Question:
(a) Use Excel functions to calculate the mean and standard deviation for weekend occupancy rates (percent) in nine resort hotels during the off-season. (b) What conclusion would a casual observer draw about center and variability, based on your statistics? (c) Now calculate the median for each sample. (d) Make a dot plot for each sample. (e) What did you learn from the medians and dot plots that was not apparent from the means and standard deviations?
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> The probability that a 2011 Audi A8 is stolen is .0048. Find the odds against the theft of a 2011 Audi A8. Round your answer to the nearest whole number. (www.nhtsa.gov/theft)
> A study showed that trained police officers can detect a lie 65 percent of the time, based on controlled studies of videotapes with real-life lies and truths. What are the odds in favor of a lie being detected?
> To run its network, the Ramjac Corporation wants to install a system with dual independent servers. Employee Bob grumbled, “But that will double the chance of system failure.” Is Bob right? Explain your reasoning with an example.
> Bob owns two stocks. There is an 80 percent probability that stock A will rise in price, while there is a 60 percent chance that stock B will rise in price. There is a 40 percent chance that both stocks will rise in price. Are the stock prices independen
> On Los Angeles freeways during the rush hour, there is an 18 percent probability that a driver is using a hand-held cell phone. Which type of probability (classical, empirical, subjective) do you think this is?
> Bob’s exam score was 2.17 standard deviations above the mean. The exam was taken by 200 students. Assuming a normal distribution, how many scores were higher than Bob’s?
> If Punxsutawney Phil sees his shadow on February 2, then legend says that winter will last 6 more weeks. In 118 years, Phil has seen his shadow 104 times. (a) What is the probability that Phil will see his shadow on a randomly chosen Groundhog Day?
> Bob, Mary, and Jen go to dinner. Each orders a different meal. The waiter forgets who ordered which meal, so he randomly places the meals before the three diners. Let C be the event that a diner gets the correct meal and let N be the event that a diner g
> High levels of cockpit noise in an aircraft can damage the hearing of pilots who are exposed to this hazard for many hours. Cockpit noise in a jet aircraft is mostly due to airflow at hundreds of miles per hour. This 3 × 3 contingency table
> Analysis of forecasters’ interest rate predictions over the period 1982–1990 was intended to see whether the predictions corresponded to what actually happened. The 2 × 2 contingency table below shows the
> Refer to the contingency table shown below. (a) Calculate each probability (i–vi) and explain in words what it means. (b) Do you see evidence that smoking and race are not independent? Explain. (c) Do the smoking rates shown here corres
> Four students divided the task of surveying the types of vehicles in parking lots of four different shopping malls. Each student examined 100 cars in each of four large suburban malls, resulting in the 5 3 4 contingency table shown below. (a) Calculate e
> The probability is 1 in 4,000,000 that a single auto trip in the United States will result in a fatality. Over a lifetime, an average U.S. driver takes 50,000 trips. (a) What is the probability of a fatal accident over a lifetime? Explain your reasoning
> A web server hosting company advertises 99.999 percent guaranteed network uptime. (a) How many independent network servers would be needed if each has 99 percent reliability? (b) If each has 90 percent reliability?
> Which are likely to be independent events? For those you think are not, suggest reasons why. a. Gender of two babies born consecutively in a hospital. b. Car accident rates and the driver’s gender. c. Phone call arrival rates at a university admissions
> A certain airplane has two independent alternators to provide electrical power. The probability that a given alternator will fail on a one-hour flight is .02. What is the probability that (a) both will fail? (b) Neither will fail? (c) One or the other wi
> Find the standard normal area for each of the following. Sketch the normal curve and shade in the area represented below. a. P(Z < -1.28) b. P(Z > 1.28) c. P(-1.96 < Z < 1.96) d. P(-1.65 < Z < 1.65)
> A poker hand (5 cards) is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of each event, showing your reasoning carefully. a. The first four cards are the four aces. b. Any four cards are the four aces.
