Consider an automobile traveling at a constant speed along a road. Determine the direction of the heat and work interactions, taking the following as the system: (a) the car radiator, (b) the car engine, (c) the car wheels, (d) the road, and (e) the air surrounding the car.
> What is the importance of the momentum-flux correction factor in the momentum analysis of flow systems? For which type(s) of flow is it significant and must it be considered in analysis: laminar flow, turbulent flow, or jet flow?
> Water shoots out of a large tank sitting on a cart with frictionless wheels. The water jet velocity is Vj = 7.00 m/s, its cross sectional area is Aj = 20.0 mm2, and the momentum-flux correction factor of the jet is 1.04. The water is deflected 135Â
> Nearly frictionless vertical guide rails maintain a plate of mass mp in a horizontal position, such that it can slide freely in the vertical direction. A nozzle directs a water stream of area A against the plate’s underside. The water j
> A soldier jumps from a plane and opens his parachute when his velocity reaches the terminal velocity VT. The parachute slows him down to his landing velocity of VF. After the parachute is deployed, the air resistance is proportional to the velocity squar
> Consider steady developing laminar flow of water in a constant-diameter horizontal discharge pipe attached to a tank. The fluid enters the pipe with nearly uniform velocity V and pressure P1. The velocity profile becomes parabolic after a certain distanc
> A small electrical motor produces 5 W of mechanical power. What is this power in (a) N, m, and s units; and (b) kg, m, and s units?
> Repeat Prob. 13–59 for a height of 8 m from the nozzle. Data from Prob. 13-59: A 7-cm-diameter vertical water jet is injected upwards by a nozzle at a speed of 15 m/s. Determine the maximum weight of a flat plate that can be supported by this water jet
> Explain the importance of the Reynolds transport theorem in fluid mechanics, and describe how the linear momentum equation is obtained from it.
> A 7-cm-diameter vertical water jet is injected upwards by a nozzle at a speed of 15 m/s. Determine the maximum weight of a flat plate that can be supported by this water jet at a height of 2 m from the nozzle.
> An engineering student considers using a fan as a levitation demonstration. She plans to face the box-enclosed fan so the air blast is directed facedown through a 2-ft-diameter blade span area. The system weighs 3 lbf, and the student will secure the sys
> Indiana Jones needs to ascend a 10-m-high building. There is a large hose filled with pressurized water hanging down from the building top. He builds a square platform and mounts four 4-cm diameter nozzles pointing down at each corner. By connecting hose
> Water is flowing into and discharging from a pipe U-section as shown in Fig. P13–56. At flange (1), the total absolute pressure is 200 kPa, and 55 kg/s flows into the pipe. At flange (2), the total pressure is 150 kPa. At location (3),
> A 5-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water, with velocity 30 m/s, strikes the tip of a horizontal cone, which deflects the water by 60° from its original direction. How much force is required to hold the cone against the water stream?
> A 60-kg ice skater is standing on ice with ice skates (negligible friction). She is holding a flexible hose (essentially weightless) that directs a 2-cm-diameter stream of water horizontally parallel to her skates. The water velocity at the hose outlet i
> A spacecraft cruising in space at a constant velocity of 2000 ft/s has a mass of 25,000 lbm. To slow down the spacecraft, a solid fuel rocket is fired, and the combustion gases leave the rocket at a constant rate of 150 lbm/s at a velocity of 5000 ft/s i
> Reconsider Prob. 13–51. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of thrust reverser angle on the braking force exerted on the airplane. Let the reverser angle vary from 0° (no reversing) to 180° (full rev
> A gas in a piston–cylinder device is compressed, and as a result its temperature rises. Is this a heat or work interaction?
> Consider an airplane with a jet engine attached to the tail section that expels combustion gases at a rate of 18 kg/s with a velocity of V = 300 m/s relative to the plane. During landing, a thrust reverser (which serves as a brake for the aircraft and fa
> A tripod holding a nozzle, which directs a 5-cm-diameter stream of water from a hose, is shown in Fig. P13–50. The nozzle mass is 10 kg when filled with water. The tripod is rated to provide 1800 N of holding force. A firefighter was st
> How do surface forces arise in the momentum analysis of a control volume? How can we minimize the number of surface forces exposed during analysis?
