Question: A large cable company reports the following:

> “San Fernando Valley residents OK with 1-cent transit tax, MTA poll says” is the headline of an article that appeared in the LA Daily News (april 12, 2016). This headline was based on responses from a sample of 100 San Fernando Valley residents. Describe

> The article “bicyclists and other cyclists” (Annals of Emergency Medicine [2010]: 426) reported that in 2008, 716 bicyclists were killed on public roadways in the United States and that the average age of the cyclists killed was 41 years. These figures w

> The same article referenced in Exercise 1.13 also described a study which concluded that people tend to respond differently to the following questions: 1. Would you rather have $50 today or $52 in a week? 2. Imagine that you could have $52 in a week. W

> The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the actual amount (in ml) poured into a short, wide glass for individuals asked to pour 1.5 ounces (44.3 ml). a. Calculate and interpret the values of the mean and standard deviation. b. Wh

> The article “why we Fall for this” (AARP Magazine, May/june 2011) described a study in which a business professor divided his class into two groups. He showed students a mug and then asked students in one of the groups how much they would pay for the mug

> The authors of the paper “Fudging the numbers: Distributing chocolate influences Student evaluations of an Undergraduate course” (Teaching in Psychology [2007]: 245–247) carried out a study to see if events unrelated to an undergraduate course could affe

> The article “how Dangerous is a Day in the hospital?” (Medical Care [2011]: 1068–1075) describes a study to determine if the risk of an infection is related to the length of a hospital stay. The researchers looked at a large number of hospitalized patien

> The article “baby Scientists experiment with everything” (The Wall Street Journal, april 18, 2015) describes a series of studies published in the journal Science. In one of these studies, 11-month old children were assigned to one of two groups. The chil

> In a study of whether taking a garlic supplement reduces the risk of getting a cold, 146 participants were assigned to either a garlic supplement group or to a group that did not take a garlic supplement (“garlic for the common cold,” cochrane Database o

> USA TODAY (august 25, 2015) reported that “American women favor Kate Middleton as a shopping buddy over Michelle Obama by 10 percentage points.” This statement was based on a study in which 1001 adults were surveyed about their shopping preferences.

> The paper “health halos and Fast-Food consumption” (Journal of Consumer Research [2007]: 301–314) described a study in which 46 college students volunteered to participate. Half of the students were given a coupon for a McDonald’s Big Mac sandwich and th

> A news release from Intel titled “intel’s Security international internet of things Smart home Survey Shows Many respondents Sharing Personal Data for Money” (March 30, 2016, newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-securitys-international-internet-of-thin

> A paper appearing in The Journal of Pain (March 2010, 199–209) described a study to determine if meditation has an effect on sensitivity to pain. Study participants were assigned to one of three groups. One group meditated for 20 minutes; one group perfo

> In a survey of 2500 U.S. adults, 69% responded that they were confident that “smart homes” will be a commonplace as smartphones within 10 years (Intel Survey: Architecting the Future of the Smart Home 2025, [2015]: download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/iot/pd

> The accompanying data are consistent with summary statistics in the paper “Shape of glass and amount of alcohol Poured: comparative Study of effect of Practice and concentration” (British Medical Journal [2005]: 1512&a

> Three of the most common types of pets are cats, dogs, and fish. Many families have more than one type of pet. Suppose that a family is selected at random and consider the following events and probabilities: F= event that the selected family has at leas

> To help ensure the safety of school classrooms, the local fire marshal does an inspection at Thomas Jefferson High School each month to check for faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and other fire code violations. Each month, one room is selected for ins

> When treating patients in the emergency room, it is important to be able to make a quick decision about whether a female patient is pregnant or not. The usual laboratory test for pregnancy uses a urine sample. But in an emergency room situation, it may b

> Are people more confident in their answers when the answer is actually correct than when it is not? The article “Female Students less confident, More Accurate than Male counterparts” (American Academy of Family Physicians News, March 5, 2015) described a

> In an article that appears on the website of the American Statistical Association (www.amstat.org/meetings/jsm/2000 /usei/gunn.pdf, retrieved April 25, 2017), Carlton Gunn, a public defender in Seattle, Washington, wrote about how he uses statistics in h

