Analysis of the photon absorption spectrum of a diatomic molecule shows that the vibrational energy levels for small values of n are very nearly equally spaced but the levels for large n are not equally spaced. Discuss the reason for this observation. Do you expect the adjacent levels to move closer together or farther apart as n increases? Explain.
> Calculate the minimum beam energy in a proton-proton collider to initiate the p + p → p + p + η0 reaction. The rest energy of the h0 is 547.3 MeV (see Table 44.3). From Table 44.3 TABLE 44.3 Some Hadrons and Th
> a. what is the speed of the proton that has total energy 1000 GeV? b. What is the angular frequency ω of a proton with the speed calculated in part (a) in a magnetic field of 4.00 T? Use both the nonrelativistic Eq. (44.7) and the correct rel
> Let ωnr be the nonrelativistic cyclotron angular frequency given by Eq. (44.7), and let ωr be the corresponding relativistic value, ωr =(|q|B/m) 1−
> a. A high-energy beam of alpha particles collides with a stationary helium gas target. What must the total energy of a beam particle be if the available energy in the collision is 16.0 GeV? b. If the alpha particles instead interact in a colliding-beam
> Compare the wave functions for the first three energy levels for a particle in a box of width L (see Fig. 40.12a) to the corresponding wave functions for a finite potential well of the same width (see Fig. 40.15a). How does the wavelength in the interval
> The magnetic field in a cyclotron that accelerates protons is 1.70 T. a. How many times per second should the potential across the dees reverse? (This is twice the frequency of the circulating protons.) b. The maximum radius of the cyclotron is 0.250 m
> A neutral pion at rest decays into two photons. Find the energy, frequency, and wavelength of each photon. In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does each photon lie? (Use the pion mass given in terms of the electron mass in Section 44.1.)
> A photon with a wavelength of 3.50 * 10-13 m strikes a deuteron, splitting it into a proton and a neutron. a. Calculate the kinetic energy released in this interaction. b. Assuming the two particles share the energy equally, and taking their masses to
> An alpha particle is strongly bound. The 6 12
> Calculate a. the total binding energy and b. the binding energy per nucleon of 12C. c. What percent of the rest mass of this nucleus is its total binding energy?
> The most common isotope of uranium, 92 238
> The most common isotope of boron is 5 11
> Consider the nuclear reaction 14 28
> Consider the nuclear reaction 2 4
> The United States uses about 1.4 * 1019 J of electrical energy per year. If all this energy came from the fission of 235U, which releases 200 MeV per fission event, a. how many kilograms of 235U would be used per year, and b. how many kilograms of uran
> A particle is confined to a finite potential well in the region 0 < x < L. How does the area under the graph of Ψ 2 in the region 0 < x < L compare to the total area under the graph of Ψ 2 when including all possible x?
> At the beginning of Section 43.7 the equation of a fission process is given in which 235U is struck by a neutron and undergoes fission to produce 144Ba, 89Kr, and three neutrons. The measured masses of these isotopes are 235.043930 u (235U), 143.922953 u
> Calculate the energy released in the fusion reaction 2 3
> Consider the nuclear reaction 1 2
> Calculate the reaction energy Q for the reaction p + 1 3
> The nuclei 5 11
> In a diagnostic x-ray procedure, 5.00 * 1010 photons are absorbed by tissue with a mass of 0.600 kg. The x-ray wavelength is 0.0200 nm. a. What is the total energy absorbed by the tissue? b. What is the equivalent dose in rem?
> In an industrial accident a 65-kg person receives a lethal whole-body equivalent dose of 5.4 Sv from x rays. a. What is the equivalent dose in rem? b. What is the absorbed dose in rad? c. What is the total energy absorbed by the person’s body? How doe
> A 67-kg person accidentally ingests 0.35 Ci of tritium. a. Assume that the tritium spreads uniformly throughout the body and that each decay leads on the average to the absorption of 5.0 keV of energy from the electrons emitted in the decay. The half-li
> It has become popular for some people to have yearly whole-body scans (CT scans, formerly called CAT scans) using x rays, just to see if they detect anything suspicious. A number of medical people have recently questioned the advisability of such scans,
> Food is often irradiated with either x rays or electron beams to help prevent spoilage. A low dose of 5–75 kilorads (krad) helps to reduce and kill inactive parasites, a medium dose of 100–400 krad kills microorganisms
> In Fig. 40.12b, the probability function is zero at the points x = 0 and x = L, the “walls” of the box. Does this mean that the particle never strikes the walls? Explain. From Fig. 40.12b (b) \W»F n = 3 n = 2 n =
> A person exposed to fast neutrons receives a radiation dose of 300 rem on part of his hand, affecting 25 g of tissue. The RBE of these neutrons is 10. a. How many rad did he receive? b. How many joules of energy did he receive? c. Suppose the person r
> A nuclear chemist receives an accidental radiation dose of 5.0 Gy from slow neutrons (RBE = 4.0). What does she receive in rad, rem, and J/kg?
