Question: A room contains air in which the

> A piece of wire is bent through an angle θ. The bent wire is partially submerged in benzene (index of refraction = 1.50) so that, to a person looking along the dry part, the wire appears to be straight and makes an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. Det

> Endoscopes are medical instruments used to examine the gastrointestinal tract and other cavities inside the body. The light required for examination is conducted from an outside source along a long, flexible bundle of optical fibers to the tip, where it

> One technique for measuring the angle of a prism is shown in Figure P22.51. A parallel beam of light is directed onto the apex of the prism so that the beam reflects from opposite faces of the prism. Show that the angular separation of the two reflected

> A narrow beam of light is incident from air onto a glass surface with index of refraction 1.56. Find the angle of incidence for which the corresponding angle of refraction is one-half the angle of incidence. Hint: You might want to use the trigonometric

> Refraction causes objects submerged in water to appear less deep than they actually are. The fish in Figure P22.49 has an apparent depth of 1.25 m. Calculate its actual depth. Figure P22.49:

> A light ray of wavelength 589 nm is incident at an angle θ on the top surface of a block of polystyrene surrounded by air, as shown in Figure P22.48. (a) Find the maximum value of θ for which the refracted ray will undergo total

> When a man stands near the edge of an empty drainage ditch of depth 2.80 m, he can barely see the boundary between the opposite wall and bottom of the ditch as in Figure P22.47a. The distance from his eyes to the ground is 1.85 m. (a) What is the horizon

> The level of water in a clear, colorless glass can easily be observed with the naked eye. The level of liquid helium in a clear glass vessel is extremely difficult to see with the naked eye. Explain. Hint: The index of refraction of liquid helium is clos

> A ray of light is incident at an angle 30.0° on a plane slab of flint glass surrounded by water. (a) Find the refraction angle. (b) Suppose the index of refraction of the surrounding medium can be adjusted, but the incident angle of the light remains the

> A layer of ice having parallel sides floats on water. If light is incident on the upper surface of the ice at an angle of incidence of 30.0°, what is the angle of refraction in the water?

> A boy floating on a pond watches a fish swim away from him as in Figure P22.44. If the fish is 2.25 m beneath the surface, for what maximum distance d will he be able to see the fish? Neglect the height of the boy’s eyes above the water

> The U.S. Food and Drug Administration limits the radiation leakage of microwave ovens to no more than 5.0 mW/cm2 at a distance of 2.0 in. A typical cell phone, which also transmits microwaves, has a peak output power of about 2.0 W. (a) Approximating the

> One possible means of achieving space flight is to place a perfectly reflecting aluminized sheet into Earth’s orbit and to use the light from the Sun to push this solar sail. Suppose such a sail, of area 6.00 x 104 m2 and mass 6.00 x 103 kg, is placed in

> A particular inductor has appreciable resistance. When the inductor is connected to a 12 - V battery, the current in the inductor is 3.0 A. When it is connected to an AC source with an rms output of 12 V and a frequency of 60. Hz, the current drops to 2.

> A dish antenna with a diameter of 20.0 m receives (at normal incidence) a radio signal from a distant source, as shown in Figure P21.73. The radio signal is a continuous sinusoidal wave with amplitude Emax = 0.20 μV/m. Assume the antenna ab

> (a) What capacitance will resonate with a one - turn loop of inductance 400. pH to give a radar wave of wavelength 3.0 cm? (b) If the capacitor has square parallel plates separated by 1.0 mm of air, what should the edge length of the plates be? (c) What

> As a way of determining the inductance of a coil used in a research project, a student first connects the coil to a 12.0 - V battery and measures a current of 0.630 A. The student then connects the coil to a 24.0 - V (rms), 60.0 - Hz generator and measur

> In an RLC series circuit that includes a source of alternating current operating at fixed frequency and voltage, the resistance R is equal to the inductive reactance. If the plate separation of the parallel - plate capacitor is reduced to one - half its

> A virtual image is often described as an image through which light rays don’t actually travel, as they do for a real image. Can a virtual image be photographed?