> A certain brand of flat white interior latex paint claims one-coat coverage of 400 square feet per gallon. The standard deviation is known to be 20. A sample of 16 gallons is tested. (a) At α = .05 in a left-tailed test, find the β risk and power assumin
> A process is normally distributed with standard deviation 12. Samples of size 4 are taken. Suppose that you wish to test the hypothesis that μ 5 500 at α = .05 in a left-tailed test. (a) What is the β risk if the true mean is 495? If the true mean is 490
> From the display below pick five cards (without replacement) by using random numbers. Explain your method. Why would the other sampling methods not work well in this case? A A V A K K K Q J J J J 10 10 10. 10 9 8 8. 7 7 7 7 6 6 6. 5 5 4 4 V 4 4 3 3
> A nuclear power plant replaces its ID card facility access system cards with a biometric security system that scans the iris pattern of the employee and compares it with a data bank. Users are classified as authorized or unauthorized. (a) State the null
> High blood pressure, if untreated, can lead to increased risk of stroke and heart attack. A common definition of hypertension is diastolic blood pressure of 90 or more. (a) State the null and alternative hypotheses for a physician who checks your blood p
> In a commercially available fingerprint scanner (e.g., for your home or office PC), false acceptances are 1 in 25 million, with false rejection rates of 3 percent. (a) Define Type I and II errors. (b) Why do you suppose the false rejection rate is so hig
> Pap smears are a test for abnormal cancerous and precancerous cells taken from the cervix. (a) State a pair of hypotheses and then explain the meaning of a false negative and a false positive. (b) Why is the null hypothesis “null”? (c) Who bears the cost
> If the true mean is 50 and we reject the hypothesis that μ = 50, what is the probability of Type II error?
> Telemarketers use a predictive dialing system to decide whether a person actually answers a call (as opposed to an answering machine). If so, the call is routed to a telemarketer. If no telemarketer is free, the software must automatically hang up the ph
> Find the standard normal area for each of the following. Sketch the normal curve and shade in the area represented below. a. P(Z < -1.96) b. P(Z > 1.96) c. P(Z < 1.65) d. P(Z > -1.65)
> A test-preparation company advertises that its training program raises SAT scores by an average of at least 30 points. A random sample of test-takers who had completed the training showed a mean increase smaller than 30 points. (a) Write the hypotheses f
> Suppose the judge decides to acquit all defendants, regardless of the evidence. (a) What is the probability of Type I error? (b) Why is this a bad policy?
> Suppose you always reject the null hypothesis, regardless of any sample evidence. (a) What is the probability of Type II error? (b) Why is this a bad policy?
> When told that over a 10-year period a mammogram test has a false positive rate of 50 percent, Bob said, “That means that about half the women tested actually have no cancer.” Correct Bob’s mistaken interpretation.
> If we fail to reject the null hypothesis that π = .50 even though the true proportion is .60, what is the probability of Type I error?
> This table shows the distribution of winning times in the Kentucky Derby (a horse race) over 84 years. (a) From the grouped data, calculate the mean. Show your calculations clearly in a worksheet. (b) What additional information would you have gained by
> A random sample of individuals who filed their own income taxes were asked how much time (hours) they spent preparing last year’s federal income tax forms. (a) Estimate the mean. (b) Estimate the standard deviation. (c) Do you think the
> How long does it take to fly from Denver to Atlanta on Delta Airlines? The table below shows 56 observations on flight times (in minutes) for the first week of March 2005. (a) Use the grouped data formula to estimate the mean and standard deviation. (b)
> The self-reported number of hours worked per week by 204 top executives is given below. (a) Estimate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation using an Excel worksheet to organize your calculations. (b) Do the unequal class sizes hamper
> For patients aged 81 to 90, the probability is .07 that a coronary bypass patient will die soon after the surgery. (a) What is the expected number of operations until the first fatality? (b) What is the probability of conducting 20 or more operations bef
> Find the standard normal area for each of the following, showing your reasoning clearly and indicating which table you used. a. P(-1.22 < Z < 2.15) b. P(-3.00 < Z < 2.00) c. P(Z < 2.00) d. P(Z = 0)
> In the Ardmore Hotel, 20 percent of the customers pay by American Express credit card. (a) Of the next 10 customers, what is the probability that none pay by American Express? (b) At least two? (c) Fewer than three? (d) What is the expected number who pa
> Historically, 5 percent of a mail-order firm’s regular charge-account customers have an incorrect current address in the firm’s computer database. (a) What is the expected number of customer orders until the first one with an incorrect current address pl
> In a certain city, 8 percent of the cars have a burned-out headlight. (a) What is the expected number that must be inspected before the first one with a burned-out headlight is found? (b) What is the probability of finding the first one within the first
> The probability that a bakery customer will order a birthday cake is .04. (a) What is the expected number of customers until the first birthday cake is ordered? (b) What is the probability the first cake order occurs within the first 20 customers?