> If a person’s entire body is exposed to 5.0 J / kg of x rays, death usually follows within a few days. a. Express this lethal radiation dose in Gy, rad, Sv, and rem. b. How much total energy does a 70.0-kg person absorb from such a dose? c. If the 5.0
> a. If a chest x ray delivers 0.25 mSv to 5.0 kg of tissue, how many total joules of energy does this tissue receive? b. Natural radiation and cosmic rays deliver about 0.10 mSv per year at sea level. Assuming an RBE of 1, how many rem and rads is this d
> At an archeological site, a sample from timbers containing 500 g of carbon provides 2690 decays>min. What is the age of the sample?
> Hydrogen atoms are placed in an external magnetic field. The protons can make transitions between states in which the nuclear spin component is parallel and antiparallel to the field by absorbing or emitting a photon. What magnetic-field magnitude is req
> The radioactive nuclide 199Pt has a half-life of 30.8 minutes. A sample is prepared that has an initial activity of 7.56 * 1011 Bq. a. How many 199Pt nuclei are initially present in the sample? b. How many are present after 30.8 minutes? What is the ac
> A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 43.0 min. At t = 0 its activity is 0.376 Ci. What is its activity at t = 2.00 h?
> Measurements on a certain isotope tell you that the decay rate decreases from 8318 decays/min to 3091 decays/min in 4.00 days. What is the half-life of this isotope?
> As a health physicist, you are being consulted about a spill in a radiochemistry lab. The isotope spilled was 400 µCi of 131Ba, which has a half-life of 12 days. a. What mass of 131Ba was spilled? b. Your recommendation is to clear the lab until the ra
> For a particle in a finite potential well, is it correct to say that each bound state of definite energy is also a state of definite wavelength? Is it a state of definite momentum? Explain.
> The unstable isotope 40K is used for dating rock samples. Its half-life is 1.28 * 109 y. a. How many decays occur per second in a sample containing 1.63 * 10-6 g of 40K? b. What is the activity of the sample in curies?
> Radioactive isotopes are often introduced into the body through the bloodstream. Their spread through the body can then be monitored by detecting the appearance of radiation in different organs. One such tracer is 131I, a β- emitter with a half-life of 8
> A 12.0-g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive 14C in it. What will be the decay rate of this sample in a. 1000 years and b. 50,000 years?
> In many cases, prostate cancer is treated by implanting 60 to 100 small seeds of radioactive material into the tumor. The energy released from the decays kills the tumor. One isotope that is used (there are others) is palladium (103Pd)), with a half-life
> The common isotope of uranium, 238U, has a half life of 4.47 * 109 years, decaying to 234Th by alpha emission. a. What is the decay constant? b. What mass of uranium is required for an activity of 1.00 curie? c. How many alpha particles are emitted pe
> Radioactive isotopes used in cancer therapy have a “shelf-life,” like pharmaceuticals used in chemotherapy. Just after it has been manufactured in a nuclear reactor, the activity of a sample of 60Co is 5000 Ci. When its activity falls below 3500 Ci, it i
> Neutrons are placed in a magnetic field with magnitude 2.30 T. a. What is the energy difference between the states with the nuclear spin angular momentum components parallel and antiparallel to the field? Which state is lower in energy: the one with its
> If a 6.13-g sample of an isotope having a mass number of 124 decays at a rate of 0.350 Ci, what is its half-life?
> Tritium ( 1 3
> a. Calculate the energy released by the electron-capture decay of 27 57
> For a particle confined to an infinite square well, is it correct to say that each state of definite energy is also a state of definite wavelength? Is it also a state of definite momentum? Explain. (Hint: Remember that momentum is a vector.)
> The moment of inertia for an axis through the center of mass of a diatomic molecule calculated from the wavelength emitted in an l = 19 l = 18 transition is different from the moment of inertia calculated from the wavelength of the photon emitted
> Why does tunneling limit the miniaturization of MOSFETs?