> A 200. - Ω resistor is connected in series with a 5.0 - μF capacitor and a 60 - Hz, 120 - V rms line. If electrical energy costs $0.080/ kWh, how much does it cost to leave this circuit connected for 24 h?

> The intensity of solar radiation at the top of Earth’s atmosphere is 1370 W/m3. Assuming 60% of the incoming solar energy reaches Earth’s surface and assuming you absorb 50% of the incident energy, make an order - of - magnitude estimate of the amount of

> A 25.0 - mW laser beam of diameter 2.00 mm is reflected at normal incidence by a perfectly reflecting mirror. Calculate the radiation pressure on the mirror.

> A speeder tries to explain to the police that the yellow warning lights she was approaching on the side of the road looked green to her because of the Doppler shift. How fast would she have been traveling if yellow light of wavelength 580 nm had been shi

> Police radar guns measure the speed of moving vehicles by transmitting electromagnetic waves at a vehicle and detecting a Doppler shift in the reflected wave. Suppose police radar transmits at a frequency of 24.0 GHz and receives a wave reflected from a

> A spaceship is approaching a space station at a speed of 1.8 x 105 m/s. The space station has a beacon that emits green light with a frequency of 6.0 x 1014 Hz. (a) What is the frequency of the beacon observed on the spaceship? (b) What is the change in

> The rainbow of visible colors in the electromagnetic spectrum varies continuously from the longest wavelengths (the reddest colors) to the shortest wavelengths (the deepest violet colors) our eyes can detect. Wavelengths near 655 nm are perceived as red.

> An important news announcement is transmitted by radio waves to people who are 100. km away, sitting next to their radios, and by sound waves to people sitting across the newsroom, 3.0 m from the newscaster. Who receives the news first? Explain. Take the

> What are the wavelength ranges in (a) The AM radio band (540–1600 kHz) and (b) The FM radio band (88–108 MHz)?

> A diathermy machine, used in physiotherapy, generates electromagnetic radiation that gives the effect of “deep heat” when absorbed in tissue. One assigned frequency for diathermy is 27.33 MHz. What is the wavelength of this radiation?

> A type of mirage called a pingo is often observed in Alaska. Pingos occur when the light from a small hill passes to an observer by a path that takes the light over a body of water warmer than the air. What is seen is the hill and an inverted image direc

> What are the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves in free space that have frequencies of (a) 5.00 x 1019 Hz and (b) 4.00 x 109 Hz?

> Consider a bright star in our night sky. Assume its distance from the Earth is 20.0 light - years (ly) and its power output is 4.00 x 1028 W, about 100 times that of the Sun. (a) Find the intensity of the starlight at the Earth. (b) Find the power of the

> A microwave oven is powered by an electron tube called a magnetron that generates electromagnetic waves of frequency 2.45 GHz. The microwaves enter the oven and are reflected by the walls. The standing - wave pattern produced in the oven can cook food un

> A laser beam is used to levitate a metal disk against the force of Earth’s gravity. (a) Derive an equation giving the required intensity of light, I, in terms of the mass m of the disk, the gravitational acceleration g, the speed of light c, and the cros

> The Sun delivers an average power of 1370. W/m2 to the top of Earth’s atmosphere. Find the magnitudes of E(max and B(max for the electromagnetic waves at the top of the atmosphere.

> The transmission of light energy as it passes through a solution of light - absorbing molecules is described by the Beer–Lambert law which gives the decrease in intensity I in terms of the distance L the light has traveled through a fl

> Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs weakly in the red (hence its red color) and strongly in the near infrared, whereas deoxygenated hemoglobin has the opposite absorption. This fact is used in a “pulse oximeter” to measure oxygen saturation in arterial blood.