> A 16-cm-diameter horizontal water jet with a speed of Vj = 20 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 40° cone moving to the left at Vc = 10 m/s. Determine the external force, F, needed to maintain the motion of the cone. Disregard the gr
> Repeat Prob. 13–47 by taking into consideration the weight of the elbow whose mass is 5 kg. Data from Prob. 13-47: Water flowing steadily at a rate of 0.16 m3/s is deflected downward by an angled elbow as shown in Fig. P13â€
> Water flowing steadily at a rate of 0.16 m3/s is deflected downward by an angled elbow as shown in Fig. P13–47. For D = 30 cm, d = 10 cm, and h = 50 cm, determine the force acting on the flanges of the elbow and the angle its line of ac
> An 8-cm-diameter horizontal water jet having a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a vertical stationary flat plate. The water splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate. How much force is required to hold the plate against the water stream?
> A sluice gate, which controls flow rate in a channel by simply raising or lowering a vertical plate, is commonly used in irrigation systems. A force is exerted on the gate due to the difference between the water heights y1 and y2 and the flow velocities
> Water of density ρ = 998.2 kg/m3 flows through a fireman’s nozzle—a converging section of pipe that accelerates the flow. The inlet diameter is d1 = 0.100 m, and the outlet diameter is d2 = 0.050 m. The aver
> As a follow-up to Prob. 13–41, it turns out that for a large enough area ratio A2/A1, the inlet pressure is actually smaller than the outlet pressure! Explain how this can be true in light of the fact that there is friction and there ar
> A room is heated as a result of solar radiation coming in through the windows. Is this a heat or work interaction for the room?
> Consider the curved duct of Prob. 13–41, except allow the cross-sectional area to vary along the duct (A1 ≠ A2). (a) Write an expression for the horizontal force Fx of the fluid on the walls of the duct in terms of the given variables. (b) Verify your ex
> An incompressible fluid of density ρ and viscosity μ flows through a curved duct that turns the flow 180°. The duct cross-sectional area remains constant. The average velocity, momentum-flux correction factor, and gage
> Water enters a centrifugal pump axially at atmospheric pressure at a rate of 0.09 m3/s and at a velocity of 5 m/s and leaves in the normal direction along the pump casing, as shown in Fig. P13 40. Determine the force acting on the shaft (which is also t
> Express the conservation of momentum principle. What can you say about the momentum of a body if the net force acting on it is zero?
> A horizontal 4-cm-diameter water jet with a velocity of 18 m/s impinges normally upon a vertical plate of mass 750 kg. The plate rides on a nearly frictionless track and is initially stationary. When the jet strikes the plate, the plate begins to move in
> Water flowing in a horizontal 25-cm-diameter pipe at 8 m/s and 300 kPa gage enters a 90° bend reducing section, which connects to a 15-cm-diameter vertical pipe. The inlet of the bend is 50 cm above the exit. Neglecting any frictional and gravitational e
> Water is flowing through a 10-cm-diameter water pipe at a rate of 0.1 m3/s. Now a diffuser with an outlet diameter of 20 cm is bolted to the pipe in order to slow down water, as shown in Fig. P13–37. Disregarding frictional effects, det
> Reconsider the helicopter in Prob. 13–35, except that it is hovering on top of a 2200-m-high mountain where the air density is 0.987 kg/m3. Noting that the unloaded helicopter blades must rotate at 550 rpm to hover at sea level, determi
> An unloaded helicopter of mass 12,000 kg hovers at sea level while it is being loaded. In the unloaded hover mode, the blades rotate at 550 rpm. The horizontal blades above the helicopter cause a 18-m-diameter air mass to move downward at an average velo
> A 3-in-diameter horizontal water jet having a velocity of 90 ft/s strikes a curved plate, which deflects the water 180° at the same speed. Ignoring the frictional effects, determine the force required to hold the plate against the water stream
> A room is heated by an iron that is left plugged in. Is this a heat or work interaction? Take the entire room, including the iron, as the system.
> Reconsider Prob. 13–32. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the plate velocity on the force exerted on the plate. Let the plate velocity vary from 0 to 30 m/s, in increments of 3 m/s. Tabulate and plot your results. Data from Prob. 13-
> A 5-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water with a velocity of 30 m/s relative to the ground strikes a flat plate that is moving in the same direction as the jet at a velocity of 20 m/s. The water splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate. How mu
> Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a hose while trying to extinguish a fire. If the nozzle exit diameter is 8 cm and the water flow rate is 12 m3/min, determine (a) the average water exit velocity and (b) the horizontal resistance force requ
> A 3-in-diameter horizontal jet of water, with velocity 140 ft/s, strikes a bent plate, which deflects the water by 135° from its original direction. How much force is required to hold the plate against the water stream, and what is its direction? Disrega
> Is momentum a vector? If so, in what direction does it point?