> The report “twitter in higher education: usage habits and trends of today’s college Faculty” (Magna Publications, September 2009) describes a survey of nearly 2000 college faculty. The report indicates the following: 30.7% reported that they use Twitter

> The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration requires each U.S. state to carry out an observational study to assess the level of seat belt use in the state. The report “2015 utah Seat belt use Survey” (utah depar

> An online store offers two methods of shipping—regular ground service and an expedited 2-day shipping. Customers may also choose whether or not to have the purchase gift wrapped. Suppose that the events E = event that the customer chooses expedited ship

> In a small city, approximately 15% of those eligible are called for jury duty in any one calendar year. People are selected for jury duty at random from those eligible, and the same individual cannot be called more than once in the same year. What is the

> a. Suppose events E and F are mutually exclusive with P(E ) 5 0.64 and P(F ) 5 0.17. i. What is the value of P(E ∩ F )? ii. What is the value of P(E ∪ F )? b. Suppose that A and B are events with P(A) 5 0.3, P(B) 5 0.5, and P(A ∩ B) 5 0.15. Are A and

> Increasing joint extension is one goal of athletic trainers. In a study to investigate the effect of therapy that uses ultrasound and stretching (trae tashiro, Masters thesis, university of virginia, 2004), passive knee extension was measured after treat

> A large cable company reports that 42% of its customers subscribe to its Internet service, 32% subscribe to its phone service, and 51% subscribe to its Internet service or its phone service (or both). a. Use the given probability information to set up a

> A study of the impact of seeking a second opinion about a medical condition is described in the paper “evaluation of outcomes from a national Patient-initiated Second-opinion Program” (The American Journal of Medicine [2015]: 1138e (25–1138e33). Based on

> The following table summarizes data on smoking status and age group, and is consistent with summary quantities obtained in a Gallup Poll published in the online article “in u.S., young Adults’ cigarette use is down Sha

> The article “obesity, Smoking damage u.S. economy,” which appeared in the gallup online business journal (www.gallup. com, September 7, 2016, retrieved Arpil 25, 2017), reported that based on a large representative sample of adult Americans, 52.7% claime

> Consider the following two lottery-type games: Game 1: You pick one number between 1 and 50. After you have made your choice, a number between 1 and 50 is selected at random. If the selected number matches the number you picked, you win. Game 2: You pi

> The student council for a school of science and math has one representative from each of five academic departments: Biology (B), Chemistry (C), Mathematics (M), Physics (P), and Statistics (S). Two of these students are to be randomly selected for inclus

> Eighty-six countries won medals at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Based on results posted on www.bbc.com /sport/olympics/rio-2016/medals/countries (retrieved April 25, 2017), 1 country won more than 100 medals 2 countries won between 51 and 100 m

> A company that offers roadside assistance to drivers reports that the probability that a call for assistance will be to help someone who is locked out of his or her car is 0.18. Give a relative frequency interpretation of this probability.

> The article “A Crash Course in Probability” from The Economist (www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/01/airsafety, january 29, 2015, retrieved April 25, 2017) included the following information: The chance of being involved in an airplane crash when fly

> Data on weekday exercise time for 20 females, consistent with summary quantities given in the paper referenced in the previous exercise, are: Female—Weekday 10.0 90.6 48.5 50.4 57.4 99.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 10.5 5.0 47.0 0.0 5.0

> A single-elimination tournament with four players is to be held. A total of three games will be played. In Game 1, the players seeded (rated) first and fourth play. In Game 2, the players seeded second and third play. In Game 3, the winners of Games 1 an

> A medical research team wishes to evaluate two different treatments for a disease. Subjects are selected two at a time, and one is assigned to Treatment 1 and the other to Treatment 2. The treatments are applied, and each is either a success

> Suppose that the probabilities of timely completion are as in Exercise 5.75 for Maria, Alex, and Juan, but that Jacob has a probability of completing on time of 0.7 if Juan is on time and 0.5 if Juan is late. a. Use simulation (with at least 20 trials)

> In Exercise 5.75, the probability that Maria completes her part on time was 0.8. Suppose that this probability is really only 0.6. Use simulation (with at least 20 trials) to estimate the probability that the project is completed on time.

