According to a study published by a group of sociologists at the University of Massachusetts, approximately 49% of the Valium users in the state of Massachusetts are white-collar workers. What is the probability that between 482 and 510, inclusive, of the next 1000 randomly selected Valium users from this state are white-collar workers?
> In a study conducted by the Department of Zoology at Virginia Tech, fifteen samples of water were collected from a certain station in the James River in order to gain some insight regarding the amount of orthophosphorus in the river. The concentration of
> The lengths of time, in minutes, that 10 patients waited in a doctor’s office before receiving treatment were recorded as follows: 5, 11, 9, 5, 10, 15, 6, 10, 5, and 10. Treating the data as a random sample, find (a) the mean; (b) the median; (c) the mod
> A certain type of thread is manufactured with a mean tensile strength of 78.3 kilograms and a standard deviation of 5.6 kilograms. How is the variance of the sample mean changed when the sample size is (a) increased from 64 to 196? (b) decreased from 784
> If the standard deviation of the mean for the sampling distribution of random samples of size 36 from a large or infinite population is 2, how large must the sample size become if the standard deviation is to be reduced to 1.2?
> If all possible samples of size 16 are drawn from a normal population with mean equal to 50 and standard deviation equal to 5, what is the probability that a sample mean ¯X will fall in the interval from μ ¯X −1.9σ ¯X to μ ¯X −0.4σ ¯X ? Assume that the s
> In the 2004-05 football season, University of Southern California had the following score differences for the 13 games it played. Find (a) the mean score difference; (b) the median score differences. 11 49 32 3 6 38 38 30 8 40 31 5 36
> Verify that the variance of the sample 4, 9, 3, 6, 4, and 7 is 5.1, and using this fact, along with the results of Exercise 8.14, find (a) the variance of the sample 12, 27, 9, 18, 12, and 21; (b) the variance of the sample 9, 14, 8, 11, 9, and 12.
> (a) Show that the sample variance is unchanged if a constant c is added to or subtracted from each 232 Chapter 8 Fundamental Sampling Distributions and Data Descriptions value in the sample. (b) Show that the sample variance becomes c2 times its original
> The grade-point averages of 20 college seniors selected at random from a graduating class are as follows: Calculate the standard deviation. 3.2 1.9 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.8 3.0 2.5 3.3 1.8 2.5 3.7 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.3 2.1 2.5 1.9
> The tar contents of 8 brands of cigarettes selected at random from the latest list released by the Federal Trade Commission are as follows: 7.3, 8.6, 10.4, 16.1, 12.2, 15.1, 14.5, and 9.3 milligrams. Calculate (a) the mean; (b) the variance.
> Let X1 and X2 be independent random variables each having the probability distribution Show that the random variables Y1 and Y2 are independent when Y1 = X1 +X2 and Y2 = X1/(X1 +X2). Se-², x > 0, f(x) = 10, elsewhere.
> Consider the situation of Exercise 9.11. Estimation of the mean diameter, while important, is not nearly as important as trying to pin down the location of the majority of the distribution of diameters. Find the 95% tolerance limits that contain 95% of t
> An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 40 hours. If a sample of 30 bulbs has an average life of 780 hours, find a 96% confidence interval for the popu
> The amount of kerosene, in thousands of liters, in a tank at the beginning of any day is a random amount Y from which a random amount X is sold during that day. Assume that the joint density function of these variables is given by Find the probability
> The random variables X and Y , representing the weights of creams and toffees, respectively, in 1- kilogram boxes of chocolates containing a mixture of creams, toffees, and cordials, have the joint density function (a) Find the probability density func
> Let X be a random variable with probability Find the probability distribution of the random variable Y = 2X − 1. T = 1, 2, 3, 10, elsewhere. f(x) =
> For the data of Exercise 8.5, calculate the variance using the formula (a) of form (8.2.1); (b) in Theorem 8.1. Exercise 8.5: The numbers of incorrect answers on a true-false competency test for a random sample of 15 students were recorded as follows: 2
> Given the normally distributed variable X with mean 18 and standard deviation 2.5, find (a) P(X
> Given a normal distribution with μ = 30 and σ = 6, find (a) the normal curve area to the right of x = 17; (b) the normal curve area to the left of x = 22; (c) the normal curve area between x = 32 and x = 41; (d) the value of x that has 80% of the normal
> Given a standard normal distribution, find the value of k such that (a) P(Z > k) = 0.2946; (b) P(Z < k) = 0.0427; (c) P(−0.93 < Z < k) = 0.7235.
