulation of excess electrons? (b) What is the potential difference between the ends of the rod?

> A laboratory observer measures an electron's kinetic energy to be 1.02 × 10−13 J. What is the electron's speed?

> Compare the amount of energy released when 1.0 kg of the uranium isotope 235U undergoes the fission reaction of Eq. (29-47) with the energy released when 1.0 kg of hydrogen undergoes the fusion reaction of Eq. (29-49).

> A variable inductor with negligible resistance is connected to an ac voltage source. How does the current in the inductor change if the inductance is increased by a factor of 3.0 and the driving frequency is increased by a factor of 2.0?

> Why is the muon sometimes called a “heavy electron”?

> Before a lightning strike can occur, the breakdown limit for damp air must be reached. If this occurs for an electric field of 3.33 × 105 V/m, what is the maximum possible height above Earth for the bottom of a thundercloud, which is at a potential 1.00

> Two atomic clocks are synchronized. One is put aboard a spaceship that leaves Earth at t = 0 at a speed of 0.750c. (a) When the spaceship has been traveling for 48.0 h (according to the atomic clock on board), it sends a radio signal back to Earth. When

> An airplane is traveling from New York to Paris, a distance of 5.80 × 103 km. Ignore the curvature of Earth. (a) If the cruising speed of the airplane is 350.0 km/h, how much time will it take for the airplane to make the round-trip on a calm day? (b)

> A horizontal desk surface measures 1.3 m × 1.0 m. If Earth’s magnetic field has magnitude 0.044 mT and is directed 65° below the horizontal, what is the magnetic flux through the desk surface?

> A block (mass m) hangs from a spring (spring constant k). The block is released from rest a distance d above its equilibrium position. (a) What is the speed of the block as it passes through the equilibrium point? (b) What is the maximum distance below

> (a) Explain why a transformer works for ac but not for dc. (b) Explain why a transformer designed to be connected to an emf of amplitude 170 V would be damaged if connected to a dc emf of 170 V.

> A submarine of mass 2.5 × 106 kg and initially at rest fires a torpedo of mass 250 kg. The torpedo has an initial speed of 100.0 m/s. What is the initial recoil speed of the submarine? Ignore the drag force of the water.

> A man is doing push-ups. He has a mass of 68 kg and his center of gravity is located at a horizontal distance of 0.70 m from his palms and 1.00 m from his feet. Find the forces exerted by the floor on his palms and feet.

> Suppose you are facing due north at sunrise. Sunlight is reflected by a store's display window as shown. Is the reflected light partially polarized? If so, in what direction?

> The Hubble Space Telescope uses a mirror of radius 1.2 m. Is its resolution better when detecting visible light or UV? Explain.

> A drag racer crosses the finish line of a 400.0 m track with a final speed of 104 m/s. (a) Assuming constant acceleration during the race, find the racer's time and the minimum coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road. (b) If, beca

> The charge on a capacitor in an ac circuit is q(t) = Q sin ωt. Using a small-angle approximation (Appendix A.9), we can write q(t) ≈ Qωt for times |t| ≪ 1/ω. What is the slope of the graph of q(t) at t = 0? This is equal to the current at t = 0, which is

> The number density of free electrons in silver is 5.85 × 1028 m−3. A strip of silver of thickness 0.050 mm and width 20.0 mm is placed in a magnetic field of 0.80 T. A current of 10.0 A is sent down the strip. (a) What is t

> If the magnetic fields produced by the x-, y-, and z-coils in an MRI (see Section 19.8) are changed too rapidly, the patient may experience twitching or tingling sensations. What do you think might be the cause of these sensations? Why does the much stro

> The mayor of a city proposes a new law to require that magnetic fields generated by the power lines running through the city be zero outside of the electric company's right of way. What would you say at a public discussion of the proposed law?

> In astronomy it is common to expose a photographic plate to a particular portion of the night sky for quite some time in order to gather plenty of light. Before leaving a plate exposed to the night sky, Matt decides to test his technique by exposing two

> At a point due north of the transmitter, how should a magnetic dipole antenna be oriented to serve as a receiver?

> On a cold, autumn day, Tuan is staring out of the window watching the leaves blow in the wind. One bright yellow leaf is reflecting light that has a predominant wavelength of 580 nm. (a) What is the frequency of this light? (b) If the window glass has

> A helium atom (mass 4.00 u) moving at 618 m/s to the right collides with an oxygen molecule (mass 32.0 u) moving in the same direction at 412 m/s. After the collision, the oxygen molecule moves at 456 m/s to the right. What is the velocity of the helium

> A string 2.0 m long is held fixed at both ends. If a sharp blow is applied to the string at its center, it takes 0.050 s for the pulses to travel to the ends of the string and return to the middle. What are the lowest three standing wave frequencies for

> A patient’s heart pumps 5.0 L of blood per minute into the aorta, which has a diameter of 1.8 cm. The average force exerted by the heart on the blood is 16 N. What is the average mechanical power output of the heart?