> Four students must work together on a group project. They decide that each will take responsibility for a particular part of the project, as follows: Because of the way the tasks have been divided, one student must finish before the next student can be

> Five hundred first-year students at a state university were classified according to both high school grade point average (GPA) and whether they were on academic probation at the end of their first semester. The data are summarized in the accompanying tab

> Many cities regulate the number of taxi licenses, and there is a great deal of competition for both new and existing licenses. Suppose that a city has decided to sell 10 new licenses for $25,000 each. A lottery will be held to determine who gets the lice

> The report “Airline Quality rating 2016” (www .airlinequalityrating.com/reports/2016_AQr_Final.pdf, retrieved April 25, 2017) provided an overview of the complaints about airlines received by the U.S. Department of Tra

> The report “2015 utah Seat belt use Survey” (utah department of Public Safety—highway Safety office, September 14, 2015) stated that based on observing a large number of vehicle occupants, the estimat

> The paper “Accuracy and reliability of Self-reported weight and height in the Sister Study” (Public Health Nutrition [2012]: 989–999) investigates whether women provide an accurate value when reportin

> Data on weekend exercise time for 20 males, consistent with summary quantities given in the paper “an ecological Momentary assessment of the Physical activity and Sedentary behaviour Patterns of university Students” (H

> Consider the following events: T = event that a randomly selected adult trusts credit card companies to safeguard his or her personal data M = event that a randomly selected adult is between the ages of 19 and 36 O = event that a randomly selected adu

> In a January 2016 Harris Poll, each of 2252 American adults was asked the following question: “If you had to choose, which ONE of the following sports would you say is your favorite?” (“Pro Football is Still America’s Favorite Sport,” www.theharrispoll.c

> The report “improving undergraduate learning” (Social Science research council, 2011) summarizes data from a survey of several thousand college students. These students were thought to be representative of the population of all U.S. college students. Whe

> The authors of the paper “do Physicians Know when their diagnoses Are correct?” (Journal of General Internal Medicine [2005]: 334–339) presented detailed case studies to medical students and to faculty at medical schools. Each participant was asked to pr

> A construction firm bids on two different contracts. Let E1 be the event that the bid on the first contract is successful, and define E2 analogously for the second contract. Suppose that P(E1) = 0.4 and P(E2) = 0.3 and that E1 and E2 are independent even

> The report “great jobs, great lives. the relationship between Student debt, experiences and Perceptions of college worth” (gallup-Purdue index 2015 report) gave information on the percentage of recent college graduates (those graduating between 2006 and

> An appliance manufacturer offers extended warranties on its washers and dryers. Based on past sales, the manufacturer reports that of customers buying both a washer and a dryer, 52% purchase the extended warranty for the washer, 47% purchase the extended

> The paper “Predictors of complementary therapy use Among Asthma Patients: results of a Primary care Survey” (Health and Social Care in the Community [2008]: 155–164) described a study in which each person in a large sample of asthma patients responded to

> A certain university has 10 vehicles available for use by faculty and staff. Six of these are vans and four are cars. On a particular day, only two requests for vehicles have been made. Suppose that the two vehicles to be assigned are chosen at random fr

> The report “State of the news Media 2015” (Pew research center, April 29, 2015) published the accompanying circulation numbers for 15 news magazines (such as Time and The New Yorker) for 2014: / Explain why the average may not be the best measure of a

> Two different airlines have a flight from Los Angeles to New York that departs each weekday morning at a certain time. Let E denote the event that the first airline’s flight is fully booked on a particular day, and let F denote the event that the second

> A large cable company reports that 80% of its customers subscribe to cable TV, 42% subscribe to Internet service, and 97% subscribe to at least one of cable TV and Internet service. In Exercise 5.26, you constructed a hypothetical 1000 table to calculate

> There are two traffic lights on Shelly’s route from home to work. Let E denote the event that Shelly must stop at the first light, and define the event F in a similar manner for the second light. Suppose that P (E) = 0.4, P (F ) = 0.3 and P (E ∩ F ) = 0.