> The speed of light in vacuum is defined to be c = 299792458 m/s = 1/√μ0є0. The permeability constant of vacuum is defined to be μ0 = 4π x 10-7 N · s2/C2. Use these definitions to calculate the value of є0, the permittivity of free space, to eight signifi

> The Earth reflects approximately 38.0% of the incident sunlight from its clouds and surface. (a) Given that the intensity of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is 1370 W/m2, find the radiation pressure on the Earth, in pascals, at the location

> (a) The distance to Polaris, the North Star, is approximately 6.44 x 1018 m. If Polaris were to burn out today, how many years would it take to see it disappear? (b) How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? (c) How long does it take a microwave sig

> Construct ray diagrams to determine whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F). (a) For an object at a concave mirror’s center of curvature, the image is real and inverted. (b) As an object approaches the focal point of a concave m

> The U.S. Navy has long proposed the construction of extremely low frequency (ELF waves) communications systems; such waves could penetrate the oceans to reach distant submarines. Calculate the length of a quarter - wavelength antenna for a transmitter ge

> A transmission line that has a resistance per unit length of 4.50 x 10-4 Ω/m is to be used to transmit 5.00 MW over 400 miles (6.44 x 105 m). The output voltage of the generator is 4.50 kV (rms). (a) What is the line loss if a transformer is used to step

> A transformer on a pole near a factory steps the voltage down from 3600 V (rms) to 120 V (rms). The transformer is to deliver 1.0 x 103 kW to the factory at 90% efficiency. Find (a) The power delivered to the primary, (b) The current in the primary, and

> An ideal neon sign transformer provides 9250 V at 30.0 mA with an input voltage of 115 V. Calculate the transformer’s input (a) Power and (b) Current.

> An AC power generator produces 50. A (rms) at 3600 V. The voltage is stepped up to 1.0 x 105 V by an ideal transformer, and the energy is transmitted through a long - distance power line that has a resistance of 100. Ω. What percentage of the power deliv

> A step - down transformer is used for recharging the batteries of portable devices. The turns ratio N2/N1 for a particular transformer used in a CD player is 1:13. When used with 120. - V (rms) household service, the transformer draws an rms current of 2

> The light beam in Figure P22.43 strikes surface 2 at the critical angle. Determine the angle of incidence, θ1. Figure P22.43:

> Consider a light ray traveling between air and a diamond cut in the shape shown in Figure P22.42. (a) Find the critical angle for total internal reflection for light in the diamond incident on the interface between the diamond and the outside air. (b) Co

> A beam of laser light with wavelength 612 nm is directed through a slab of glass having index of refraction 1.78. (a) For what minimum incident angle would a ray of light undergo total internal reflection? (b) If a layer of water is placed over the glass

> Figure CQ22.4 shows light from material A with index of refraction nA entering materials B and C with indices of refraction nB and nC. Rank the three indices of refraction from largest to smallest. (a) nA, nB, nC (b) nB, nC, nA (c) nC, nA, nB (d) nB, nA,

> A light ray is incident normally to the long face (the hypotenuse) of a 45°–45°–90° prism surrounded by air, as shown in Figure 22.26b. Calculate the minimum index of refraction of the

> Determine the maximum angle θ for which the light rays incident on the end of the light pipe in Figure P22.38 are subject to total internal reflection along the walls of the pipe. Assume the light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.36 and

> A plastic light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.53. For total internal reflection, what is the minimum angle of incidence if the pipe is in (a) Air and (b) Water?

> A beam of light is incident from air on the surface of a liquid. If the angle of incidence is 30.0° and the angle of refraction is 22.0°, find the critical angle for the liquid when surrounded by air.

> Repeat Problem 34, but this time assume the quartz, polystyrene, and sodium chloride are surrounded by water. Problem 34: For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air: (a) Fused quartz

> For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air: (a) Fused quartz, (b) Polystyrene, and (c) Sodium chloride.

