You are a CPA in charge of auditing a midsize school district. You recognize that the risk of financial failure is dependent as much on factors not reported in the basic financial statements as on factors that are reported. Accordingly, you conduct a comprehensive analysis of the district. Some of your findings are summarized here. For each, indicate how it might affect the ability of the district to service its outstanding debt and provide the services that its constituents expect. 1. Owing to an influx of new high‐tech firms into a nearby community (which is not within the jurisdiction of the school district), the population within the district is increasing by approximately 8 percent per year. Most of the new arrivals are young engineers and other professionals. 2. A developer is constructing a senior citizens’ retirement village within the jurisdiction of the school district. The village is expected to increase both the district’s population and its land value by approximately 4 percent. 3. During the year the district changed the pay date of its employees. Previously employees were paid on the last day of the month; now they will be paid on the first day of the following month. 4. The district’s largest taxpayer, representing 10 percent of its property tax revenues, manufactures blue jeans and other clothing made of denim. 5. The district’s superintendent recently resigned in the wake of charges that he falsified student scores on statewide achievement tests. 6. School district elections are hotly contested. The present school board is composed of three members who are committed to “traditional” educational methods and four who are considered “progressives.” Board meetings are almost always contentious. 7. Voters of the county in which the school district is located recently approved the largest general obligation bond issue in the county’s history. 8. One of two candidates for governor of the state in which the school district is located is a strong advocate of a school voucher plan. The plan would provide financial assistance to students who elect to attend private schools.
> In 2015, the Rubin Center for the Arts received a $2 million endowment, the income of which was to be used to support local artists. The center invested the proceeds in securities. In 2015, owing to interest, dividends, and changes in market prices, the
> Hayward City maintains a defined benefit pension plan for its employees. In a recent year the city contributed $5 million to its pension fund. However, its annual pension cost as calculated by its actuary was $7 million. The city accounts for the pension
> The McCracken County Humane Society (MCHS), which is part of a county’s reporting entity, established a permanent fund to provide support for its pet neutering program. As of the start of the year, the fund had a balance of $600,000, composed of both cas
> Christopher City received a contribution of $520,000 to provide scholarships to the children of deceased city employees. The donor stipulated that all income, including both realized and unrealized investment gains, should be used to support the benefici
> Select the best answer. 1. A city’s annual pension expense represents a. Actual cash contributions to the pension trust fund b. Required payments to retired employees per the terms of the pension plan c. Normal cost, as determined by an appropriate actu
> Select the best answer. 1. Riverview City received a gift of $1 million. The sum is to be maintained as an endowment, with income used to preserve and improve the city’s jogging trails. The $1 million should be reported in a. A governmental fund b. An a
> The following statement was prepared for the Sewer User Fee Fund of Tucson, Arizona, a fund that “accounts for sewer user fees collected by the city and remitted to Pima County.” 1. Prepare summary journal entries to r
> Consider each of the following situations. Indicate whether (and why or why not) you think that the government should account for the transactions and resources in an agency fund, a governmental fund, or some other type of fiduciary fund. Not all the sit
> The CPA firm of which you are a manager has placed you in charge of the audit of the Thornburg School District. The district receives substantial financial support from the State Education Agency. The state requires aid recipients to have annual single a
> On January 1, 2018, the balance sheet of a city’s funds for the acquisition of library books showed the following (in thousands): The endowment was established in 2014 with a contribution of cash, securities, and real estate (a building
> At the start of a year, the JKG Foundation received a $10 million bequest consisting of a commercial warehouse building and $5 million of cash. The foundation immediately invested the $5 million cash in 20-year, 7 percent corporate bonds having a face va
> On December 31, 2017, The Child Crisis Center establishes an endowment fund with a $5 million gift of securities. Income from the endowment is to be used exclusively to support a nutrition program. Expendable income is defined in the indenture agreement
> To promote computer education, a leading computer manufacturer donates $4 million to the Kerrville Independent School District. The donor stipulates that the district is to establish an endowment, from which income only is expendable. Income is defined t
> The Westmont School District provides postemployment health care benefits through a cost-sharing plan administered through the State Teachers OPEB Plan (STOP). In its financial statements for its fiscal year ending June 30, 2017, STOP reported that the c
> The following data were drawn from the required supplementary information section of the Modian School District’s annual report (all dollar amounts in thousands). 1. What is the amount that the district should report as its net OPEB obl
> A state government, concerned that one of its defined benefit pension plans is severely underfunded, is considering measures, some substantive, others merely cosmetic, that would enable it to reduce the reported pension liability and pension expense on i
> The CAFR of North Orange included the statement of fiduciary net position for its employee pension plan presented here: North Orange Employee Pension Plan Statement of Fiduciary Net Position June 3, 2018 (Dollar amounts in thousands) Assets Cash and cash
> The following was taken from a pension note of Geffen County. During the year there were no changes to employees’ benefits, no changes in actuarial assumptions, no difference between expected and actual experience, and no differences be
> Why do the balance sheets of agency funds contain only assets and liabilities, but no fund balances? Why is it often unclear whether the resources relating to a particular activity should be accounted for in an agency fund or a governmental fund?
