Compare and contrast the ease with which molecules are able to move relative to each other in the three states of matter.
> On the planet Xgnu, the most common units of length are the blim (for long distances) and the kryll (for shorter distances). Because the Xgnuese have 14 fingers, perhaps it is not surprising that 1400 kryll 5 1 blim. a. Two cities on Xgnu are 36.2 blim
> What is a compound? What are compounds composed of? What is true about the composition of a compound, no matter where we happen to find the compound?
> For the measurement 0.003040 meters, indicate which (if any) zeros are significant and which (if any) are not significant. Account for all five zeros in the measurement, and explain your reasoning.
> By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the following to standard scientific notation? a. 5993 b. -72.14 c. 0.00008291 d. 62.357 e. 0.01014 f. 324.9
> A represents a quantitative observation.
> Sketch a flowchart of the steps in the scientific method. Then define each part of the method.
> What similarities are there between the solid and liquid states of matter? What differences are there between these two states?
> Express each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 0.5012 b. 5,012,000 c. 0.000005012 d. 5.012 e. 5012 f. 0.005012
> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Measurement: Past, Present, and Future and answer the following questions. a. Give three examples of how developing sophisticated measuring devices is useful in our society. b. Explain how advances in measurement a
> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Critical Units! discusses the importance of unit conversions. Read the segment and make the proper unit conversions to answer the following questions. a. The Mars Climate Orbiter burned up because it dipped lower in the
> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 234 g; volume = 2.2 cm3 b. mass = 2.34 kg; volume = 2.2 m3 c. mass = 1.2 lb; volume = 2.1 ft3 d. mass = 4.3 ton; volume = 54.2 yd3
> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 8.43 cm to millimeters b. 2.41 * 102 cm to meters c. 294.5 nm to centimeters d. 404.5 m to kilometers e. 1.445 * 104 m to kilo
> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.9932 * 104)[2.4443 * 102 + 1.0032 * 101] b. [2.34 * 102 + 2.443 * 10-1]/(0.0323) c. (4.38 * 10-3)2 d. (5.9938 * 10-6)1/2
> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (0.0432)(2.909)(4.43 * 108) b. (0.8922)/[(0.00932)(4.03 * 102)] c. (3.923 * 102)(2.94)(4.093 * 10-3) d. (4.9211)(0.04434)/[(0.000934)(2.892 * 10
> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. 149.2 + 0.034 + 2000.34 b. 1.0322 * 103 + 4.34 * 103 c. 4.03 * 10-2 - 2.044 * 10-3 d. 2.094 * 105 - 1.073 * 106
> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 102.3 * 10-5 b. 32.03 * 10-3 c. 59933 * 102 d. 599.33 * 104 e. 5993.3 * 103 f. 2054 * 10-1 g. 32,000,000 * 10-6 h. 59.933 * 105
> Rewrite each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.789 * 103 b. 2.789 * 10-3 c. 9.3 * 107 d. 4.289 * 101 e. 9.999 * 104 f. 9.999 * 10-5
> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.98 * 10-5 b. 4.358 * 109 c. 1.9928 * 10-6 d. 6.02 * 10-3 e. 1.01 * 10-1 f. 7.87 * 10-3 g. 9.87 * 107 h. 3.7899 * 102 i. 1.093 * 10-1 j. 2.9004 * 100 k. 3.9 * 10-4 l. 1.904 *
> Express each of the following numbers in scientific (exponential) notation. a. 529 b. 240,000,000 c. 301,000,000,000,000,000 d. 78,444 e. 0.0003442 f. 0.000000000902 g. 0.043 h. 0.0821
> Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A 1.00-liter bottle contains more soda than a 1.00-quart bottle. b. A man who is 1.52 m tall is taller than a woman who is 5 ft 3 in. tall. c. A 335-g container of peanut butter is heavier than a con
> A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons and 27 electrons. Identify the metal ion and determine its mass number.
> Make the following conversions. a. 1.25 in. to feet and to centimeters b. 2.12 qt to gallons and to liters c. 2640 ft to miles and to kilometers d. 1.254 kg lead to its volume in cubic centimeters e. 250. mL ethanol to its mass in grams f. 3.5 in.3
> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 3.011 * 1023 e. 4.32002 * 10-4 b. 5.091 * 109 f. 3.001 * 10-2 c. 7.2 * 102 g. 2.9901 * 10-7 d. 1.234 * 105 h. 4.2 * 10-1
> The principal goal of alchemists was to convert cheaper, more common metals into gold. Considering that gold had no particular practical uses (for example, it was too soft to be used for weapons), why do you think early civilizations placed such emphasis
> You want to make a rectangular box that weighs 2.0 pounds and floats on water. The width and height of the box are each 5.0 cm long. Choose the minimum length of the box that will keep it afloat on the water. Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/cm3. Sho
> Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. If 52.4 g of iron is added to 75.0 mL of water in a graduated cylinder, to what volume reading will the water level in the cylinder rise?