> A fan with 24-in-diameter blades moves 2000 cfm (cubic feet per minute) of air at 70°F at sea level. Determine (a) the force required to hold the fan and (b) the minimum power input required for the fan. Choose a control volume sufficiently large to cont
> Commercially available large wind turbines have blade span diameters larger than 100 m and generate over 3 MW of electric power at peak design conditions. Consider a wind turbine with a 75-m blade span subjected to 25-km/h steady winds. If the combined t
> Reconsider Prob. 13–26E. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the splitter angle on the force exerted on the splitter in the incoming flow direction. Let the half splitter angle vary from 0° to 180°
> A 100-ft3/s water jet is moving in the positive x-direction at 18 ft/s. The stream hits a stationary splitter, such that half of the flow is diverted upward at 45° and the other half is directed downward, and both streams have a final average
> Repeat Prob. 13–24 for the case of θ = 125°. Data from Prob. 13-24: A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45° from the flow direction while a
> A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm
> Water enters a 7-cm-diameter pipe steadily with a uniform velocity of 2 m/s and exits with the turbulent flow velocity distribution given by u = umax(1 − r/R)1/7. If the pressure drop along the pipe is 10 kPa, determine the drag force exerted on the pipe
> A horizontal water jet impinges against a vertical flat plate at 30 ft/s and splashes off the sides in the vertical plane. If a horizontal force of 500 lbf is required to hold the plate against the water stream, determine the volume flow rate of the wate
> Repeat Prob. 13–20 for the case of another (identical) elbow attached to the existing elbow so that the fluid makes a U-turn. Data from Prob. 13-20: A 90° elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to direct water flow upward at a r
> A 90° elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to direct water flow upward at a rate of 40 kg/s. The diameter of the entire elbow is 10 cm. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere, and thus the pressure at the exit is the local atmospheric pr
> Express Newton’s first, second, and third laws.
> A 2.5-cm-diameter horizontal water jet with a speed of Vj = 40 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 60° stationary cone whose base diameter is 25 cm. Water velocity along the cone varies linearly from zero at the cone surface to the in
> A horizontal water jet from a nozzle of constant exit cross section impinges normally on a stationary vertical flat plate. A certain force F is required to hold the plate against the water stream. If the water velocity is doubled, will the necessary hold
> A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V from a stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that rides on a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. What is the highest ve
> A constant-velocity horizontal water jet from a stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that rides on a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. Will the acceleration of th
> When is the energy crossing the boundaries of a closed system heat and when is it work?
> If the mass of an object is 10 lbm, what is its weight, in lbf, at a location where g = 32.0 ft/s2?
> Describe body forces and surface forces, and explain how the net force acting on a control volume is determined. Is fluid weight a body force or surface force? How about pressure?
> In a given location, would a helicopter require more energy in summer or winter to achieve a specified performance? Explain.
> Does it take more, equal, or less power for a helicopter to hover at the top of a high mountain than it does at sea level? Explain.
> Describe in terms of momentum and airflow how a helicopter is able to hover.
> A rocket in space (no friction or resistance to motion) can expel gases relative to itself at some high velocity V. Is V the upper limit to the rocket’s ultimate velocity?
> Two firefighters are fighting a fire with identical water hoses and nozzles, except that one is holding the hose straight so that the water leaves the nozzle in the same direction it comes, while the other holds it backward so that the water makes a U-tu
> Express Newton’s second law of motion for rotating bodies. What can you say about the angular velocity and angular momentum of a rotating nonrigid body of constant mass if the net torque acting on it is zero?
> What is the hydraulic grade line? How does it differ from the energy grade line? Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?
> The power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity. Inspired by the acceleration of a fluid in a nozzle, someone proposes to install a reducer casing to capture the wind energy from a larger area and accelerate it befo
> In a certain application, a siphon must go over a high wall. Can water or oil with a specific gravity of 0.8 go over a higher wall? Why?
> What is total energy? Identify the different forms of energy that constitute the total energy.
> A pump-storage plant uses a turbine to generate hydropower during the day, letting water from the upper reservoir flow through the turbine into the lower reservoir as sketched. The plant then pumps water back up to the upper reservoir during the night. I
> A wind tunnel draws atmospheric air at 20°C and 101.3 kPa with a large fan located near the exit of the tunnel. If the air velocity in the tunnel is 80 m/s, determine the pressure in the tunnel.