> A Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) program is aimed at conserving and rehabilitating blighted but salvageable urban areas. One element of the program provides that HUD will make rehabilitation grants and low‐interest loans to property ow
> Briefly explain what is meant by an “investment pool.” How are its assets presented in the financial statements of the sponsoring government?
> A not-for-profit organization has an endowment fund that, at the start of the year, has a value of $1 million— the amount initially contributed to establish the fund. Owing to investment losses, the year-end balance decreased to $950,000. In a previous y
> A college has adopted a “fixed rate of return” approach to the distribution of investment income. Each year it transfers 6 percent of its endowment value to expendable funds, irrespective of actual earnings. Suppose that in year one the fund actually ear
> You are the sole contributor to a philanthropic foundation. You must specify whether investment gains should be expendable or nonexpendable. Present the key arguments in favor of, and against, permitting the gains to be expendable.
> Suppose that you are the independent auditor for a local performing arts association (either government or not-for-profit) that recently received a sizable endowment. The association’s president has asked whether gains, both realized and unrealized, from
> What is the rationale for accounting for nonexpendable endowment funds on a full, rather than a modified, accrual basis? Why is it important that investments, even in nonliquid assets such as commercial office buildings, be reported at fair value, with c
> What is the distinction, as drawn by the GASB, between a fiduciary fund and a permanent fund?
> Why is it likely that unfunded actuarial liabilities for postemployment health benefits of many governments will be greater than the correspondingly unfunded actuarial liabilities for pensions, even though the annual required contributions for pensions a
> Why are the problems of accounting for postemployment health care benefits similar to those of accounting for pensions? Why, however, are they even less tractable?
> What is a cost-sharing plan? What does an employer who is a member of a cost-sharing plan have to report as a pension obligation?
> What are the key features of a performance audit report?
> How should it determine its expense in full accrual statements?
> How should an employer determine the amount to report on its government-wide statements as its pension liability?
> The City of Acton maintains a defined contribution pension plan for its employees. Employees contribute 6 percent of their salaries; the city contributes 8 percent. The city has fiduciary duty for the plan, but outsources its management to a well-known p
> Does the report contain all of the statistical information?
> What schedules or other information does the government report as “required supplementary information” (RSI)?
> Has the government entered into any joint ventures? If so, how are they reported?
> How are they presented in the fund statements?
> How are the component units presented in the government‐wide financial statements?
> The statements, schedules, tables, and other types of data that follow are found in the annual report of a typical municipality. For each of these items indicate whether it would be found in the: • Introductory section • Financial section • Statistical s
> What steps might auditors take to discern the objectives of a program or activity?
> A town’s library system is a legally constituted government entity. It is governed by a 10‐person board. Six of the members are appointed by the town’s council; the other 4 are selected by the other members of the board. The members serve staggered terms
> The data that follow were taken from the CAFR of Chaseville, a midsized midwestern city with a population of 82,000. All dollar amounts are in thousands. Total assessed value of property………………………….. $2,300,000 Total property tax levy………………………………………………..