> Is it possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound? Is this consistent with Dalton’s atomic theory? Give an example.
> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment A Mystifying Problem, and discuss how David and Susan analyzed the situation, arriving at the theory that the lead glaze on the pottery was responsible for their symptoms.
> Which subatomic particles contribute most to the atom’s mass? Which subatomic particles determine the atom’s chemical properties?
> List the names, symbols, and atomic numbers of the top four elements in Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7.
> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 452.1 g; volume = 292 cm3 b. mass = 0.14 lb; volume = 125 mL c. mass = 1.01 kg; volume = 1000 cm3 d. mass = 225 mg; volume = 2.51 mL
> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 254.3 g to kilograms b. 2.75 kg to grams c. 2.75 kg to pounds d. 2.75 kg to ounces e. 534.1 g to pounds f. 1.75 lb to grams g. 8.7 o
> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 1.75 mi to kilometers b. 2.63 gal to quarts c. 4.675 calories to joules d. 756.2 mm Hg to atmospheres e. 36.3 atomic mass units to kil
> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 2.23 m to yards b. 46.2 yd to meters c. 292 cm to inches d. 881.2 in. to centimeters e. 1043 km to miles f. 445.5 mi to kilometers g.
> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 12.5 in. to centimeters b. 12.5 cm to inches c. 2513 ft to miles d. 4.53 ft to meters e. 6.52 min to seconds f. 52.3 cm to meters g.
> Oxygen forms molecules in which there are two oxygen atoms, O2. Phosphorus forms molecules in which there are four phosphorus atoms, P4. Does this mean that O2 and P4 are “compounds” because they contain multiple atoms? O2 and P4 react with each other to
> Evaluate each of the following and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.0944 + 0.0003233 + 12.22)/(7.001) b. (1.42 * 102 + 1.021 * 103)/(3.1 * 10-1) c. (9.762 * 10-3)/(1.43 * 102 + 4.51 * 101) d. (6.1982 * 10-4)2
> Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure elements occur as liquids. Give an example of a metallic and a nonmetallic element that ordinarily occur as liquids.
> We use chemical reactions in our everyday lives, too, not just in the science laboratory. Give at least five examples of chemical transformations that you use in your daily activities. Indicate what the “chemical” is in each of your examples and how you
> Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. b. (67.41 + 0.32 + 1.98)/(18.225) c. (2.001 * 10-3)(4.7 * 10-6)(68.224 * 10-2) d. (72.15)(63.9)[1.98 + 4.8981
> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. Milk curdles if a few drops of lemon juice are added to it. b. Butter turns rancid if it is left exposed at room temperature. c. Salad dressing separates into layers after
> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. (4.771 + 2.3)/3.1 b. 5.02 * 102 + 4.1 * 102 c. 1.091 * 103 + 2.21 * 102 + 1.14 * 101 d. (2.7991 * 10-6)/(4.22 * 106)
> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. 44.2124 + 0.81 + 7.335 b. 9.7789 + 3.3315 - 2.21 c. 0.8891 + 0.225 + 4.14 d. (7.223 + 9.14 + 3.7795)/3.1
> You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the length as 34.29 cm and the width as 26.72 cm. How many significant figures should you report for the perimeter?
> Of the following isotopes, which are isotopes of the same element? c. {X d. X 20 а. 10- с. е. b. х 22 10- 12
> In a common laboratory experiment in general chemistry, students are asked to determine the relative amounts of benzoic acid and charcoal in a solid mixture. Benzoic acid is relatively soluble in hot water, but charcoal is not. Devise a method for separa
> Describe how the process of filtration could be used to separate a mixture into its components. Give an example.
> Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all atoms of a given element are identical. Did this turn out to be true after further experimentation was carried out? Explain.
> Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made numerous contributions to our understanding of the atom’s structure. a. Which subatomic particle did J. J. Thomson discover, and what did this lead him to postulate about the nature of the
> For the pin shown in Fig. 2.5, why is the third figure determined for the length of the pin uncertain? Considering that the third figure is uncertain, explain why the length of the pin is indicated as 2.85 cm rather than, for example, 2.83 or 2.87 cm.
> In lab you report a measured volume of 158.6 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of the error, what range of answers does your reported volume imply? Choose the best answer and justify your choice. a. 100–200 mL b. 150–160 mL c. 158–15
> A given compound always contains the same relative masses of its constituent elements. How is this related to the relative numbers of each kind of atom present?