> The saturation current IS for a p-n junction, Eq. (42.22), depends strongly on temperature. Explain why. From Eq. (42.22): Saturation current - Voltage -Absolute temperature Current through· a p-n junction *I='Is(e•V/kT 1) Boltzmann constant Magnit
> The electrical conductivities of most metals decrease gradually with increasing temperature, but the intrinsic conductivity of semiconductors always increases rapidly with increasing temperature. What causes the difference?
> A student asserts that silicon and germanium become good insulators at very low temperatures and good conductors at very high temperatures. Do you agree? Explain your reasoning.
> The bonding of gallium arsenide (GaAs) is said to be 31% ionic and 69% covalent. Explain.
> Ionic crystals are often transparent, whereas metallic crystals are always opaque. Why?
> Individual atoms have discrete energy levels, but certain solids (which are made up of only individual atoms) show energy bands and gaps. What causes the solids to behave so differently from the atoms of which they are composed?
> Van der Waals bonds occur in many molecules, but hydrogen bonds occur only with materials that contain hydrogen. Why is this type of bond unique to hydrogen?
> The wave functions for a particle in a box (see Fig. 40.12a) are zero at certain points. Does this mean that the particle can’t move past one of these points? Explain. From Fig. 40.12a 40.12 Graphs of (a) 4(x) and (b) |¼(x)|? for
> The quark content of the neutron is udd. a. What is the quark content of the antineutron? Explain your reasoning. b. Is the neutron its own antiparticle? Why or why not? c. The quark content of the Ψ is cc. Is the c its own antiparticle? Explain your
> According to the standard model of the fundamental particles, what are the similarities between quarks and leptons? What are the most important differences?
> According to the standard model of the fundamental particles, what are the similarities between baryons and leptons? What are the most important differences?
> Why can’t an electron decay to two photons? To two neutrinos?
> When a π0 decays to two photons, what happens to the quarks of which it was made?
> The gravitational force between two electrons is weaker than the electric force by the order of 10-40. Yet the gravitational interactions of matter were observed and analyzed long before electrical interactions were understood. Why?
> When they were first discovered during the 1930s and 1940s, there was confusion as to the identities of pions and muons. What are the similarities and most significant differences?
> Given the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is it possible to create particle–antiparticle pairs that exist for extremely short periods of time before annihilating? Does this mean that empty space is really empty?
> Explain why the cosmological principle requires that H0 must have the same value everywhere in space, but does not require that it be constant in time.
> Assume that the universe has an edge. Placing yourself at that edge in a thought experiment, explain why this assumption violates the cosmological principle.
> A particle in a box is in the ground level. What is the probability of finding the particle in the right half of the box? (Refer to Fig. 40.12, but don’t evaluate an integral.) Is the answer the same if the particle is in an excited level? Explain.
> If quantum mechanics replaces the language of Newtonian mechanics, why don’t we have to use wave functions to describe the motion of macroscopic bodies such as baseballs and cars?
> Penn Corporation purchased 80 percent ownership of State Company on January 1, 20X2, at underlying book value. At that date, the fair value of the non controlling interest was equal to 20 percent of the book value of State. On January 1, 20X4, Penn sold
> Paper Corporation acquired 75 percent of Script Company’s common stock on May 15, 20X3, at underlying book value. Script’s balance sheet on December 31, 20X6, contained these amounts: During 20X7, Paper earned operat
> Purple Company owns 90 percent of the common stock and 60 percent of the preferred stock of Sage Corporation, both acquired at underlying book value on January 1, 20X1. At that date, the fair value of the non controlling interest in Sage common stock was
> Presley Pools Inc. acquired 60 percent of the common stock of Sammy Swim Company on December 31, 20X6, for $1,800,000. At that date, the fair value of the noncontrolling interest was $1,200,000. The full amount of the differential was assigned to goodwil
> Platinum Corporation acquired 10,500 shares of the common stock and 800 shares of the 8 percent preferred stock of Silver Company on December 31, 20X4, at the book value of the underlying stock interests. At that date, the fair value of the non controlli
> Sound Manufacturing Corporation prepared the following balance sheet as of January 1, 20X8: The company is considering a 2-for-1 stock split, a stock dividend of 4,000 shares, or a stock dividend of 1,500 shares on its $10 par value common stock. The c
> Acorn Corporation owns 80 percent of Beet Corporation’s common stock. It purchased the shares on January 1, 20X1, for $520,000. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of the non controlling interest was $130,000, and Beet reported common stock outsta