> Light travels through tanks filled with various substances. The indices of refraction of the substances n and the lengths of the tanks are given. Rank them in order of the time it takes light to traverse the tank, from greatest to smallest. (a) n = 5/4,

> Suppose you have a filling in one of your teeth, and, while eating some ice cream, you suddenly realize that the filling came out. One of the reasons the filling may have become detached from your tooth is the differential contraction of the filling rela

> A rotating flywheel slows down with constant angular acceleration due to friction in its bearings. At t = 0, its angular velocity is 420 rad/s. At t = 60 s, its angular velocity is 340 rad/s. (a) What is the angular velocity at t = 180 s? (b) Through h

> Two objects with masses m1 and m2 approach each other head-on with equal and opposite momenta so that the total momentum is zero. Show that, if the collision is elastic, the final speed of each object must be the same as its initial speed. (The final vel

> Estimate the magnetic field required at the LHC to make 7.0 TeV protons travel in a circle of circumference 27 km. Start by deriving an expression, using Newton's second law, for the field magnitude B in terms of the particle's momentum p, its charge q,

> The solar energy arriving at the top of Earth's atmosphere from the Sun has intensity 1.4 kW/m2. (a) How much mass does the Sun lose per day? (b) What percent of the Sun's mass is this?

> A flat square of side s0 at temperature T0 expands by Δs in both length and width when the temperature increases by ΔT. The original area is and the final area is (s0 + Δs)2 = A. Show that if Δs â&#1

> Figure 29.7 is an energy level diagram for 208Tl. What are the energies of the photons emitted for the six transitions shown?

> At a point due north of the transmitter, how should a second ipole antenna be oriented to serve as a receiver?

> Find the height h of the pits on a CD (Fig. 25.6a). When the laser beam reflects partly from a pit and partly from land (the flat aluminum surface) on either side of the pit, the two reflected beams interfere destructively; h is chosen to be the smallest

> The inside of a cell membrane is at a potential of 90.0 mV lower than the outside. How much work does the electric field do when a sodium ion (Na+) with a charge of +e moves through the membrane from outside to inside?

> What is the maximum possible value of the angular momentum for an outer electron in the ground state of a bromine atom?

> Telescopes used in astronomy have large lenses (or mirrors). One reason is to let a lot of light in—important for seeing faint astronomical bodies. Can you think of another reason why it is an advantage to make these telescopes so large?

> Atmospheric pressure is about 1.0 × 105 Pa on average. (a) What is the downward force of the air on a desktop with surface area 1.0 m2? (b) Convert this force to pounds to help others understand how large it is. (c) Why does this huge force not cause

> Two gears A and B are turning in mesh. Gear A’s radius to the point of contact between the gears is 8.0 cm and that of gear B is 4.0 cm. (a) What is the linear speed of the contact point when gear A’s angular velocity

> Show, from XC = 1/(ωC), that the units of capacitive reactance are ohms.

> Aliens from the planet Jeenkah have based their temperature scale on the boiling and freezing temperatures of ethyl alcohol. These temperatures are 78°C and −114°C, respectively. The people of Jeenkah have six digits on each hand, so they use a base-12 n

> Imagine a person standing naked in a room at 23.0°C. The walls are well insulated, so they also are at 23.0°C. The person's surface area is 2.20 m2, and his basal metabolic rate is 2167 kcal/day. His emissivity is 0.97. (a) If the person's skin temperat

> A certain amount of energy must be supplied to increase the current through an inductor from 0 mA to 10 mA. Does it take the same amount of energy, more, or less to increase the current from 10 mA to 20 mA?

> A metal plate is attached to the end of a rod and positioned so that it can swing into and out of a perpendicular magnetic field pointing out of the plane of the paper as shown. In position 1, the plate is just swinging into the field; in position 2, the

> Why do eyeglasses, camera lenses, and binoculars with antireflective coatings often look faintly purple?

