Question: The article “how Dangerous is a Day

> Researchers at the University of Utah carried out a study to see if the size of the fork used to eat dinner has an effect on how much food is consumed (Food Network Magazine, January 2012). The researchers assigned people to one of two groups. One group

> A survey of affluent Americans (those with incomes of $75,000 or more) indicated that 57% would rather have more time than more money (USA TODAY, january 29, 2003). a. What condition on how the data were collected would make it reasonable to generalize t

> Cost per serving (in cents) for 15 high-fiber cereals rated very good or good by Consumer Reports are shown below. Calculate and interpret the mean and standard deviation for this data set. 46 49 62 41 19 77 71 30 53 53 67 43 48 28 54

> One hundred students were selected at random from those enrolled at a large college. Each of the selected students was asked to participate in a study, and all agreed to participate. For each student, a coin was tossed. If the coin landed heads up, the s

> Two hundred people volunteered to participate in a statistical study. For each volunteer, a coin was tossed. If the coin landed heads up, the volunteer was assigned to group 1. If the coin landed tails up, the volunteer was assigned to group 2. Those in

> Two hundred people volunteered to participate in a statistical study. Each person was asked how often he or she ate pecans, and their cholesterol levels were also measured. The average cholesterol level for those who ate pecans more than once a week was

> One hundred people who live in Los Angeles volunteered to participate in a statistical study. The volunteers were divided based on gender, with women in group 1 and men in group 2. Those in group 1 were asked to eat 3 ounces of pecans daily for 1 month.

> Five hundred students were selected at random from those enrolled at a large college in Florida. Each student in the sample was asked whether they ate pecans more than once in a typical week, and their cholesterol levels were also measured. The average c

> The following is from an article titled “after the workout, got chocolate Milk?” that appeared in the Chicago Tribune (January 18, 2005): Researchers at Indiana University at Bloomington have found that chocolate milk effectively helps athletes recover

> The article “heartfelt thanks to Fido” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, july 5, 2003) summarized a study that appeared in the American Journal of Cardiology (March 15, 2003). In this study, researchers measured heart rate variability (a measure of the heart’s a

> A study described in Food Network Magazine (January 2012) concluded that people who push a shopping cart at a grocery store are less likely to purchase junk food than those who use a hand-held basket. a. Do you think this study was an observational stud

> Pismo Beach, California, has an annual clam festival that includes a clam chowder contest. Judges rate clam chowders from local restaurants. The judges are not aware of which chowder is from which restaurant when they assign the ratings. One year, much t

> In an experiment comparing two different surgical procedures for hernia repair (“a Single-blinded, randomized comparison of laparoscopic versus open hernia repair in children,” Pediatrics [2009]: 332–

> The U.S. Department of Transportation reported the number of speed-related crash fatalities for the 15 states that had the highest number of these fatalities in 2012 (2012 Speeding Traffic Safety Facts, May 2014). a. Calculate and interpret the mean and

> Could the experiment described above have been double-blind? Explain why or why not.

> Explain why it is important that the surgeons be assigned at random to the two music conditions in the experiment described above.

> Explain why it is important to control each of the following variables in the experiment described above. a. the type of surgery performed b. operating room temperature c. volume at which the music was played

> What are the experimental conditions for the experiment described above? What is the response variable?

> An advertisement for a sweatshirt that appeared in SkyMall Magazine (a catalog distributed by some airlines) stated the following: This is not your ordinary hoody! Why? Fact: Research shows that written words on containers of water can influence the wat

> Suppose that you would like to know if keyboard design has an effect on wrist angle, as shown in the accompanying figure. You have 40 volunteers who have agreed to participate in an experiment to compare two different keyboards. Describe the steps in a

> The article “Doctor Dogs Diagnose cancer by Sniffing it out” (Knight Ridder Newspapers, January 9, 2006) refers to an experiment described in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies. In this experiment, dogs were trained to distinguish between people wi

> The article “Study Points to benefits of Knee replacement Surgery over therapy alone” (New York Times, October 21, 2015) describes a study to compare two treatments for people with knee pain. In the study, 50 people with arthritis received knee replaceme