> A ray of light strikes the midpoint of one face of an equiangular (60°–60°–60°) glass prism (n = 1.5) at an angle of incidence of 30.0°. (a) Trace the path of the light ray through the glass and find the angles of incidence and refraction at each surface

> The prism in Figure P22.32 is made of glass with an index of refraction of 1.64 for blue light and 1.60 for red light. Find (a) (R, the angle of deviation for red light, and (b) (B, the angle of deviation for blue light, if white light is incident on the

> A light beam containing red and violet wavelengths is incident on a slab of quartz at an angle of incidence of 50.00°. The index of refraction of quartz is 1.455 at 660 nm (red light), and its index of refraction is 1.468 at 410 nm (violet light). Find t

> The index of refraction for crown glass is 1.512 at a wavelength of 660 nm (red), whereas its index of refraction is 1.530 at a wavelength of 410 nm (violet). If both wavelengths are incident on a slab of crown glass at the same angle of incidence, 60.0°

> The top row of Figure CQ23.2 shows three ray diagrams for an object O in front of a concave mirror and the bottom row shows three ray diagrams for an object O in front of a convex mirror. In each diagram, one ray is drawn correctly and the other is drawn

> The index of refraction for red light in water is 1.331 and that for blue light is 1.340. If a ray of white light enters the water at an angle of incidence of 83.00°, what are the underwater angles of refraction for the (a) Blue and (b) Red components of

> A certain kind of glass has an index of refraction of 1.650 for blue light of wavelength 430 nm and an index of 1.615 for red light of wavelength 680 nm. If a beam containing these two colors is incident at an angle of 30.00° on a piece of this glass, wh

> An opaque cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 3.00 m and is completely filled with water. When the afternoon Sun reaches an angle of 28.0° above the horizon, sunlight ceases to illuminate the bottom of the tank. How deep is the tank?

> Figure P22.26 shows a light ray incident on a series of slabs having different refractive indices, where n1 Figure P22.26:

> A beam of light both reflects and refracts at the surface between air and glass, as shown in Figure P22.25. If the index of refraction of the glass is ng, find the angle of incidence, θ1, in the air that would result in the reflected ray and

> Photons with a wavelength of 589 nm in air enter a plate of crown glass with index of refraction n = 1.52. Find the (a) Speed, (b) Wavelength, and (c) Energy of a photon in the glass.

> Fingerprints left on a piece of glass such as a windowpane can show colored spectra like that from a diffraction grating. Why?

> Count the number of 180° phase reversals for the interfering rays in (a) Figure CQ24.6a, (b) Figure CQ24.6b, and (c) Figure CQ24.6c. Figure CQ24.6:

> If a Young’s experiment carried out in air is repeated under water, would the distance between bright fringes (a) Increase, (b) Decrease, or (c) Remain the same?

> A plane monochromatic light wave is incident on a double - slit as illustrated in Figure 24.4. If the viewing screen is moved away from the double slit, what happens to the separation between the interference fringes on the screen? (a) It increases. (b)

> A ray of light passes from one material into a material with a higher index of refraction. Determine whether each of the following quantities increases, decreases, or remains unchanged. Indicate your answers with I, D, or U, respectively. (a) The ray’s a

> If laser light is reflected from a phonograph record or a compact disc, a diffraction pattern appears. The pattern arises because both devices contain parallel tracks of information that act as a reflection diffraction grating. Which device, record or co

> In a single - slit diffraction experiment, as the width of the slit is made smaller, does the width of the central maximum of the diffraction pattern (a) Become smaller, (b) Become larger, or (c) Remain the same?

> Suppose Young’s experiment is carried out in air, and then, in a second experiment, the apparatus is immersed in water. In what way does the distance between bright fringes change? (a) They move farther apart. (b) They move closer together. (c) There is

> A Young’s double - slit experiment is performed with three different colors of light: red, green, and blue. Rank the colors by the distance between adjacent bright fringes, from smallest to largest. (a) Red, green, blue (b) Green, blue, red (c) Blue, gre

> If the distance between the slits is doubled in Young’s experiment, what happens to the width of the central maximum? (a) The width is doubled. (b) The width is unchanged. (c) The width is halved.