> Consider the following events: C = event that a randomly selected driver is observed to be texting or using a hand-held cell phone A = event that a randomly selected driver is observed driving a car V = e vent that a randomly selected driver is observ

> Students at a particular university use an online registration system to select their courses for the next term. There are four different priority groups, with students in Group 1 registering first, followed by those in Group 2, and so on. Suppose that t

> A man who works in a big city owns two cars, one small and one large. Three-quarters of the time he drives the small car to work, and one-quarter of the time he takes the large car. If he takes the small car, he usually has little trouble parking and so

> A large cable TV company reports the following: 80% of its customers subscribe to its cable TV service 42% of its customers subscribe to its Internet service 32% of its customers subscribe to its telephone service 25% of its customers subscribe to bot

> The paper “good for women, good for Men, bad for People: Simpson’s Paradox and the importance of Sex-Specific Analysis in observational Studies” (Journal of Women’s Health and Gender

> Suppose that an individual is randomly selected from the population of all adult males living in the United States. Let A be the event that the selected individual is over 6 feet in height, and let B be the event that the selected individual is a profess

> The article “u.S. investors Split between digital and traditional banking” (www.gallup.com, August 5, 2016, retrieved April 25, 2017) summarized data from a Gallup survey of a random sample of 1019 U.S. adults with investments of $10,000 or more. Based o

> Data on weekday exercise time for 20 males, consistent with summary quantities given in the paper “an ecological Momentary assessment of the Physical activity and Sedentary behaviour Patterns of university Students” (H

> Lyme disease is transmitted by infected ticks. Several tests are available for people with symptoms of Lyme disease. One of these tests is the EIA/IFA test. The paper “lyme disease testing by large commercial laboratories in the united States” (Clinical

> The article “Americans growing More concerned About head injuries in Football” (www.theharrispoll.com, december 21, 2015, retrieved April 25, 2017) describes a survey of 2096 adult Americans. Survey participants were a

> An electronics store sells two different brands of DVD players. The store reports that 30% of customers purchasing a DVD choose Brand 1. Of those that choose Brand 1, 20% purchase an extended warranty. Consider the chance experiment of randomly selecting

> The accompanying table summarizes data from a Gallup Survey of 3594 parents with school-aged children (“Five insights into u.S. Parents’ Satisfaction with education,” August 25, 2016, www.gallup.com,

> The paper “Action bias among elite Soccer goalkeepers: the case of Penalty Kicks” ( Journal of Economic Psychology [2007]: 606–621) presents an interesting analysis of 286 penalty kicks in televised championship soccer games from around the world. In a p

> The accompanying data are from the article “characteristics of buyers of hybrid honda civic iMA: Preferences, decision Process, vehicle ownership, and willingness-to-Pay” (institute for environmental decisions, novembe

> Suppose that 20% of all teenage drivers in a certain county received a citation for a moving violation within the past year. Assume in addition that 80% of those receiving such a citation attended traffic school so that the citation would not appear on t

> The following statement is from a letter to the editor that appeared in USA TODAY (September 3, 2008): “Among Notre Dame’s current undergraduates, our ethnic minority students (21%) and international students (3%) alone equal the percentage of students w

> Airline tickets can be purchased online, by telephone, or by using a travel agent. Passengers who have a ticket sometimes don’t show up for their flights. Suppose a person who purchased a ticket is selected at random. Consider the following events: O =

> The report “improving undergraduate learning” (Social Science research council, 2011) summarizes data from a survey of several thousand college students. These students were thought to be representative of the population of all college students in the Un

> For each brand of car sold in the United States, data on a customer satisfaction rating (called the APEAL rating) are given (USA TODAY, March 29, 2016). The APEAL rating is a score between 0 and 1,000, with higher values indicating greater satisfaction.