> An oil pump is drawing 18 kW of electric power while pumping oil with ρ = 860 kg/m3 at a rate of 0.1 m3/s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12 cm, respectively. If the pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be 2
> Reconsider Prob. 12–72. In order to drain the tank faster, a pump is installed near the tank exit. Determine the pump head input necessary to establish an average water velocity of 6.5 m/s when the tank is full. Data from Prob. 12-72:
> Reconsider Prob. 12–72. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of the tank height on the initial discharge velocity of water from the completely filled tank. Let the tank height vary from 2 to 15 m in increments of 1 m, and
> A 3-m-high large tank is initially filled with water. The tank water surface is open to the atmosphere, and a sharp-edged 10-cm-diameter orifice at the bottom drains to the atmosphere through a horizontal 80-m-long pipe. If the total irreversible head lo
> Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 120 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of diameters 22 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water manometer. Negle
> Water flows at a rate of 0.011 m3/s in a horizontal pipe whose diameter increases from 6 to 11 cm by an enlargement section. If the head loss across the enlargement section is 0.65 m and the kinetic energy correction factor at both the inlet and the outl
> How is the location of the hydraulic grade line determined for open-channel flow? How is it determined at the outlet of a pipe discharging to the atmosphere?
> Water is flowing through a Venturi meter whose diameter is 7 cm at the entrance part and 4 cm at the throat. The pressure is measured to be 380 kPa at the entrance and 200 kPa at the throat. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the flow rate of water
> What is an adiabatic process? What is an adiabatic system?
> A very large tank contains air at 102 kPa at a location where the atmospheric air is at 100 kPa and 20°C. Now a 2-cm-diameter tap is opened. Determine the maximum flow rate of air through the hole. What would your response be if air is dischar
> A pressurized 2-m-diameter tank of water has a 10-cm-diameter orifice at the bottom, where water discharges to the atmosphere. The water level initially is 3 m above the outlet. The tank air pressure above the water level is maintained at 450 kPa absolu
> The water level in a tank is 70 ft above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leadi
> A fireboat is to fight fires at coastal areas by drawing seawater with a density of 1030 kg/m3 through a 10-cm diameter pipe at a rate of 0.04 m3/s and discharging it through a hose nozzle with an exit diameter of 5 cm. The total irreversible head loss o
> The demand for electric power is usually much higher during the day than it is at night, and utility companies often sell power at night at much lower prices to encourage consumers to use the available power generation capacity and to avoid building new,
> The velocity profile for turbulent flow in a circular pipe is approximated as u(r) = umax(1 − r/R)1/n, where n = 9. Determine the kinetic energy correction factor for this flow.
> Reconsider Prob. 12–61. Determine the flow rate of water and the pressure difference across the pump if the irreversible head loss of the piping system is 4 m. Data from Prob. 12-61: Underground water is to be pumped by a 78-percent ef
> Underground water is to be pumped by a 78-percent efficient 5-kW submerged pump to a pool whose free surface is 30 m above the underground water level. The diameter of the pipe is 7 cm on the intake side and 5 cm on the discharge side. Determine (a) the
> Water in a partially filled large tank is to be supplied to the rooftop, which is 8 m above the water level in the tank, through a 2.5-cm-internal-diameter pipe by maintaining a constant air pressure of 300 kPa (gage) in the tank. If the head loss in the
> Define pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head for a fluid stream and express them for a fluid stream whose pressure is P, velocity is V, and elevation is z.
> In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of a closed system?
> Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir by a pump that provides 23 kW of useful mechanical power to the water. The free surface of the upper reservoir is 57 m higher than the surface of the lower reservoir. If the flow rate of water
> A 78-percent-efficient 12-hp pump is pumping water from a lake to a nearby pool at a rate of 1.2 ft3/s through a constant-diameter pipe. The free surface of the pool is 32 ft above that of the lake. Determine the irreversible head loss of the piping syst
> Water enters a hydraulic turbine through a 30-cm-diameter pipe at a rate of 0.6 m3/s and exits through a 25-cm-diameter pipe. The pressure drop in the turbine is measured by a mercury manometer to be 1.2 m. For a combined turbine–genera
> A large tank is initially filled with water 4 m above the center of a sharp-edged 10-cm-diameter orifice. The tank water surface is open to the atmosphere, and the orifice drains to the atmosphere. If the total irreversible head loss in the system is 0.2
> The water level in a tank is 34 ft above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the tank at the ground level, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank cover is airtight, but the pressure over the water surface is u
> Water flows at a rate of 20 L/s through a horizontal pipe whose diameter is constant at 3 cm. The pressure drop across a valve in the pipe is measured to be 2 kPa, as shown in Fig. P12–54. Determine the irreversible head loss of the val