> In its consolidated cash flow statement for the year ended December 31, 20X2, Plant Corporation reported operating cash inflows of $284,000, financing cash outflows of $230,000, investing cash outflows of $80,000, and an ending cash balance of $57,000. P
> Power Corporation acquired 100 percent of Strip Corporation in a nontaxable transaction. The following selected information is available for Strip Corporation at the acquisition date: Strip Corporation has never recorded an allowance for doubtful accou
> Azure Enterprises acquired 90 percent of Brown Corporation’s voting common stock on January 1, 20X3, for $315,000. At that date, the fair value of the non controlling interest of Brown Corporation was $35,000. Immediately after Azure ac
> The IASB website can be found at www.ifrs.org. Access the website and click on the link at the top of the page for Projects. What are three projects currently on the active agenda that are being addressed by the IASB? What is the timetable identified for
> Parent Corporation owns 70 percent of Sister Corporation’s common stock and 25 percent of Brother Corporation’s common stock. In addition, Sister owns 40 percent of Brother’s stock. In 20X6, Parent, Sister, and Brother reported operating income of $90,00
> On January 1, 20X2, Plier Corporation purchased 90 percent of Saw Company common shares and 60 percent of its preferred shares at underlying book value. At that date, the fair value of the non controlling interest in Saw’s common stock
> Play town Corporation purchased 75 percent of Sandbox Company common stock and 40 percent of its preferred stock on January 1, 20X6, for $270,000 and $80,000, respectively. At the time of purchase, the fair value of Sandbox’s common shares held by the no
> Play town Corporation purchased 75 percent of Sandbox Corporation common stock and 40 percent of its preferred stock on January 1, 20X6, for $270,000 and $80,000, respectively. At the time of purchase, the fair value of the common shares of Sandbox held
> Pecan Corporation’s controller has just finished preparing a consolidated balance sheet, income statement, and statement of changes in retained earnings for the year ended December 31, 20X4. Pecan owns 60 percent of Sandy Corporation’s stock, which it ac
> Select the correct response for each of the following. 1. Lear Company ceased doing business and is in bankruptcy. Among the claimants are employees seeking unpaid wages. The following statements describe the possible status of such claims in a bankrupt
> Select the correct response for each of the following. 1. A client has joined other creditors of Jet Company in a composition agreement seeking to avoid a bankruptcy proceeding against Jet. Which statement describes the composition agreement? a. It prov
> The following is a list of selected account balances in the operating fund without donor restrictions for Pleasant School: Required: Prepare a statement of activities for Pleasant School’s unrestricted operating fund for the year ende
> Select the correct response for each of the following. 1. On January 2, 20X2, a not-for-profit botanical society received a gift of an exhaustible fixed asset with an estimated useful life of 10 years and no salvage value. The donor’s
> Select the correct answer for each of the following questions. 1. Which of the following statements is correct? I. In the government wide financial statements, internal service fund activities are reported in the Governmental Activities column. II. The
> Select the correct answer for each of the following 1. On December 31, 20X1, Tiffin Township paid a contractor $2,000,000 for the total cost of a new firehouse built in 20X1 on township owned land. Financing was by means of a $1,500,000 general obligati
> On August 1, 20X6, the City of Rockhaven received $1,000,000 from a prominent citizen to establish a private-purpose trust fund. The donor stipulated that the cash be permanently invested and that the earnings from the investments be spent to support loc
> Mountain View City is preparing its government wide financial statements for the year. As of the year-end, the city has determined the following information for its capital assets, exclusive of its infrastructure assets: Cost of capital assets acquired
> Select the correct response to each of the following. 1. The government wide financial statements use the a. Economic resources measurement focus and the accrual basis of accounting. b. Current financial resources measurement focus and the accrual basis
> Prepare journal entries for Iron City’s general fund for the following, including any adjusting and closing entries on December 31, 20X1 (the end of the fiscal year): a. Acquired a three-year fire insurance policy for $5,400 on September 1, 20X1. b. Orde
> Select the correct answer for each of the following items. 1. The primary focus in accounting and reporting for governmental funds is a. Income determination. b. Flow of financial resources. c. Capital maintenance. d. Transfers relating to proprietary a
> Refer to the pre closing trial balance in Exercise 17–10. Assume that the balances on December 31, 20X0, were as follows: Fund Balance—Assigned for Encumbrances ……….$28,000 Fund Balance—Unassigned …………………………………..91,000 Required: Prepare a general fund–
> Select the correct answer for each of the following questions. 1. One difference between accounting for a governmental (not-for-profit) unit and a commercial (for-profit) enterprise is that a governmental unit should a. Not record depreciation expense i