> In a two - slit interference pattern projected on a screen, are the fringes equally spaced on the screen (a) Everywhere, (b) Only for large angles, or (c) Only for small angles?

> A clear plastic sandwich bag filled with water can act as a crude converging lens in air. If the bag is filled with air and placed under water, is the effective lens (a) Converging or (b) Diverging?

> True or False: (a) The image of an object placed in front of a concave mirror is always upright. (b) The height of the image of an object placed in front of a concave mirror must be smaller than or equal to the height of the object. (c) The image of an o

> A person spearfishing from a boat sees a fish located 3 m from the boat at an apparent depth of 1 m. To spear the fish, should the person aim (a) At, (b) Above, or (c) Below the image of the fish?

> In the overhead view of Figure 23.3, the image of the stone seen by observer 1 is at C. Where does observer 2 see the image: at A, at B, at C, at D, at E, or not at all? Figure 23.3:

> A soap film is held vertically in air and is viewed in reflected light as in Figure CQ24.14. Explain why the film appears to be dark at the top. Figure CQ24.14:

> An object is placed to the left of a converging lens. Which of the following statements are true, and which are false? (a) The image is always to the right of the lens. (b) The image can be upright or inverted. (c) The image is always smaller or the same

> In Figure 23.25a, the blue object arrow is replaced by one that is much taller than the lens. How many rays from the object will strike the lens? Figure 23.25a:

> As light travels from a vacuum (n = 1) to a medium such as glass (n > 1), which of the following properties remains the same: the (a) Wavelength, (b) Wave speed, or (c) Frequency?

> A material has an index of refraction that increases continuously from top to bottom. Of the three paths shown in Figure 22.10, which path will a light ray follow as it passes through the material? Figure 22.10:

> If beam 1 is the incoming beam in Figure 22.6b, which of the other four beams are due to reflection? Which are due to refraction? Figure 22.6b:

> Which part of Figure 22.3, (a) or (b), better shows specular reflection of light from the roadway? Figure 22.3:

> A person looking into an empty container is able to see the far edge of the container’s bottom, as shown in Figure P22.23a. The height of the container is h, and its width is d. When the container is completely filled with a fluid of in

> A narrow beam of ultrasonic waves reflects off the liver tumor in Figure P22.22. If the speed of the wave is 10.0% less in the liver than in the surrounding medium, determine the depth of the tumor. Figure P22.22:

> A man shines a flashlight from a boat into the water, illuminating a rock as in Figure P22.21. What is the angle of incidence θ1? Figure P22.21:

> A laser beam is incident on a 45°–45°–90° prism perpendicular to one of its faces, as shown in Figure P22.20. The transmitted beam that exits the hypotenuse of the prism makes an angle

> Certain sunglasses use a polarizing material to reduce the intensity of light reflected from shiny surfaces, such as water or the hood of a car. What orientation of the transmission axis should the material have to be most effective?

> The light beam shown in Figure P22.19 makes an angle of 20.0° with the normal line NN' in the linseed oil. Determine the angles θ and θ'. (The refractive index for linseed oil is 1.48.) Figure P22.19:

> A ray of light strikes a flat, 2.00-cm-thick block of glass (n = 1.50) at an angle of 30.0° with respect to the normal (Fig. P22.18). (a) Find the angle of refraction at the top surface. (b) Find the angle of incidence at the bottom surface an

> How many times will the incident beam shown in Figure P22.17 be reflected by each of the parallel mirrors? Figure P22.17:

> Figure P22.16 shows a light ray traveling in a slab of crown glass surrounded by air. The ray is incident on the right surface at an angle of 55° with the normal and then reflects from points A, B, and C. (a) At which of these points does part

> The light emitted by a helium–neon laser has a wavelength of 632.8 nm in air. As the light travels from air into zircon, find its (a) Speed, (b) Wavelength, and (c) Frequency, all in the zircon.