Question: Clearly explain the differences among analog data,

> The sum of the first n odd numbers is n2; that is, ∑x=1 n (2x - 1) = n2. Verify this formula for n = 5, 10, and 25.

> Verify the formula ∑ x=1 n x = n(n + 1) / 2 for n = 10, 50, and 100.

> The calculator screen computes a partial sum of an infinite series. Write out the first five terms of the series and determine the exact value of the infinite series.

> The calculator screen computes a partial sum of an infinite series. Write out the first five terms of the series and determine the exact value of the infinite series.

> What is the exact value of the infinite geometric series whose partial sum appears at the second entry in Fig. 2? Figure 2:

> What is the exact value of the infinite geometric series whose partial sum appears at the first entry in Fig. 3? Figure 3:

> Show that the infinite series 1 + ½ + 1/3 + ¼ + 1/5 + … diverges.

> Use a second Taylor polynomial at x = 0 to estimate the area under the curve y = ln(1 + x2) from x = 0 to x = 1/2.

> Determine the third Taylor polynomial of the given function at x = 0. f (x) = 1/(x + 2)

> What is routing?

> How does TCP/IP perform address resolution from IP addresses into data link layer addresses?

> How does TCP/IP perform address resolution from URLs into network layer addresses?

> What is address resolution?

> What benefits and problems does dynamic addressing provide?

> What does the transport layer do?

> Briefly define noise.

> Is there any difference in the error rates of lower-speed lines and higher-speed lines?

> Errors normally appear in _____, which is when more than 1 data bit is changed by the error-causing condition.

> Define two fundamental types of errors.

> What are the benefits of cloud computing?

> Which is better, controlled access or contention? Explain.

> Compare and contrast roll-call polling, hub polling (or token passing), and contention.

> Under what conditions is media access control unimportant?

> Show how the word “HI” would be sent using asynchronous transmission using even parity (make assumptions about the bit patterns needed). Show how it would be sent using Ethernet.

> What media access control technique does your class use?

> Are large frame sizes better than small frame sizes? Explain.

> Under what conditions does a data link layer protocol need an address?

> Are stop bits necessary in asynchronous transmission? Explain by using a diagram.

> How do information bits differ from overhead bits?

> What is transmission efficiency?

> How does a thin client differ from a thick client?

> Describe the frame layouts for SDLC, Ethernet, and PPP.

> Which is the simplest (least sophisticated) protocol described in this chapter?

> What is media access control, and why is it important?

> Briefly describe how continuous ARQ works.

> Under what circumstances is forward error correction desirable?

> How does forward error-correction work? How is it different from other error-correction methods?

> How does CRC work?

> Briefly describe how checksum works.

> Briefly describe how even parity and odd parity work.

> Describe three approaches to detecting errors, including how they work, the probability of detecting an error, and any other benefits or limitations.

> Compare and contrast two-tier, three-tier, and n-tier client–server architectures. What are the technical differences, and what advantages and disadvantages does each offer?

> What are the three ways of reducing errors and the types of noise they affect?

> How do amplifiers differ from repeaters?

> Describe four types of noise. Which is likely to pose the greatest problem to network managers?

> What does the data link layer do?

> Briefly describe three important coding schemes.

> What is coding?

> Explain why most telephone company circuits are now digital.

> How do analog data differ from digital data?

> Describe four types of wireless media.

> Which is less expensive: host-based networks or client–server networks? Explain.

> Describe three types of guided media.

> Why is data compression so useful?

> What is oversampling?

> What factors affect transmission speed?

> What is 64-QAM?

> What is quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)?

> What is a modem?

> Describe the three types of data flows.

> Is the bit rate the same as the symbol rate? Explain.

> Describe how data could be transmitted using a combination of modulation techniques.

> Suppose your organization was contemplating switching from a host-based architecture to client–server. What problems would you foresee?

> Describe how data could be transmitted using phase modulation.

> Describe how data could be transmitted using frequency modulation.

> Describe how data could be transmitted using amplitude modulation.

> What is bandwidth? What is the bandwidth in a traditional North American telephone circuit?

> What are three important characteristics of a sound wave?

> How does bipolar signaling differ from unipolar signaling? Why is Manchester encoding more popular than either?

> What feature distinguishes serial mode from parallel mode?

> How are data transmitted in parallel?

> How does a multipoint circuit differ from a point-to-point circuit?

> What is VoIP?

> What is middleware, and what does it do?

> What is the symbol rate of a digital circuit providing 100 Mbps if it uses bipolar NRz signaling?

> What is the capacity of a digital circuit with a symbol rate of 10 MHz using Manchester encoding?

> What is the maximum data rate of an analog circuit with a 10 MHz bandwidth using 64-QAM and V.44?

> What is the maximum capacity of an analog circuit with a bandwidth of 4,000 Hz using QAM?

> Some experts argue that modems may soon become obsolete. Do you agree? Why or why not?

> What is a client?

> What is a circuit?

> How do LANs differ from WAN sand BNs?

> If you were buying a multiplexer, would you choose TDM or FDM? Why?

> Discuss three important applications of data communications networks in business and personal use.

> How can data communications networks affect businesses?

> What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? What are the benefits and risks?

> What are three cyber security issues?

> How many bits (not bytes) are there in a 10-page text document?

> The number of standardized protocols in use at the application layer has significantly increased since the 1980s. Why? Do you think this trend will continue? What are the implications for those who design and operate networks?

> In the 1980s, when we wrote the first edition of this book, there were many, many more protocols in common use at the data link, network, and transport layers than there are today. Why do you think the number of commonly used protocols at these layers ha

> Why has the Internet model replaced the OSI model?

> Discuss three trends in communications and networking.

> What is the purpose of a data communications standard?

> What is the function of inverse multiplexing (IMUX)?

> Describe two important data communications standards-making bodies. How do they differ?

> How are Internet standards developed?

> Describe the three stages of standardization.

> Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers.

> How many bits (not bytes) are there in a 10 page text document? Hint: There are approximately 350 words on a double-spaced page.

> Describe the seven layers in the OSI network model and what they do.