> A city’s reporting entity includes the following component units: 1. A capital projects financing authority purchases capital assets and leases them exclusively to the city. It finances the acquisitions by issuing revenue bonds, which are payable out of
> A city is considering whether and how it should include the following associated organizations in its reporting entity. 1. Its school system, although not a legally separate government, is managed by a school board elected by city residents. The system i
> Select the best answer. 1. Which of the following should not be included in the introductory section of a city’s CAFR? a. Management’s discussion and analysis b. Letter of transmittal c. Government Finance Officers’ certificate of achievement for excell
> Select the best answer. 1. New York State has unlimited authority to control and regulate Yonkers as well as all other municipalities within its jurisdiction. Consistent with GASB standards: a. Both New York State and Yonkers could be considered primary
> Suppose Riverside has unfunded pension liabilities of $15 million and another $15 million in retiree health care liabilities. By way of contrast, Lakeview has unfunded pension liabilities of $4 million, and $13 million in retiree health care liabilities.
> Explain the significance of each of the following ratios. For each of the ratios indicate whether an increase can be interpreted as a sign of (1) increasing or (2) decreasing fiscal strength. Where appropriate, show how an increase in the ratio can be in
> The following information was taken from the CAFRs of two cities of approximately the same size in the same state. 1. Compare the financial condition of the two cities based on the following indicators: a. Per capita operating expenditures b. Per capita
> What are the general criteria that audit organizations use in selecting programs and activities for performance audits?
> The data that follow were drawn from the city of Boulder, Colorado’s CAFR. Dates have been changed. They are from two statistical‐section schedules showing the mix of revenue and expenditures for a 10‐
> The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires owners of municipal solid waste landfills to demonstrate that they are financially capable of satisfying the costs of closing and subsequently caring for the landfills that they operate. Per EPA reg
> The following data were drawn from the CAFRs of two northern Virginia cities (all dollar amounts are in thousands): 1. Based on the limited data provided, which city has the greater resources on which to draw? 2. Which city imposes the greater tax burden
> Hawkins Township has two component units that it is required to include in its reporting entity. The first, a housing authority, maintains two funds: a general fund and a special revenue fund. The second, a transportation authority, has but one fund: an
> A state established the Mohansic River Power Authority to construct and operate dams and to provide electric power to rural areas. The authority, a state‐owned corporation, is governed by an independent board of directors, the 10 members of which are app
> The bylaws of the Wells City Downtown Development Authority state that of the seven members of its governing board, two must be members of the Wells City Council, one must be a member of the City Zoning Board, and one must be a member of the City Plannin
> Newville City accounts for and reports on the Newville Housing Authority as a discretely presented component unit. It engages in numerous transactions with the housing authority (e.g., providing grants and occasionally buying or selling properties). How
> Owing to severe fiscal problems as well as a pattern of management incompetence and corruption, a city is placed under the control of a special authority established by the state. The authority has the power to impose its will on virtually all day‐to‐day
> Why are “one‐shots” and other financial gimmicks of special concern to analysts?
> The GASB requires governments to identify their principal taxpayers in their CAFRs’ statistical section. In what way does this information contribute to an analysis of financial condition?
> In what other significant ways do performance audits differ from financial audits?
> Why do some analysts see the budget of a government as being of no less importance than its CAFR in assessing financial condition?
> What is meant by fiscal capacity and fiscal effort? Why are they of significance in assessing a government’s financial condition?
> Why might analysts be concerned if a government has an unusually high ratio of intergovernmental revenues to total revenues relative to a comparable government? Why might they be concerned if the same ratio is unusually low?
> Notes to the financial statements and required supplementary information (RSI) must both be included in a government’s CAFR. What, then, does it matter if information is provided in notes as opposed to RSI?
> Suppose that a government has had several years of general-fund surpluses. Is this necessarily a sign of financial strength?
> A special‐purpose government is established to operate parking garages. Will it have to prepare both government‐wide and fund statements? Explain.
> Provide five examples of the type of information to be addressed by management in its discussion and analysis (MD&A).
> What is meant by “combining statements”? Why is it especially appropriate to present combining statements for internal service funds?
> What are the three main sections of the comprehensive annual financial report? What are the main components of the financial section?
> What is the primary deficiency of discrete presentation as it must be applied in government‐wide statements?
> In what ways can it be said that a single audit is “risk based”?
> How does discrete presentation differ from blending? When is each appropriate?
> Per GASB standards, what is the key criterion as to whether a government should be included as a component unit in the reporting entity of another government?