> Find the value of z if the area under a standard normal curve (a) to the right of z is 0.3622; (b) to the left of z is 0.1131; (c) between 0 and z, with z > 0, is 0.4838; (d) between −z and z, with z > 0, is 0.9500.
> Given a standard normal distribution, find the area under the curve that lies (a) to the left of z = −1.39; (b) to the right of z = 1.96; (c) between z = −2.16 and z = −0.65; (d) to the left of z = 1.43; (e) to the right of z = −0.89; (f) between z = −0.
> A bus arrives every 10 minutes at a bus stop. It is assumed that the waiting time for a particular individual is a random variable with a continuous uniform distribution. (a) What is the probability that the individual waits more than 7 minutes? (b) What
> A random sample of 25 tablets of buffered aspirin contains, on average, 325.05 mg of aspirin per tablet, with a standard deviation of 0.5 mg. Find the 95% tolerance limits that will contain 90% of the tablet contents for this brand of buffered aspirin. A
> The daily amount of coffee, in liters, dispensed by a machine located in an airport lobby is a random variable X having a continuous uniform distribution with A = 7 and B = 10. Find the probability that on a given day the amount of coffee dispensed by th
> The IQs of 600 applicants to a certain college are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 115 and a standard deviation of 12. If the college requires an IQ of at least 95, how many of these students will be rejected on this basis of IQ, regard
> If a set of observations is normally distributed, what percent of these differ from the mean by (a) more than 1.3σ? (b) less than 0.52σ?
> The tensile strength of a certain metal component is normally distributed with a mean of 10,000 kilograms per square centimeter and a standard deviation of 100 kilograms per square centimeter. Measurements are recorded to the nearest 50 kilograms per squ
> For the sample of reaction times in Exercise 8.3, calculate (a) the range; (b) the variance, using the formula of form (8.2.1). Exercise 8.3: The reaction times for a random sample of 9 subjects to a stimulant were recorded as 2.5, 3.6, 3.1, 4.3, 2.9. 2
> Define suitable populations from which the following samples are selected: (a) Persons in 200 homes in the city of Richmond are called on the phone and asked to name the candidate they favor for election to the school board. (b) A coin is tossed 100 time
> The hospital period, in days, for patients following treatment for a certain type of kidney disorder is a random variable Y = X + 4, where X has the density function (a) Find the probability density function of the random variable Y. (b) Using the dens
> A dealer’s profit, in units of $5000, on a new automobile is given by Y = X2, where X is a random variable having the density function (a) Find the probability density function of the random variable Y. (b) Using the density function
> For Review Exercise 6.74, what is the mean of the average water usage per hour in thousands of gallons? Exercise 6.74: The average rate of water usage (thousands of gallons per hour) by a certain community is known to involve the lognormal distribution
> The average rate of water usage (thousands of gallons per hour) by a certain community is known to involve the lognormal distribution with parameters μ = 5 and σ = 2. It is important for planning purposes to get a sense of periods of high usage. What is
> Referring to Exercise 9.13, construct a 95% tolerance interval containing 90% of the measurements. Exercise 9.13 A random sample of 12 shearing pins is taken in a study of the Rockwell hardness of the pin head. Measurements on the Rockwell hardness are
> For Review Exercise 6.72, what are the mean and variance of the time that elapses before 2 failures occur? Exercise 6.72: Consider the information in Review Exercise 6.66. What is the probability that less than 200 hours will elapse before 2 failures oc
> Consider the information in Review Exercise 6.66. What is the probability that less than 200 hours will elapse before 2 failures occur? Exercise 6.66: A certain type of device has an advertised failure rate of 0.01 per hour. The failure rate is constant
> A technician plans to test a certain type of resin developed in the laboratory to determine the nature of the time required before bonding takes place. It is known that the mean time to bonding is 3 hours and the standard deviation is 0.5 hour. It will b
> A controlled satellite is known to have an error (distance from target) that is normally distributed with mean zero and standard deviation 4 feet. The manufacturer of the satellite defines a success as a firing in which the satellite comes within 10 feet
