Question: Economies grow by investing in new sources

> let mu= 0.9, Fz = 4500, As = 0, Cx = 80000, Cy=47275. Simulate the Dugoff’s tire model for both pure longitudinal and pure lateral force cases. Plot the tire longitudinal force vs. slip and lateral force vs. slip angle

> Simulate the Dugoff’s tire model for both pure longitudinal and pure lateral force cases. Plot the tire longitudinal force vs. slip and lateral force vs. slip angle

> TABLE 13.6 Lateral force vs. slip angle Slip Angle The lateral force vs. slip angle values for a tire are given in Table 13.6. Expressing the lateral force as a function of the slip angle as FL = c1α +c2α2, estimate the coef

> A. Draw the shear diagram for the cantilevered beam. B. Draw the moment diagram for the cantilevered beam. 100 lb 800 lb-ft A B 5 ft- -5 ft V,lb 200- T 100+ x,ft 5 10 -100- -200 100 lb 800 lb-ft C BI -5 ft -5 ft M,lb-ft 2,400T 1,800 1,200- 600- x,ft

> The following engineering stress-strain curve was obtained for an Aluminum 6061-T6 alloy. Using the curve, determine the following. Please do your best to approximate the values from the curve and pay attention to the units. Modulus of Elasticity in ksi

> Locate the Centroid of the plane areas shown, by inspection. 5 in 1. hin - kin

> 1. a. Derive the relationship between true strain and engineering strain [Hint: start with expression for engineering strain] b. Derive a relationship between true stress and engineering strain Problem 2. The engineering yield strength of a copper all

> Using the data for STEEL ONLY, determine the following parameters a. Modulus of elasticity; b. Engineering Yield strength; c. Engineering Yield strain; d. Engineering Tensile strength; e. Engineering Tensile strain; f. Engineering stress at fracture

> The diffusion coefficients for carbon in nickel are 5.5 x 10-14 m2 /s at 600°C and 3.9 x 10-13 m2 /s at 700°C, respectively. Calculate the magnitude of diffusion coefficient at 850°C.

> a. Plot the data as shown in the following table as engineering stress (MPa) versus engineering strain (mm/mm) and determine the 0.2 percent offset yield stress of the steel. b. Determine the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002. c. Determine the

> How to find engineering stress, engineering strain, modulus of elasticity, and elongation to fracture using the information provided. Initial length, lo= Initial width, wo= Initial thickness, to= 25.00 mm 6.26 mm 1.45 mm Specimen 1 Displacement (mm)

> Define a homogeneous material. Define the modulus of elasticity. Engineering stress and strain are calculated using the actual cross-sectional area and length of the specimen. True or false? As the temperature increases the modulus of elasticity will inc

> The state of stress at a point in a loaded solid is given as a. Calculate the principal menu. b. Plot the Mohr’s circles for this point and calculate the maximum shear stress c. Determine the principal direction. 5 0 00 0MPA 2 0

> Air flows into the jet engine shown in the figure below at a rate of 9 slugs/s and a speed of 371 ft/s. Upon landing, the engine exhaust exits through the reverse thrust mechanism with a speed of 846 ft/s in the direction indicated. Determine the reverse

> Which of the following statements is always true? 1. Entropy change in adiabatic process is 0. 2. Entropy change in any process is always positive. 3. If a process is reversible, change in entropy of system is 0. 4. None listed.

> Determine the reactions at the supports. 400 N/m В 4 A -3 m -3 m Prob. 5-11 3.