> The Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London found that dealing with “infomania” has a temporary, but significant, negative effect on IQ (Discover, november 2005). To reach this conclusion, researchers divided volunteers into two groups. Each subj

> The paper “effect of a nutritional Supplement on hair loss in women” (Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology [2015]: 76–82) describes an experiment to see if a dietary supplement consisting of Omega 3, Omega 6, and antioxidants could reduce hair loss in women w

> A study of college students showed a temporary gain of up to nine IQ points after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. This result, dubbed the Mozart effect, has since been criticized by a number of researchers who have been unable to confirm the result i

> In an experiment to compare two different surgical procedures for hernia repair (“a Single-blinded, randomized comparison of laparoscopic versus open hernia repair in children,” Pediatrics [2009]: 332–336), 89 children were assigned at random to one of t

> In an experiment to assess the effect of wearing compression socks during a marathon, 20 runners in the 2013 Hartford Marathon were randomly assigned to two groups ("compression and clots in athletes who travel," Lower Extremities Review, lermagazine.com

> Does playing action video games provide more than just entertainment? The authors of the paper “action-videogame experience alters the Spatial resolution of vision” (Psychological Science [2007]: 88–94) concluded that spatial resolution, an important asp

> Whether or not to continue a Mardi Gras Parade through downtown San Luis Obispo, California, is a hotly debated topic. The parade is popular with students and many residents, but some celebrations have led to complaints and a call to eliminate the parade

> In 2000, the chairman of a California ballot initiative campaign to add “none of the above” to the list of ballot options in all candidate races was quite critical of a Field poll that showed his measure trailing by 10 percentage points. The poll was bas

> A building contractor has a chance to buy an odd lot of 5000 used bricks at an auction. She is interested in determining the proportion of bricks in the lot that are cracked and therefore unusable for her current project, but she does not have enough tim

> The supervisors of a rural county are interested in the proportion of property owners who support the construction of a sewer system. Because it is too costly to contact all 7000 property owners, a survey of 500 owners (selected at random) is undertaken.

> The SurveyMonkey blog (February 11, 2015, retrieved September 25, 2016) includes an article titled “5 common Survey Question Mistakes that’ll ruin Your Data.” Read this short article, which can be found at the following website, and then answer the follo

> A survey of Arizona drivers is described in the article “Study claims Safety Should be Made law” (Red Rock News, august 21, 2015). The following statement is from the article: According to the annual survey, which aims to gauge the opinions and concerns

> The 2015 urban Mobility Scorecard (texas a&M transportation institute, mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/, retrieved april 19, 2017) included data on the estimated cost (in millions of dollars) resulting from traffic congestion for different urban areas

> The chapter preview example introduced data from a survey of new car owners conducted by the J.D. Power and Associates marketing firm (USA TODAY, www.usaatoday. com, March 29, 2016). For each brand of car sold in the United States, data on a quality rati

> A New York psychologist recommends that if you feel the need to check your e-mail in the middle of a movie or if you sleep with your cell phone next to your bed, it might be time to “power off” (AARP Bulletin, September 2010). Suppose that you want to le

> “Should you get a Flu Shot? Your Physical and Financial health is on the line” is the title of an article that appears in a blog on the WalletHub web site (December 20, 2013, wallethub.com/blog/flu-shot-survey/1303/, retrieved September 25, 2016). The au

> The article “Soldiers hate their jobs” (USA TODAY, April 17, 2015) reported that 52% of soldiers surveyed were pessimistic about their future in the military. This statement was based on data collected in 2014 in an annual assessment that all soldiers mu

> Data from a survey of 10,413 students and 588 teachers conducted for the Knight Foundation were used to calculate the following estimates: 65% of students and 40% of teachers chose freedom of speech as the most important of the rights guaranteed by the

> The article “teenage Physical activity reduces risk of cognitive impairment in later life” (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society [2010]) describes a study of more than 9000 women over 50 years old from Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Pennsylvania.