> The speed of a molecule in a uniform gas at equilibrium is a random variable V whose probability distribution is given by where k is an appropriate constant and b depends on the absolute temperature and mass of the molecule. Find the probability distri
> The elongation of a steel bar under a particular load has been established to be normally distributed with a mean of 0.05 inch and σ = 0.01 inch. Find the probability that the elongation is (a) above 0.1 inch; (b) below 0.04 inch; (c) between 0.025 and 0
> For an electrical component with a failure rate of once every 5 hours, it is important to consider the time that it takes for 2 components to fail. (a) Assuming that the gamma distribution applies, what is the mean time that it takes for 2 components to
> In a chemical processing plant, it is important that the yield of a certain type of batch product stay above 80%. If it stays below 80% for an extended period of time, the company loses money. Occasional defective batches are of little concern. But if se
> A certain type of device has an advertised failure rate of 0.01 per hour. The failure rate is constant and the exponential distribution applies. (a) What is the mean time to failure? (b) What is the probability that 200 hours will pass before a failure i
> According to a recent census, almost 65% of all households in the United States were composed of only one or two persons. Assuming that this percentage is still valid today, what is the probability that between 590 and 625, inclusive, of the next 1000 ra
> Consider Exercise 9.9. Compute a 95% prediction interval for the sugar content of the next single serving of Alpha-Bits. Exercise 9.9 Regular consumption of presweetened cereals contributes to tooth decay, heart disease, and other degenerative diseases,
> A manufacturer of a certain type of large machine wishes to buy rivets from one of two manufacturers. It is important that the breaking strength of each rivet exceed 10,000 psi. Two manufacturers (A and B) offer this type of rivet and both have rivets wh
> When α is a positive integer n, the gamma distribution is also known as the Erlang distribution. Setting α = n in the gamma distribution on page 195, the Erlang distribution is It can be shown that if the times between succe
> The exponential distribution is frequently applied to the waiting times between successes in a Poisson process. If the number of calls received per hour by a telephone answering service is a Poisson random variable with parameter λ = 6, we know that the
> Show that the failure-rate function is given by Z(t) = αβ tβ−1, t>0, if and only if the time to failure distribution is the Weibull distribution f(t) = αβ tβ−1 e–αtβ, t>0.
> Given the random variable X with probability distribution find the probability distribution of Y = 8X3. S2.x, 0<x < 1, f(x) = 10, elsewhere,
> Consider the information in Exercise 6.58. (a) What is the probability that more than 1 minute elapses between arrivals? (b) What is the mean number of minutes that elapse between arrivals? Exercise 6.58: The number of automobiles that arrive at a certa
> The number of automobiles that arrive at a certain intersection per minute has a Poisson distribution with a mean of 5. Interest centers around the time that elapses before 10 automobiles appear at the intersection. (a) What is the probability that more
> For Exercise 6.56, what is the mean power usage (average dB per hour)? What is the variance? Exercise 6.56: Rate data often follow a lognormal distribution. Average power usage (dB per hour) for a particular company is studied and is known to have a log
> Rate data often follow a lognormal distribution. Average power usage (dB per hour) for a particular company is studied and is known to have a lognormal distribution with parameters μ = 4 and σ = 2. What is the probability that the company uses more than
> Consider Exercise 9.10. Compute the 95% prediction interval for the next observed number of words per minute typed by a graduate of the secretarial school. Exercise 9.10: A random sample of 12 graduates of a certain secretarial school typed an average o
> The lifetime, in weeks, of a certain type of transistor is known to follow a gamma distribution with mean 10 weeks and standard deviation √50 weeks. (a) What is the probability that a transistor of this type will last at most 50 weeks? (b) What is the pr
> In a biomedical research study, it was determined that the survival time, in weeks, of an animal subjected to a certain exposure of gamma radiation has a gamma distribution with α = 5 and β = 10. (a) What is the mean survival time of a randomly selected
> Derive the mean and variance of the Weibull distribution.