> A pin is pushed along a slotted track defined by the function r = 3 sin θ, where r is in units of meters and theta is radians measured positive in the counter-clockwise direction. The pin pushed by an arm AB. When the arm AB is at Ï&#12

> Consider the cross-section show in the figure y w" B (w,h) h y =-x h" ソ=h %3D A (0,0) w=9 in h= 13 in Calculate , the moment of inertia about the x-axis in^4 ENTER 3 tries remaining. 1 pointisi possible Calculate l, the moment of inertia about the

> The link AC rotates with a constant angular speed of 6 rad/s such that the position of the slide B is described by r = 200(2 - cos α) mm. When a = 150, determine: 1.The radial and transverse components of the slider's velocity. 2. The rad

> The car travels around the circular track with a constant speed of 21 m/s wit r=400(costheta)m. Determine the car's radial and transverse component of velocity at the instant θ=π/4rad. Determine the car's radial and transverse component of acceleration a

> The roller coaster car has a mass of 700 kg, including its passenger. If it is released from rest at the top of the hill A. determine the minimum height h of the hill crest so that the car travels around both inside the loops without leaving the track.

> The motion of the slider B can be described by the variables r = a + bt2 and θ = c+ sint, where a, b, and c are constants and t is time. Determine at time t: i. Radial and transverse components of the inertial velocity of B. ii. Radial and transverse co

> In MATLAB, write your own function of rotating two horizontal components into Radial and Transverse components. Please provide the code.

> A. Explain Frenkel and Schottky defects in Ceramics. B. The modulus of elasticity for spinel (MgAl2O4) having 7 vol% porosity is 250 GPa. Compute the modulus of elasticity for the nonporous material and the modulus of elasticity for 18 vol% porosity.

> The diffusion coefficients for carbon in nickel are given at two temperatures as shown in the table below. Determine the value of Qd? T( C) D (m2/s) 600 5.5 x 10 14 700 3.9 x 10 13

> The diffusion coefficients for carbon in nickel are 5.5 x 10-14 m2/s at 600.

> Following stake holder actively participants in the design process for Design for Manufacturing? A. Banks B. Outside suppliers C. Maintenance D. All of the above Design for manufacturing is a comprehensive approach to production of goods and integrat

> The solid circular shaft has a radius of 90 mm and Modulus of Rigidity G = 75 GPa. Determine: the maximum shear stress in the shaft and the angle of twist of A relative to C. 2 m 3 m A 40 kN-m 60 kN-m

> Accidents with trucks carrying hazardous wastes are fairly common. Suppose regulators enact a rule requiring that the perpetrators of such an accident be liable for a sum equal to the average damages of all such accidents in the industry. Would this lead

> For what types of pollution problems is voluntary action likely to be the most effective policy approach?

> Suppose a community weighed each resident’s solid-waste disposal when it was picked up and published the individual totals each year in the local newspaper. Do you think this would lead to a reduction in the total quantity of solid waste disposed of in t

> Suppose courts changed rules regarding burden of proof, requiring polluters to show that their emissions are harmless, rather than pollutees to show that they have been harmed. What impact might this have?

> It would seem that neighbors could easily negotiate among themselves to settle problems of local externalities such as noise and unsightly land uses. Yet most communities control these problems with local laws and regulations. Why?

> When setting public policy on environmental risks, should we base it on the levels of risk to which people think they are exposed or on the risk levels as scientists have determined them to be in fact?

> Suppose the costs of an environmental pollution-control program are expected to be equal to $80 per year, and that benefits will be $50 per year for 50 years, then $150 per year thereafter. At a discount rate of 4 percent, what are the net benefits of th

> Following are some illustrative numbers for benefits and costs arising from a program to restrict emissions of a pollutant. Current emissions are 10 tons per month. Identify the emission level at which net benefits would be maximized. Show that this is n

> Suppose we are comparing two ways of protecting ourselves against mobile source air pollution: putting additional controls on the internal combustion engine or developing an entirely different type of engine that is cleaner. How would changes in the disc

> Air-pollution-control authorities in southern California propose to control mobile-source emissions by requiring that a certain percentage of all new cars sold in the region be electric. Contrast the different perspectives that would be involved in analy

> What is the difference between a residual and a pollutant? Illustrate this in the context of a common airborne emission such as sulfur dioxide (SO2); with noise; with junked automobiles; with an unsightly building.