> The article “adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on Sleep Duration and Daytime Functioning” (Pediatrics [2009]: e1005–e1010) reported that about 33% of teenagers have fallen asleep during school. Is this true for stu

> The article referenced in the previous exercise includes the following statement: Nearly three out of four San Fernando Valley residents support an upcoming sales tax measure to pay for traffic congestion relief, according to an MTA poll this week. The

> “San Fernando Valley residents OK with 1-cent transit tax, MTA poll says” is the headline of an article that appeared in the LA Daily News (april 12, 2016). This headline was based on responses from a sample of 100 San Fernando Valley residents. Describe

> The article “bicyclists and other cyclists” (Annals of Emergency Medicine [2010]: 426) reported that in 2008, 716 bicyclists were killed on public roadways in the United States and that the average age of the cyclists killed was 41 years. These figures w

> The same article referenced in Exercise 1.13 also described a study which concluded that people tend to respond differently to the following questions: 1. Would you rather have $50 today or $52 in a week? 2. Imagine that you could have $52 in a week. W

> The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the actual amount (in ml) poured into a short, wide glass for individuals asked to pour 1.5 ounces (44.3 ml). a. Calculate and interpret the values of the mean and standard deviation. b. Wh

> The article “why we Fall for this” (AARP Magazine, May/june 2011) described a study in which a business professor divided his class into two groups. He showed students a mug and then asked students in one of the groups how much they would pay for the mug

> The authors of the paper “Fudging the numbers: Distributing chocolate influences Student evaluations of an Undergraduate course” (Teaching in Psychology [2007]: 245–247) carried out a study to see if events unrelated to an undergraduate course could affe

> The article “baby Scientists experiment with everything” (The Wall Street Journal, april 18, 2015) describes a series of studies published in the journal Science. In one of these studies, 11-month old children were assigned to one of two groups. The chil

> In a study of whether taking a garlic supplement reduces the risk of getting a cold, 146 participants were assigned to either a garlic supplement group or to a group that did not take a garlic supplement (“garlic for the common cold,” cochrane Database o

> USA TODAY (august 25, 2015) reported that “American women favor Kate Middleton as a shopping buddy over Michelle Obama by 10 percentage points.” This statement was based on a study in which 1001 adults were surveyed about their shopping preferences.

> The paper “health halos and Fast-Food consumption” (Journal of Consumer Research [2007]: 301–314) described a study in which 46 college students volunteered to participate. Half of the students were given a coupon for a McDonald’s Big Mac sandwich and th

> A news release from Intel titled “intel’s Security international internet of things Smart home Survey Shows Many respondents Sharing Personal Data for Money” (March 30, 2016, newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-securitys-international-internet-of-thin

> A paper appearing in The Journal of Pain (March 2010, 199–209) described a study to determine if meditation has an effect on sensitivity to pain. Study participants were assigned to one of three groups. One group meditated for 20 minutes; one group perfo

> In a survey of 2500 U.S. adults, 69% responded that they were confident that “smart homes” will be a commonplace as smartphones within 10 years (Intel Survey: Architecting the Future of the Smart Home 2025, [2015]: download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/iot/pd

> The accompanying data are consistent with summary statistics in the paper “Shape of glass and amount of alcohol Poured: comparative Study of effect of Practice and concentration” (British Medical Journal [2005]: 1512&a

> Three of the most common types of pets are cats, dogs, and fish. Many families have more than one type of pet. Suppose that a family is selected at random and consider the following events and probabilities: F= event that the selected family has at leas

> To help ensure the safety of school classrooms, the local fire marshal does an inspection at Thomas Jefferson High School each month to check for faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and other fire code violations. Each month, one room is selected for ins

> When treating patients in the emergency room, it is important to be able to make a quick decision about whether a female patient is pregnant or not. The usual laboratory test for pregnancy uses a urine sample. But in an emergency room situation, it may b

> Are people more confident in their answers when the answer is actually correct than when it is not? The article “Female Students less confident, More Accurate than Male counterparts” (American Academy of Family Physicians News, March 5, 2015) described a