> The lives of a certain automobile seal have the Weibull distribution with failure rate Z(t) =1/√t. Find the probability that such a seal is still intact after 4 years.
> If the proportion of a brand of television set requiring service during the first year of operation is a random variable having a beta distribution with α = 3 and β = 2, what is the probability that at least 80% of the new models of this brand sold this
> Let X have the probability distribution Show that the random variable Y = −2 lnX has a chisquared distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. S1, 0< x < 1, 10, elsewhere. f(x)
> Suppose the random variable X follows a beta distribution with α = 1 and β = 3. (a) Determine the mean and median of X. (b) Determine the variance of X. (c) Find the probability that X >1/3.
> Derive the mean and variance of the beta distribution.
> Suppose that the service life, in years, of a hearing aid battery is a random variable having a Weibull distribution with α = 1/2 and β = 2. (a) How long can such a battery be expected to last? (b) What is the probability that such a battery will be oper
> The life, in years, of a certain type of electrical switch has an exponential distribution with an average life β = 2. If 100 of these switches are installed in different systems, what is the probability that at most 30 fail during the first year?
> Referring to Exercise 9.5, construct a 99% prediction interval for the kilometers traveled annually by an automobile owner in Virginia. Exercise 9.5 A random sample of 100 automobile owners in the state of Virginia shows that an automobile is driven on
> The length of time for one individual to be served at a cafeteria is a random variable having an exponential distribution with a mean of 4 minutes. What is the probability that a person is served in less than 3 minutes on at least 4 of the next 6 days?
> In a certain city, the daily consumption of electric power, in millions of kilowatt-hours, is a random variable X having a gamma distribution with mean μ = 6 and variance σ2 = 12. (a) Find the values of α and β. (b) Find the probability that on any given
> (a) Find the mean and variance of the daily water consumption in Exercise 6.40. (b) According to Chebyshev’s theorem, there is a probability of at least 3/4 that the water consumption on any given day will fall within what interval?
> Suppose that the time, in hours, required to repair a heat pump is a random variable X having a gamma distribution with parameters α = 2 and β = 1/2. What is the probability that on the next service call (a) at most 1 hour will be required to repair the
> If a random variable X has the gamma distribution with α = 2 and β = 1, find P(1.8 < X < 2.4).
> In a certain city, the daily consumption of water (in millions of liters) follows approximately a gamma distribution with α = 2 and β = 3. If the daily capacity of that city is 9 million liters of water, what is the probability that on any given day the
> Let X1 and X2 be discrete random variables with joint probability distribution Find the probability distribution of the random variable Y = X1X2. xi = 1,2; x2 = 1, 2, 3, f (71, x2) = 18, 10, elsewhere.
> Use the gamma function with y =√2x to show that Γ(1/2) =√π.
> A telemarketing company has a special letter opening machine that opens and removes the contents of an envelope. If the envelope is fed improperly into the machine, the contents of the envelope may not be removed or may be damaged. In this case, the mach
> The serum cholesterol level X in 14-year-old boys has approximately a normal distribution with mean 170 and standard deviation 30. (a) Find the probability that the serum cholesterol level of a randomly chosen 14-year-old boy exceeds 230. (b) In a middle
> The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint: Assuming that the measurements represent a random sample from a normal population, find a 95% prediction interval for the drying time for the nex
> A common practice of airline companies is to sell more tickets for a particular flight than there are seats on the plane, because customers who buy tickets do not always show up for the flight. Suppose that the percentage of no-shows at flight time is 2%
> A company produces component parts for an engine. Parts specifications suggest that 95% of items meet specifications. The parts are shipped to customers in lots of 100. (a) What is the probability that more than 2 items in a given lot will be defective?