> In the microwave experiment of Example 25.1 and in the Michelson interferometer, we ignored phase changes due to reflection from a metal surface. Microwaves and light are inverted when they reflect from metal. Why were we able to ignore the 180° phase sh

> Resilin is a rubber-like protein that helps insects to fly more efficiently. The resilin, attached from the wing to the body, is relaxed when the wing is down and is extended when the wing is up. As the wing is brought up, some elastic energy is stored i

> A lens (n = 1.51) has an antireflective coating of MgF2 (n = 1.38). Which of the first two reflected rays has a phase shift of 180°? Suppose a different antireflective coating on a similar lens had n = 1.62. Now which of the first two reflected rays has

> Make a sketch (similar to Fig. 25.15b) of the reflected rays from two adjacent steps of the Morpho butterfly wing for a large angle of incidence (around 45°). Refer to your sketch to explain why the wavelength at which constructive interference occurs de

> Find the electric field at point C, the center of the square.

> The fuselage of an Airbus A340 has a circumference of 17.72 m on the ground. The circumference increases by 26 cm when it is in flight. Part of this increase is due to the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the plane and part is due to

> An RLC series circuit is built with a variable capacitor. How does the resonant frequency of the circuit change when the area of the capacitor is increased by a factor of 2?

> A uniform magnetic field directed upward exists in some region of space. In what direction(s) could an electron be moving if its trajectory is (a) a straight line? (b) a circle? Assume that the electron is subject only to magnetic forces.

> In order to decrease the fundamental frequency of a guitar string by 4.0%, by what percentage should you reduce the tension?

> A violin is tuned by adjusting the tension in the strings. Brian's A string is tuned to a slightly lower frequency than Jennifer's, which is correctly tuned to 440.0 Hz. (a) What is the frequency of Brian's string if beats of 2.0 Hz are heard when the t

> Three identical incandescent lightbulbs are connected with wires to an ideal battery. The two terminals on each socket connect to the two terminals of its lightbulb. Wires do not connect with one another where they appear to cross in the picture. Ignore

> You want to build a cyclotron to accelerate protons to a speed of 3.0 × 107 m/s for use in proton beam therapy. The largest magnetic field you can attain is 1.5 T. What must be the minimum radius of the dees in your cyclotron? Show how your answer comes

> What effect places a lower limit on the size of an object that can be clearly seen with the best optical microscope?

> Explain, using Huygens's principle, why the Poisson spot is expected.

> A slide projector forms a real image of the slide on a screen using a converging lens. If the bottom half of the lens is blocked by covering it with opaque tape, does the bottom half of the image disappear, or does the top half disappear, or is the entir

> A glass tube is closed at one end and has a diaphragm covering the other end. The tube is filled with gas and some very fine sawdust has been scattered along inside the tube. When the diaphragm is driven at a frequency of 1457 Hz, the sawdust forms small

> Refer to Example 26.1. Ashlin travels at speed 0.800c to a star 30.0 ly from Earth. (a) Find the distance between Earth and the star in the astronaut's frame of reference. (b) How long (as measured by the astronaut) does it take to travel this distance

> A copper wire is connected to an ideal battery at room temperature. The current increases by a factor of 78 when the wire is immersed in liquid nitrogen (temperature 77 K). Ignoring changes in the wire's dimensions, and assuming that the number of conduc

> A 0.020 kg bullet is shot horizontally and collides with a 2.00 kg block of wood. The bullet embeds in the block, and the block slides along a horizontal surface for 1.50 m. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and surface is 0.400, w

> An image of a biological sample is to have a resolution of 5 nm. (a) What is the kinetic energy of a beam of electrons with a de Broglie wavelength of 5.0 nm? (b) Through what potential difference should the electrons be accelerated to have this wavele

> The piano strings that vibrate with the lowest frequencies consist of a steel wire around which a thick coil of copper wire is wrapped. Only the inner steel wire is under tension. What is the purpose of the copper coil?

> A 12 Ω resistor has a potential difference of 16 V across it. What current flows through the resistor?

> The spectators at a sports stadium are “doing the wave”: they stand and raise their arms simultaneously with those in front of them and slightly after their neighbors on one side. This gives the appearance of a wave pulse propagation around the stadium.

> Nuclei in a radium-226 radioactive source emit photons whose energy is 186 keV. These photons are scattered by the electrons in a metal target; a detector measures the energy of the scattered photons as a function of the angle θ through which they are sc

> Electrons in a cathode ray tube start from rest and are accelerated through a potential difference of 12.0 kV. They are moving in the +x- direction when they enter the space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. There is a potential differenc

> A spherical conductor with a radius of 75.0 cm has an electric field of magnitude 8.40 × 105 V/m just outside its surface. What is the electric potential just outside the surface, assuming the potential is zero far away from the conductor?

> The amplitudes of an EM wave are related by Em = cBm. Since c = 3.00 × 108 m/s, a classmate says that the electric field in an EM wave is much larger than the magnetic field. How would you reply?