> In an article that appears on the website of the American Statistical Association (www.amstat.org/meetings/jsm/2000 /usei/gunn.pdf, retrieved April 25, 2017), Carlton Gunn, a public defender in Seattle, Washington, wrote about how he uses statistics in h

> The report “twitter in higher education: usage habits and trends of today’s college Faculty” (Magna Publications, September 2009) describes a survey of nearly 2000 college faculty. The report indicates the following: 30.7% reported that they use Twitter

> The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration requires each U.S. state to carry out an observational study to assess the level of seat belt use in the state. The report “2015 utah Seat belt use Survey” (utah depar

> An online store offers two methods of shipping—regular ground service and an expedited 2-day shipping. Customers may also choose whether or not to have the purchase gift wrapped. Suppose that the events E = event that the customer chooses expedited ship

> In a small city, approximately 15% of those eligible are called for jury duty in any one calendar year. People are selected for jury duty at random from those eligible, and the same individual cannot be called more than once in the same year. What is the

> a. Suppose events E and F are mutually exclusive with P(E ) 5 0.64 and P(F ) 5 0.17. i. What is the value of P(E ∩ F )? ii. What is the value of P(E ∪ F )? b. Suppose that A and B are events with P(A) 5 0.3, P(B) 5 0.5, and P(A ∩ B) 5 0.15. Are A and

> Increasing joint extension is one goal of athletic trainers. In a study to investigate the effect of therapy that uses ultrasound and stretching (trae tashiro, Masters thesis, university of virginia, 2004), passive knee extension was measured after treat

> A large cable company reports that 42% of its customers subscribe to its Internet service, 32% subscribe to its phone service, and 51% subscribe to its Internet service or its phone service (or both). a. Use the given probability information to set up a

> A study of the impact of seeking a second opinion about a medical condition is described in the paper “evaluation of outcomes from a national Patient-initiated Second-opinion Program” (The American Journal of Medicine [2015]: 1138e (25–1138e33). Based on

> The following table summarizes data on smoking status and age group, and is consistent with summary quantities obtained in a Gallup Poll published in the online article “in u.S., young Adults’ cigarette use is down Sha

> The article “obesity, Smoking damage u.S. economy,” which appeared in the gallup online business journal (www.gallup. com, September 7, 2016, retrieved Arpil 25, 2017), reported that based on a large representative sample of adult Americans, 52.7% claime

> Consider the following two lottery-type games: Game 1: You pick one number between 1 and 50. After you have made your choice, a number between 1 and 50 is selected at random. If the selected number matches the number you picked, you win. Game 2: You pi

> The student council for a school of science and math has one representative from each of five academic departments: Biology (B), Chemistry (C), Mathematics (M), Physics (P), and Statistics (S). Two of these students are to be randomly selected for inclus

> Eighty-six countries won medals at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Based on results posted on www.bbc.com /sport/olympics/rio-2016/medals/countries (retrieved April 25, 2017), 1 country won more than 100 medals 2 countries won between 51 and 100 m

> A company that offers roadside assistance to drivers reports that the probability that a call for assistance will be to help someone who is locked out of his or her car is 0.18. Give a relative frequency interpretation of this probability.

> The article “A Crash Course in Probability” from The Economist (www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/01/airsafety, january 29, 2015, retrieved April 25, 2017) included the following information: The chance of being involved in an airplane crash when fly

> Data on weekday exercise time for 20 females, consistent with summary quantities given in the paper referenced in the previous exercise, are: Female—Weekday 10.0 90.6 48.5 50.4 57.4 99.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 10.5 5.0 47.0 0.0 5.0

> A single-elimination tournament with four players is to be held. A total of three games will be played. In Game 1, the players seeded (rated) first and fourth play. In Game 2, the players seeded second and third play. In Game 3, the winners of Games 1 an

> A medical research team wishes to evaluate two different treatments for a disease. Subjects are selected two at a time, and one is assigned to Treatment 1 and the other to Treatment 2. The treatments are applied, and each is either a success

> Suppose that the probabilities of timely completion are as in Exercise 5.75 for Maria, Alex, and Juan, but that Jacob has a probability of completing on time of 0.7 if Juan is on time and 0.5 if Juan is late. a. Use simulation (with at least 20 trials)

> In Exercise 5.75, the probability that Maria completes her part on time was 0.8. Suppose that this probability is really only 0.6. Use simulation (with at least 20 trials) to estimate the probability that the project is completed on time.