> The probability of a job offer in a given interview is .25. (a) What is the expected number of interviews until the first job offer? (b) What is the probability the first job offer occurs within the first six interviews?
> At a certain clinic, 2 percent of all pap smears show signs of abnormality. What is the expected number of pap smears that must be inspected before the first abnormal one is found?
> Automobile warranty claims for engine mount failure in a Troppo Malo 2000 SE are rare at a certain dealership, occurring at a mean rate of 0.1 claim per month. (a) What is the probability that the dealership will wait at least 6 months until the next cla
> Systron Donner Inertial manufactures inertial subsystems for automotive, commercial/ industrial, and aerospace and defense applications. The sensors use a one-piece, micromachined inertial sensing element to measure angular rotational velocity or linear
> The HP dvd1040i 20X Multiformat DVD Writer has an MTBF of 70,000 hours. (a) Assuming continuous operation, what is the probability that the DVD writer will last more than 100,000 hours? (b) Less than 50,000 hours? (c) At least 50,000 hours but not more t
> Suppose the average time to service a Noodles & Company customer at a certain restaurant is 3 minutes and the service time follows an exponential distribution. (a) What is the probability that a customer will be serviced in less than 3 minutes? (b) Why i
> Find the standard normal area for each of the following, showing your reasoning clearly and indicating which table you used. a. P(1.22 < Z < 2.15) b. P(-.00 < Z < 3.00) c. P(-2.00 < Z < 2.00) d. P(Z > 0.50)
> M&Ms are blended in a ratio of 13 percent brown, 14 percent yellow, 13 percent red, 24 percent blue, 20 percent orange, and 16 percent green. Suppose you choose a sample of two M&Ms at random from a large bag. (a) Show the sample space. (b) What is the p
> The U.S. Postal Service will ship a Priority Mail® Large Flat Rate Box (120 3 120 3 51⁄20) anywhere in the United States for a fixed price, regardless of weight. The weights (ounces) of 20 randomly chosen boxes are shown belo
> The durations (minutes) of 26 electric power outages in the community of Sonando Heights over the past five years are shown below. (a) Find the mean, median, and mode. (b) Are the mean and median about the same? (c) Is the mode a good measure of center f
> How many days in advance do travelers purchase their airline tickets? Below are data showing the advance days for a sample of 28 passengers on United Airlines Flight 815 from Chicago to Los Angeles. (a) Calculate the mean, median, mode, and midrange. (b)
> Below are monthly rents paid by 30 students who live off campus. (a) Find the mean, median, and mode. (b) Do the measures of central tendency agree? Explain. (c) Calculate the standard deviation. (d) Sort and standardize the data. (e) Are there outliers
> Chlorine is added to city water to kill bacteria. In a certain year, chlorine content in water from the Lake Huron Water Treatment plant ranged from 0.79 ppm (parts per million) to 0.92 ppm. (a) Use the midrange as a measure of center. (b) Use the Empiri
> Caffeine content in a 5-ounce cup of brewed coffee ranges from 60 to 180 mg, depending on brew time, coffee bean type, and grind. (a) Use the midrange as a measure of center. (b) Use the Empirical Rule to estimate the standard deviation. (c) Why is the a
> Analysis of annualized returns over a 10-year period showed that prepaid tuition plans had a mean return of 6.3 percent with a standard deviation of 2.7 percent, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 stock index had a mean return of 12.9 percent with a standar
> Analysis of portfolio returns over a 20-year period showed the statistics below. (a) Calculate and compare the coefficients of variation. (b) Why would we use a coefficient of variation? Why not just compare the standard deviations? (c) What do the data
> The table below shows average daily sales of Rice Krispies in the month of June in 74 Noodles & Company restaurants. (a) Make a histogram for the data. (b) Would you say the distribution is skewed? (c) Calculate the mean and standard deviation. (d) A
> Find the standard normal area for each of the following, showing your reasoning clearly and indicating which table you used. a. P(0 < Z < 0.50) b. P(-0.50 < Z < 0) c. P(Z > 0) d. P(Z = 0)
> The “expense ratio” is a measure of the cost of managing the portfolio. Investors prefer a low expense ratio, all else equal. Below are expense ratios for 23 randomly chosen stock funds and 21 randomly chosen bond fund
> This year, Dolon Company’s website averaged 12,104 daily views with a standard deviation of 3,026. Last year, the mean number of daily page views was 6,804 with a standard deviation of 1,701. Describe the relative variation in page views in these two yea
> A sample of size n = 70 showed a skewness coefficient of 0.773 and a kurtosis coefficient of 1.277. What is the distribution’s shape?