> Correct each of the following misstatements from Dalton’s atomic theory. a. Elements are made of tiny particles called molecules. b. All atoms of a given element are very similar. c. The atoms of a given element may be the same as those of another ele
> Several chemical elements have English names beginning with the letters B, N, P, or S. For each letter, list the English names for two elements whose names begin with that letter, and give the symbols for the elements you choose (the symbols do not neces
> The symbols for most elements are based on the first few letters of the respective element’s common English name. In some cases, however, the symbol seems to have nothing to do with the element’s common name. Give three examples of elements whose symbols
> Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and the neutron compare to the mass of the electron? Which particles make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom? Which particles make the greatest contri
> Consider three 10-g samples of water: one as ice, one as liquid, and one as vapor. How do the volumes of these three samples compare with one another? How is this difference in volume related to the physical state involved?
> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. A fireplace poker glows red when you heat it in the fire. b. A marshmallow turns black when toasted too long in a campfire. c. Hydrogen peroxide dental strips will make yo
> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. Oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide, which converts the grease/oil spatters inside the oven to water-soluble materials, which can be washed away. b. A rubber band stretc
> This section presents several ways our day-to-day lives have been enriched by chemistry. List three materials or processes involving chemistry that you feel have contributed to such an enrichment, and explain your choices.
> You want to cook some raw noodles to make a pasta dish for supper. So, you turn on the gas stovetop (which uses a flame), place a large pot of water over the flame, wait for the water to boil, place the noodles in the boiling water for 11 minutes, and th
> Write each of the following numbers as “ordinary” decimal numbers. a. 6.244 * 103 b. 9.117 * 10-2 c. 8.299 * 101 d. 1.771 * 10-4 e. 5.451 * 102 f. 2.934 * 10-5
> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 1/0.00032 b. 103/10-3 c. 103/103 d. 1/55,000 e. (105)(104)(10-4)/(10-2) f. 43.2/(4.32 * 10-5) g. (4.32 * 10-5)/432 h. 1/(105)(10-6)
> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Chemistry: An Important Component of Your Education discusses how studying chemistry can be beneficial not only in your chemistry courses but in your studies in general. What are some characteristics of a good student, an
> Students approaching the study of chemistry must learn certain basic facts (such as the names and symbols of the most common elements), but it is much more important that they learn to think critically and to go beyond the specific examples discussed in
> Why is the ability to solve problems important in the study of chemistry? Why is it that the method used to attack a problem is as important as the answer to the problem itself?
> Although reviewing your lecture notes and reading your textbook are important, why does the study of chemistry depend so much on problem solving? Can you learn to solve problems yourself just by looking at the solved examples in your textbook or study gu
> Discuss several political, social, or personal considerations that might affect a scientist’s evaluation of a theory. Give examples of how such external forces have influenced scientists in the past. Discuss methods by which such bias might be excluded f
> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 97,820 b. 42.14 * 103 c. 0.08214 * 10-3 d. 0.0003914 e. 927.1 f. 4.781 * 102 * 10-3
> True or false? If a theory is disproven, then all of the observations that support that theory are also disproven. Explain.
> Although your textbook lists the rules for converting an ordinary number to scientific notation, oftentimes students remember such rules better if they put them into their own words. Pretend you are helping your 12-year-old niece with her math homework,
> From the following list, identify whether the change in the account balance during the year would be reported as an operating (O), an investing (I), or a financing (F) activity or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows (N). Assume that th
> Sound Company manufactures and sells high-quality stereos. The most popular line sells for $2,000 each and is accompanied by a three-year warranty to repair, free of charge, any defective unit. Average costs to repair each defective unit will be $180 for
> Trena Thompson invested $2,000 in a financial institution on January 1, 2017. She leaves her investment in the institution until December 31, 2021. How much money does Trena accumulate if she earns interest, compounded annually, at the following rates?
> The Stockholders’ Equity category of Rausch Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2017, appeared as follows: Preferred stock, $100 par, 8%, 2,000 shares issued and outstanding ……….. $ 200,000 Common stock, $10 par, 40,000 shares issued and outstand
> For each of the following transactions, indicate whether they would be reported in the Investing Activities section of the statement of cash flows (I) or the Financing Activities section (F). Put an S in the blank if the transaction does not affect cash
> Carnival Corporation & plc is one of the largest cruise companies in the world with such well-known brands as Carnival Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, and Princess Cruises. Classify each of the following items found on the companyâ€
> Metropolis Industries invested its excess cash in the following instruments during December 2017: Certificate of deposit, due January 31, 2018 …………………………………………. $ 35,000 Certificate of deposit, due June 30, 2018 ……………………………………………….. 95,000 Investment in
> Shari Thompson invested $1,000 in a financial institution on January 1, 2017. She leaves her investment in the institution until December 31, 2021. How much money does Shari accumulate if she earns interest, compounded annually, at the following rates?