> (a) Show that it was valid to ignore the gravitational force in Problem 110. (b) What are the components of velocity of the particle when it emerges from the plates?

> Audio speakers must be connected with the correct polarity so that, if the same electrical signal is sent, they move in the same direction. If the wires going to one speaker are reversed, the listener hears a noticeably weaker bass (low frequencies). Exp

> Simple ear-protection devices use materials that reflect or absorb sound before it reaches the ears. A newer technology, sometimes called noise cancellation, uses a microphone to produce an electrical signal that mimics the noise. The signal is modified

> Find the maximum current that a fully charged D-cell can supply—if only briefly—such that its terminal voltage is at least 1.0 V. Assume an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 0.10 Ω.

> An RLC series circuit is connected to an ac power supply with a 12 V amplitude and a frequency of 2.5 kHz. If R = 220 Ω, C = 8.0 µF, and L = 0.15 mH, what is the average power dissipated?

> Is the vibration of a string in a piano, guitar, or violin a sound wave? Explain.

> Several possibilities are listed for what might or might not happen if the insulation in the current-carrying wires of the figure breaks down and point b makes electrical contact with point c. Discuss each possibility. (1) The person touching the microw

> You are working as an electrical engineer designing transformers for transmitting power from a generating station producing 2.5 × 106 W to a city 120 km away. The power will be carried on two transmission lines to complete a circuit, each line constructe

> Find the x-coordinate of the CM of the composite object shown in the figure. The sphere, cylinder, and rectangular solid all have a uniform composition. Their masses and dimensions are: sphere: 200 g, diameter = 10 cm; cylinder: 450 g, length = 17 cm, ra

> Does it take more force to tear a longer tendon or a shorter tendon? Assume the tendons are identical except for their lengths and are ideal—there are no weak points. Does it take more energy to tear the long tendon or the short tendon? Explain.

> To escape a burning building, Arnold has to jump from a third- story window that is about 10 m above the ground. Arnold is worried about breaking his leg. The largest bone in Arnold’s leg is the femur, which has a minimum cross-sectional area of about 5

> A 0.030 kg bullet is fired vertically at 200 m/s into a 0.15 kg baseball that is initially at rest. The bullet lodges in the baseball and, after the collision, the baseball/bullet rise to a height of 37 m. (a) What was the speed of the baseball/bullet r

> Three identical incandescent lightbulbs are connected in a circuit as shown in the diagram. (a) What happens to the brightness of the remaining bulbs if bulb A is removed from the circuit and replaced by a wire? (b) What happens to the brightness of th

> A 500 W electric heater unit is designed to operate with an applied potential difference of 120 V. (a) If the local power company imposes a voltage reduction to lighten its load, dropping the voltage to 110 V, by what percentage does the heat output of t

> Six wires are characterized by their dimensions and by the metal they are made from. Assume the tungsten alloy has exactly twice the resistivity of aluminum. Rank the wires in order of decreasing resistance. (a) diameter 2 mm, length 1 m, tungsten alloy

> Four identical incandescent lightbulbs are placed in two different circuits with identical batteries. Bulbs A and B are connected in series with the battery. Bulbs C and D are connected in parallel across the battery. (a) Rank the brightness of the bulb

> Rank the points in order of kinetic energy, from greatest to least, assuming no friction or air resistance.

> (a) Calculate the change in potential energy of 1 kg of water as it passes over Niagara Falls (a vertical descent of 50 m). (b) At what rate is gravitational potential energy lost by the water of the Niagara River? The rate of flow is 5.5 ×

> (a) If the resistance R1 decreases, what happens to the voltage drop across R3? The switch S is still open, as in the figure. (b) If the resistance R1 decreases, what happens to the voltage drop across R2? The switch S is still open, as in the figure.

> Describe what happens to a single-slit diffraction pattern as the width of the slit is slowly decreased.

> An acrobat of mass 55 kg is going to hang by her teeth from a steel wire and she does not want the wire to stretch beyond its elastic limit. The elastic limit for the wire is 250 MPa. What is the minimum diameter the wire should have to support her?

> An electron is suspended at a distance of 1.20 cm above a uniform line of charge. What is the linear charge density of the line of charge? Ignore end effects.

> Are you more likely to find steel rods in a horizontal concrete beam or in a vertical concrete column? Is concrete more in need of reinforcement under tensile or compressive stress?

> A bar magnet is held near the electron beam in an oscilloscope. The beam passes directly below the south pole of the magnet. In what direction will the beam move on the screen? (Don't try this with the CRT in a color TV. There is a metal mask just behind