> Four students must work together on a group project. They decide that each will take responsibility for a particular part of the project, as follows: Because of the way the tasks have been divided, one student must finish before the next student can be

> Five hundred first-year students at a state university were classified according to both high school grade point average (GPA) and whether they were on academic probation at the end of their first semester. The data are summarized in the accompanying tab

> Many cities regulate the number of taxi licenses, and there is a great deal of competition for both new and existing licenses. Suppose that a city has decided to sell 10 new licenses for $25,000 each. A lottery will be held to determine who gets the lice

> The report “Airline Quality rating 2016” (www .airlinequalityrating.com/reports/2016_AQr_Final.pdf, retrieved April 25, 2017) provided an overview of the complaints about airlines received by the U.S. Department of Tra

> The report “2015 utah Seat belt use Survey” (utah department of Public Safety—highway Safety office, September 14, 2015) stated that based on observing a large number of vehicle occupants, the estimat

> The paper “Accuracy and reliability of Self-reported weight and height in the Sister Study” (Public Health Nutrition [2012]: 989–999) investigates whether women provide an accurate value when reportin

> Data on weekend exercise time for 20 males, consistent with summary quantities given in the paper “an ecological Momentary assessment of the Physical activity and Sedentary behaviour Patterns of university Students” (H

> Consider the following events: T = event that a randomly selected adult trusts credit card companies to safeguard his or her personal data M = event that a randomly selected adult is between the ages of 19 and 36 O = event that a randomly selected adu

> In a January 2016 Harris Poll, each of 2252 American adults was asked the following question: “If you had to choose, which ONE of the following sports would you say is your favorite?” (“Pro Football is Still America’s Favorite Sport,” www.theharrispoll.c

> A large cable company reports the following: 80% of its customers subscribe to cable TV service 42% of its customers subscribe to Internet service 32% of its customers subscribe to telephone service 25% of its customers subscribe to both cable TV and

> The report “improving undergraduate learning” (Social Science research council, 2011) summarizes data from a survey of several thousand college students. These students were thought to be representative of the population of all U.S. college students. Whe

> The authors of the paper “do Physicians Know when their diagnoses Are correct?” (Journal of General Internal Medicine [2005]: 334–339) presented detailed case studies to medical students and to faculty at medical schools. Each participant was asked to pr

> A construction firm bids on two different contracts. Let E1 be the event that the bid on the first contract is successful, and define E2 analogously for the second contract. Suppose that P(E1) = 0.4 and P(E2) = 0.3 and that E1 and E2 are independent even

> The report “great jobs, great lives. the relationship between Student debt, experiences and Perceptions of college worth” (gallup-Purdue index 2015 report) gave information on the percentage of recent college graduates (those graduating between 2006 and

> An appliance manufacturer offers extended warranties on its washers and dryers. Based on past sales, the manufacturer reports that of customers buying both a washer and a dryer, 52% purchase the extended warranty for the washer, 47% purchase the extended

> The paper “Predictors of complementary therapy use Among Asthma Patients: results of a Primary care Survey” (Health and Social Care in the Community [2008]: 155–164) described a study in which each person in a large sample of asthma patients responded to

> A certain university has 10 vehicles available for use by faculty and staff. Six of these are vans and four are cars. On a particular day, only two requests for vehicles have been made. Suppose that the two vehicles to be assigned are chosen at random fr

> The report “State of the news Media 2015” (Pew research center, April 29, 2015) published the accompanying circulation numbers for 15 news magazines (such as Time and The New Yorker) for 2014: / Explain why the average may not be the best measure of a