> What typically are the main adjustments relating to capital assets and long‐term obligations required to convert the government funds statement of revenues and expenditures to the government‐wide statement of activities?
> What typically are the two main adjustments required to convert the government fund balance sheet to the government‐wide statement of net assets?
> Based on Form 990 and the annual report and the audited financial statements of the American Cancer Society obtained for fiscal year 2014 1. Identify the types of receivables presented in the statement of financial position. In addition, provide a simple
> Discovery Barn, a not-for-profit science center for children, received a contribution of $30,000 explicitly designated for the acquisition of computers. During the year it acquired $21,000 of computers, which it estimated to have a useful life of three y
> During 2017 the Lung Association received a contribution of marketable securities that were to be placed in a permanent endowment fund. Neither donor stipulations nor applicable state law requires that capital gains or increases in value be added to the
> In each of the following scenarios, an organization receives a contribution in kind. Prepare journal entries, as necessary, to give them accounting recognition. For each, tell why you made an entry or why you did not. 1. A local not-for-profit art museum
> Upon meeting with the executive director of the Crime Victims Advocacy Group, the president of a private foundation agreed to contribute in the following year $100,000 in support of the group’s proposed program to provide legal assistance to victims of v
> Select the best answer. 1. A local chapter of the Society for Protection of the Environment benefited from the voluntary services of two attorneys. One served as a member of the Society’s board of directors, performing tasks comparable to other director
> What are the four main types of reports required of a single audit?
> In what significant way do financial audits in government and not‐for‐profit organizations differ from those carried on in businesses?
> Zappos is an online footwear and apparel company. It is stated that, over time, Zappos has grown from a company that simply fulfills a customer need to one that provides superior customer service. In 2010, Amazon bought Zappos, which was seen as a positi
> Role: Poor Performer You sell shoes full time for a national chain of shoe stores. During the last month you have been absent three times without giving your manager a reason. The quality of your work has been slipping. You have a lot of creative excuses
> This Take-Away Application encourages students to consider how they can use influence tactics to achieve their goals. 1. Determine if you need this person’s compliance or commitment. 2. Then, using whichever tactic in Self-Assessment 12.2 is your highes
> This Problem-Solving Application profiles the necessary collaboration between competing hospitals and nursing homes in order to fight Clostridium difficile, an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that people can get infected with upon admission to one of these
> This Problem-Solving Application encourages students to consider the extent to which people can change their leadership styles. What leadership concepts or theories helped Bill Marriott to make a decision about his successor?
> This OB in Action profiles Deloitte’s new approach to performance management. The steps of setting goals and objectives, monitoring and measuring performance, reviewing performance and providing feedback, and rewarding performance are detailed based on w
> This Take-Away Application guides students on how to use the STATE technique. 1. Use STATE to guide your planning. 2. Schedule and have the crucial conversation. Then review how it went using STATE to see how well you did and the benefits.
> This Take-Away Application encourages students to consider how their membership in a formal group fulfills individual and organizational functions, as described in Table 8.1. 1. Describe how being a member of that group fulfills at least three of the fi
> In November 2011, Ron Johnson was named CEO of JC Penney following the seven-year tenure of Mike Ullman. He was brought in with a mandate for change to bring new life and new customers to the brand. He had been successful with similar efforts at both Tar
> This OB in Action profiles how Cisco thrives on innovation. Since the 1990s, the company's growth and product mix have mirrored the evolution of the Internet, from routers to switches, to mobile, video, cloud computing, and application-centric computing,
> Joe McCormack discusses the importance of brevity in today’s business and military environments. Over the past decade, due to the enormity of information that folks are inundated with, attention spans have dropped from 12 to 8 seconds. This has led to an
> Some companies prefer to “pamper” their employees in order to attract and motivate them on the job, as well as to create a space that invites creative output. However, one study examined productivity during the recent recession and concluded that product
> Based on your answer, and your knowledge of judgmental heuristics, what could you have done differently to avoid the bad decision?
> This OB in Action profiles Facebook. In 2012, the organization was almost entirely focused on users accessing Facebook on desktop computers. The fact that it now has hundreds of engineers working on mobile is a strong signal that mobile apps are at the c
> What is motivation and how does it affect my behavior?