> A plumbing supplier’s mean monthly demand for vinyl washers is 24,212 with a standard deviation of 6,053. The mean monthly demand for steam boilers is 6.8 with a standard deviation of 1.7. Which demand pattern has more relative variation? Explain.
> At Chipotle Mexican Grill, the number of calories in an order of chips and salsa is normally distributed with a mean of 620 and a standard deviation of 12. Bob’s order had only 580 calories. Was this an outlier? Explain.
> Applicants for a night caretaker position are uniformly distributed in age between 25 and 65. (a) What is the mean age of an applicant? (b) The standard deviation? (c) What is the probability that an applicant will be over 45? (d) Over 55? (e) Between 30
> In a certain year, on average 10 percent of the vehicles tested for emissions failed the test. Suppose that five vehicles are tested. (a) What is the probability that all pass? (b) All but one pass? (c) Sketch the probability distribution and discuss its
> Which of the following could be probability density functions for a continuous random variable? Explain. a. f (x) = .50 for 0 < x < 2 b. f (x) = 2 - x for 0 < x < 2 c. f (x) = .5x for 0 < x < 2
> Which of the following is a continuous random variable? a. Number of Honda Civics sold in a given day at a car dealership. b. Amount of gasoline used for a 200-mile trip in a Honda Civic. c. Distance driven on a particular Thursday by the owner of a Hon
> A sample of 20 pages was taken without replacement from a Yellow Pages directory that has 1,591 pages. (a) Calculate the FPCF for this sample. (b) Should the population be considered effectively infinite?
> Discuss why you would or would not expect each of the following variables to be normally distributed. Hint: Would you expect a single central mode and tapering tails? Would the distribution be roughly symmetric? Would one tail be longer than the other?
> As a birthday gift, you are mailing a new personal digital assistant (PDA) to your cousin in Toledo. The PDA cost $250. There is a 2 percent chance it will be lost or damaged in the mail. Is it worth $4 to insure the mailing? Explain, using the concept o
> The probability that a 30-year-old white male will live another year is .99863. What premium would an insurance company charge to break even on a one-year $1 million term life insurance policy?
> A random sample of 30 lunch orders at Noodles and Company showed a mean bill of $10.36 with a standard deviation of $5.31. Find the 95 percent confidence interval for the mean bill of all lunch orders.
> A sample of 40 CDs from a student’s collection showed a mean length of 52.74 minutes with a standard deviation of 13.21 minutes. Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population standard deviation. (Data are from a project by statistics stud
> To determine the proportion of taxpayers who prefer filing tax returns electronically, a survey of 600 taxpayers was conducted. Calculate the margin of error used to estimate this proportion. What assumptions are required to find the margin of error?
> (a) A poll of 2,277 likely voters was conducted on the president’s performance. Approximately what margin of error would the approval rating estimate have? (b) The poll showed that 44 percent approved the president’s performance. Construct a 90 percent c
> Of 250 college students taking a statistics class, 4 reported an allergy to peanuts. (a) Is the criterion for normality of p met? (b) Assuming that this was a random sample, use MINITAB to construct a 95 per cent confidence interval for the proportion of
> A physician’s billing office conducted a random check of patient records and found that 36 of 50 patients had changed insurance plans within the past year. Construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the true proportion.