> The report “teens, Social Media & technology overview 2015” (Pew research center, April 9, 2015) summarized data from a large survey of teens age 13–17. Of those surveyed, 71% use Facebook and 52% use Instagram. Use these percentages to explain why the t

> The table at the top of the next page describes the approximate distribution of students by sex and college at a midsize public university in the West. Suppose you were to randomly select one student from this university. a. What is the probability that

> A rental car company offers two options when a car is rented. A renter can choose to pre-purchase gas or not and can also choose to rent a GPS device or not. Suppose that the events A = event that gas is pre-purchased B = event that a GPS is rented are

> In some states, such as Iowa and Nevada, the presidential primaries are decided by caucuses rather than a primary election. The caucuses determine winners at the precinct level, and turnout is often low. As a result, it is not uncommon in a close race to

> a. Suppose events E and F are mutually exclusive with P(E )= 0.14 and P(F ) = 0.76. i. What is the value of P(E ∩ F )? ii. What is the value of P(E ∪ F )? b. Suppose that for events A and B, P(A) = 0.24, P(B) = 0.24, and P(A ∪ B) = 0.48. Are A and B

> An appliance manufacturer offers extended warranties on its washers and dryers. Based on past sales, the manufacturer reports that of customers buying both a washer and a dryer, 52% purchase the extended warranty for the washer, 47% purchase the extended

> The paper “Predictors of complementary therapy use Among Asthma Patients: results of a Primary care Survey” (Health and Social Care in the Community [2008]: 155–164)۔ described a study in which each person in a large sample of asthma patients responded t

> The accompanying data are from the article “characteristics of buyers of hybrid honda civic iMA: Preferences, decision Process, vehicle ownership, and willingness-to-Pay” (institute for environmental decisions, novembe

> False positive results are not uncommon with mammograms, a test used to screen for breast cancer. For a woman who has a positive mammogram, the probability that she actually has breast cancer is less than 0.05 if she is under 40 years old, and ranges fro

> Consider a chance experiment that consists of selecting a student at random from a high school with 3000 students. a. In the context of this chance experiment, give an example of two events that would be mutually exclusive. b. In the context of this ch

> The accompanying data are a subset of data that appeared in the paper “ladies First? a Field Study of Discrimination in coffee Shops” (Applied Economics [april 2008]). The data are the times (in seconds) between orderi

> A large retail store sells headphones. A customer who purchases headphones can pay either by cash or credit card. An extended warranty is also available for purchase. Suppose that the events M = event that the customer pays by cash E = e vent that the

> Each time a class meets, the professor selects one student at random to explain the solution to a homework problem. There are 40 students in the class, and no one ever misses class. Luke is one of these students. What is the probability that Luke is sele

> a. Suppose events E and F are mutually exclusive with P(E ) 5 0.41 and P(E ) 5 0.23. i. What is the value of P(E ∩ F )? ii. What is the value of P(E ∪ F )? b. Suppose that for events A and B, P(A) 5 0.26, P(B) 5 0.34, and P(A ∪ B) 5 0.47. Are A and B

> A large cable company reports that 80% of its customers subscribe to its cable TV service, 42% subscribe to its Internet service, and 97% subscribe to at least one of these two services. a. Use the given probability information to set up a hypothetical

> There are two traffic lights on Shelly’s route from home to work. Let E denote the event that Shelly must stop at the first light, and define the event F in a similar manner for the second light. Suppose that P(E ) = 0.4, P(F ) = 0.3, and P(E ∩ F ) = 0.1

> A bank offers both adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage loans on residential properties, which are classified into three categories: single-family houses, condominiums, and multifamily dwellings. Suppose each loan made in 2016 was classified according

> A Gallup survey found that 64% of women and 55% of men said that they favor affirmative action programs for women (gallup Poll Social Series, July 28, 2016). Suppose that this information is representative of U.S. adults. If a U.S. adult is selected at r

> A small college has 2700 students enrolled. Consider the chance experiment of selecting a student at random. For each of the following pairs of events, indicate whether or not you think they are mutually exclusive and explain your reasoning. a. the even

> Six people hope to be selected as a contestant on a TV game show. Two of these people are younger than 25 years old. Two of these six will be chosen at random to be on the show. a. What is the sample space for the chance experiment of selecting two of t

> A deck of 52 cards is mixed well, and 5 cards are dealt. a. It can be shown that (disregarding the order in which the cards are dealt) there are 2,598,960 possible hands, of which only 1287 are hands consisting entirely of spades. What is the probabilit