> A pair of dice is rolled 180 times. What is the probability that a total of 7 occurs (a) at least 25 times? (b) between 33 and 41 times inclusive? (c) exactly 30 times?
> Statistics released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Safety Council show that on an average weekend night, 1 out of every 10 drivers on the road is drunk. If 400 drivers are randomly checked next Saturday night, what
> A pharmaceutical company knows that approximately 5% of its birth-control pills have an ingredient that is below the minimum strength, thus rendering the pill ineffective. What is the probability that fewer than 10 in a sample of 200 pills will be ineffe
> One-sixth of the male freshmen entering a large state school are out-of-state students. If the students are assigned at random to dormitories, 180 to a building, what is the probability that in a given dormitory at least one-fifth of the students are fro
> A drug manufacturer claims that a certain drug cures a blood disease, on the average, 80% of the time. To check the claim, government testers use the drug on a sample of 100 individuals and decide to accept the claim if 75 or more are cured. (a) What is
> Let X1 and X2 be discrete random variables with the joint multinomial distribution for x1 = 0, 1, 2; x2 = 0, 1, 2; x1 + x2 ≤ 2; and zero elsewhere. Find the joint probability distribution of Y1 = X1 + X2 and Y2 = X1 âˆ
> If 20% of the residents in a U.S. city prefer a white telephone over any other color available, what is the probability that among the next 1000 telephones installed in that city (a) between 170 and 185 inclusive will be white? (b) at least 210 but not m
> Researchers at George Washington University and the National Institutes of Health claim that approximately 75% of people believe “tranquilizers work very well to make a person more calm and relaxed.” Of the next 80 people interviewed, what is the probabi
> A random sample of 12 shearing pins is taken in a study of the Rockwell hardness of the pin head. Measurements on the Rockwell hardness are made for each of the 12, yielding an average value of 48.50 with a sample standard deviation of 1.5. Assuming the
> The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.9. Of the next 100 patients having this operation, what is the probability that (a) between 84 and 95 inclusive survive? (b) fewer than 86 survive?
> A process yields 10% defective items. If 100 items are randomly selected from the process, what is the probability that the number of defectives (a) exceeds 13? (b) is less than 8?
> A process for manufacturing an electronic component yields items of which 1% are defective. A quality control plan is to select 100 items from the process, and if none are defective, the process continues. Use the normal approximation to the binomial to
> A coin is tossed 400 times. Use the normal curve approximation to find the probability of obtaining (a) between 185 and 210 heads inclusive; (b) exactly 205 heads; (c) fewer than 176 or more than 227 heads.
> If both X and Y, distributed independently, follow exponential distributions with mean parameter 1, find the distributions of (a) U = X + Y; (b) V = X/(X + Y ).
> Using the moment-generating function of Exercise 7.21, show that the mean and variance of the chisquared distribution with v degrees of freedom are, respectively, v and 2v. Exercise 7.21: Show that the moment-generating function of the random variable X
> Show that the moment-generating function of the random variable X having a chi-squared distribution with v degrees of freedom is MX(t) = (1 − 2t) −v/2.
> The moment-generating function of a certain Poisson random variable X is given by MX(t) = e4(et−1). Find P(μ − 2σ
> Let X be a binomial random variable with probability distribution Find the probability distribution of the random variable Y = X2. 3-r x = 0, 1, 2, 3, f(r) = 0, elsewhere.
> A random variable X has the Poisson distribution p(x; μ) = e −μμx/x! for x = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Show that the moment-generating function of X is MX(t) = eμ(et−1). Using MX(t), find the mean and variance of the Poisson distribution.
> A random sample of 10 chocolate energy bars of a certain brand has, on average, 230 calories per bar, with a standard deviation of 15 calories. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the true mean calorie content of this brand of energy bar. Assume that