> A sample of 213 newspaper tire ads from several Sunday papers showed that 98 contained a low-price guarantee (offer to “meet or beat any price”). (a) Assuming that this was a random sample, construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the proportion of
> Biting an unpopped kernel of popcorn hurts! As an experiment, a self-confessed connoisseur of cheap popcorn carefully counted 773 kernels and put them in a popper. After popping, the unpopped kernels were counted. There were 86. (a) Construct a 90 percen
> July sales for Melodic Kortholt, Ltd., average μ1 = $9,500 with σ1 2 = $1,250. August sales average μ2 = $7,400 with σ2 2 = $1,425. September sales average μ3 = $8,600 with σ3 2 = $1,610. (a) Find the mean and standard deviation of total sales for the th
> A “teen ethics poll” was commissioned by Junior Achievement and Deloitte. The survey by Harris Interactive surveyed 787 students aged 13–18. (a) Assuming that this was a random sample of all students in this age group, find the margin of error of the pol
> A survey of 4,581 U.S. households that owned a mobile phone found that 58 percent are satisfied with the coverage of their cellular phone provider. Assuming that this was a random sample, construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the true proportion
> A poll of 125 college students who watch The Big Bang Theory showed that 83 of them usually watch on a mobile device (e.g., laptop). (a) Assuming that this was a random sample, construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the proportion of all college
> A random sample of 30 cans of Del Vino crushed tomatoes revealed a mean weight of 798.3 grams (excluding the juice). The can-filling process for Del Vino crushed tomatoes has a known standard deviation of 3.1 grams. Construct the 95 percent confidence in
> Junior Achievement and Deloitte commissioned a “teen ethics poll” of 787 students aged 13–18, finding that 29 percent felt inadequately prepared to make ethical judgments. (a) Assuming that this was a random sample, find the 95 percent confidence interva
> How “decaffeinated” is decaffeinated coffee? If a researcher wants to estimate the mean caffeine content of a cup of Starbucks’ decaffeinated espresso with 98 percent confidence and an error of ±0.1 mg, what is the required number of cups that must be te
> A study showed that fourteen of 180 publicly traded business services companies failed a test for compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley requirements for financial records and fraud protection. Assuming that these are a random sample of all publicly traded compa
> The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that cities monitor over 80 contaminants in their drinking water. Samples from the Lake Huron Water Treatment Plant gave the results shown here. Only the range is reported, not the mean. For each substan
> During the Rose Bowl, the length (in seconds) of 12 randomly chosen commercial breaks during timeouts (following touchdown, turnover, field goal, or punt) were Assuming a normal population, construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the mean length
> A random sample of 10 exam scores showed a standard deviation of 7.2 points. Find the 95 percent confidence interval for the population standard deviation. Use Appendix E to obtain the values of X2L and X2U.
> Four hundred automobiles are to be inspected for California emissions compliance. Of these, 320 actually are compliant but 80 are not. A random sample of 6 cars is chosen. (a) Justify the use of the binomial approximation. (b) What is the probability tha
> A pediatrician’s records showed the mean height of a random sample of 25 girls at age 12 months to be 29.530 inches with a standard deviation of 1.0953 inches. (a) Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the true mean height. (b) What sample size
> Twenty-one warranty repairs were selected from a population of 126 by selecting every sixth item. The population consisted of “loose, not attached” minivan electrical wires (one of several electrical failure categories the dealership mechanic can select)
> Twenty-five blood samples were selected by taking every seventh blood sample from racks holding 187 blood samples from the morning draw at a medical center. The white blood count (WBC) was measured using a Coulter Counter Model S. The mean WBC was 8.636
> Sixteen owners of 2010 Audi A4 sedans kept track of their average fuel economy for a month. The results are shown below. (a) Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the mean. (b) What factor(s) limit the conclusions that can be drawn about the tru
> Twenty-five blood samples were selected by taking every seventh blood sample from racks holding 187 blood samples from the morning draw at a medical center. (a) Calculate the FPCF for this sample. (b) Should the population be considered effectively infin
> Statistics students were asked to go home and fill a 1-cup measure with raisin bran, tap the cup lightly on the counter three times to settle the contents, if necessary add more raisin bran to bring the contents exactly up to the 1-cup line, spread the c