> Several independent items are listed for which the outcome of events is unknown at year-end. a. A company offers a two-year warranty on sales of new computers. It believes that 4% of the computers will require repairs. b. A company is involved in a trad
> Several independent items are listed for which the outcome of events is unknown at year-end. a. A company has been sued by the federal government for price fixing. The company’s legal counsel believes that there will be an unfavorable verdict and has ma
> Use the following legend to indicate how each transaction would be reported on the statement of cash flows. (Assume that the company uses the direct method in the Operating Activities section.) IO = Inflow from operating activities 00 = Outflow fro
> The following situations involve the application of the time value of money concepts: 1. Sampson Company just purchased a piece of equipment with a value of $53,300. Sampson financed this purchase with a loan from the bank and must make annual loan payme
> Sports Central is a sporting goods store owned by Lewis, Jamal, and Lapin in partnership. On January 1, 2017, their capital balances were as follows: Lewis, Capital …………………………………………………………………………… $20,000 Jamal, Capital ……………………………………………………………………………… 50,0
> Terry Woods opened Par Golf as a sole proprietor by investing $50,000 cash on January 1, 2017. Because the business was new, it operated at a net loss of $10,000 for 2017. During the year, Terry withdrew $20,000 from the business for living expenses. Ter
> Use the following legend to indicate how each transaction would be reported on the statement of cash flows. (Assume that the stocks and bonds of other companies are classified as long-term investments.) II = Inflow from investing activities OI = Ou
> For each of the following transactions reported on a statement of cash flows, indicate whether it would appear in the Operating Activities section (O), in the Investing Activities section (I), or in the Financing Activities section (F). Put an S in the b
> Assume that a company uses the indirect method to prepare the Operating Activities section of the statement of cash flows. For each of the following items, indicate whether it would be added to net income (A), deducted from net income (D), or not reporte
> Kelly Seaver has decided to start saving for her daughter’s college education. Kelly wants to accumulate $32,000. The bank will pay interest at the rate of 4% compounded annually. If Kelly plans to make payments of $1,600 at the end of each year, how lon
> Steve Jones has decided to start saving for his son’s college education by depositing $2,000 at the end of every year for 15 years. A bank has agreed to pay interest at the rate of 4% compounded annually. How much will Steve have in the bank immediately
> On May 1, 2016, Ryde Inc. had common stock of $345,000, additional paid-in capital of $1,298,000, and retained earnings of $3,013,000. Ryde did not purchase or sell any common stock during the year. The company reported net income of $556,000 and declare
> Madden Corporation wants to determine the amount of deferred tax that should be reported on its 2017 financial statements. It has compiled a list of differences between the accounting conducted for tax purposes and the accounting used for financial repor
> Kern Company deposited $1,000 in the bank on January 1, 2017, earning 8% interest. Kern Company withdraws the deposit plus accumulated interest on January 1, 2019. Compute the amount of money Kern withdraws from the bank assuming that interest is compoun
> Brian Inc. estimates that it will need $150,000 in ten years to expand its manufacturing facilities. A bank has agreed to pay Brian 5% interest compounded annually if the company deposits the entire amount now needed to accumulate $150,000 in ten years.
> In the following list, identify each item as operating (O), investing (I), financing (F), or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows (N). For items identified as operating, indicate whether the related amount would be added to or deducted
> In the following list, identify each item as operating (O), investing (I), financing (F), or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows (N). _______ Proceeds from issuance of bonds payable _______ Interest expense _______ Redemption of bonds
> From the following list, identify whether the change in the account balance during the year would be reported as an operating (O), an investing (I), or a financing (F) activity or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows (N). Assume that th
> The following components are computed annually when a bond is issued for other than its face value: • Cash interest payment • Interest expense • Amortization of discount/premium • Carrying value of bond Required: State whether each component will increa
> Youngblood Inc. plans to issue $500,000 face value bonds with a stated interest rate of 8%. They will mature in ten years. Interest will be paid semiannually. At the date of issuance, assume that the market rate is (a) 8%, (b) 6%, and (c) 10%. Required:
> On January 1, 2017, Kunkel Corporation purchased an asset for $32,000. Assume that this is the only asset owned by the corporation. Kunkel has decided to use the straight-line method to depreciate it. For tax purposes, it will be depreciated over three y