> Emission charges are sometimes seen as creating a “double burden”: Firms must pay the costs of reducing emissions and also pay the government for polluting discharges. How might a charge system be designed to reduce this double burden?

> We talked about “side payments” given to countries to lower the costs to them of joining international environmental agreements. What types of side payments might be effective?

> What are the implications for cost-effective recycling programs of regulations that establish the same recycling ratios for all sectors of the economy?

> In what way does TSCA put the burden of proof for a chemical’s safety on the EPA?

> Explain how a program of transferable discharge permits works to satisfy the equimarginal principle.

> Controlling the residuals from the production of bleached paper towels is about five times costlier than controlling the residuals from unbleached paper towels. Analyze this difference with our standard pollution-control model. What does it suggest in te

> Prove (graphically) that the point labeled e* in Figure 5.6 is indeed the point that minimizes total social costs, the sum of abatement and damage costs. (Do this by showing that at any other point, this total cost will be higher.) Figure 5.6: МАС

> Consider the marginal cost curve associated with cleaning your dorm room. Label the vertical axis “time” and the horizontal axis “percent clean.” What would this marginal cost curve look like?

> What are likely to be the main problems in establishing cap-and-trade programs for water pollution control?

> As depicted in Figure 2.3, most emissions from individual sources get mixed in with those of other sources, to produce the general level of ambient quality. What problems does this present in adopting emission-control policies to get a cleaner environmen

> Suppose there is a river on which are located several microbreweries, each of which discharges pollutants into the water. Suppose somebody invents a new technology for treating this waste stream that, if adopted by the breweries, could substantially dimi

> Explain how emission charges solve the equimarginal problem.

> Figure 3.10 illustrates the derivation of an industry supply curve under competitive conditions where each firm receives the same price for its output. What is the relationship of this procedure to the equimarginal principle discussed earlier in the chap

> If emission standards are ruled out because of, for example, the impossibility of measuring emissions (as in nonpoint-source emissions), what alternative types of standards might be used instead?

> Environmental policy is sometimes criticized for being a white, middle-class preoccupation. How might you interpret this position, using the concepts presented in this chapter?

> Why has trade policy been effective in protecting some endangered species and not others?

> Refer to Figure 21.1. How would a technology transfer from country A to country B alter the PPC? Figure 21.1 A A: Developed country Marketed B: Less-developed country output B e2 Environmental quality

> What are the two primary alternative explanations for the demographic patterns found in the vicinity of many hazardous-waste dump sites?

> Another way of increasing the use of recycled material by industry is to subsidize its purchase of materials taken from the waste stream. How would you analyze this in terms of Figure 17.2? Figure 17.2 Demand for material S, S2 P2 Pv 92 Quantity of

> Environmental pollution is, for the most part, reversible, in the sense that it can be decreased if the appropriate steps are taken. What are the pros and cons, therefore, of using sustainability as a criterion for evaluating environmental policies?

> Consider the example of the three homeowners around the lake (the ones depicted in Table 4.2). Suppose the lake was cleaned up to the efficient level of 2 ppm and that the total costs of the cleanup were shared equally among the homeowners (stick to inte

> What is the relationship between economic growth, population growth, and environmental quality in developing countries?

> What is the usual meaning that economists give to the expression “the value of a human life”? What are the different ways of estimating this value?

> The Chinese government has elected to close high polluting power plants and some factories. Compare and contrast how the Chinese government would evaluate the benefits versus how an individual Chinese worker would evaluate the benefits.

> Suppose you were hired by the homeowners located around a lake to determine the benefits of improving the water quality in the lake. How might you go about doing it?

> In the early 1990s, the United States attempted to put restrictions on the importation of tuna from Mexico because Mexican fishers used methods that destroyed relatively large numbers of dolphin when catching the tuna. These fishing methods are illegal f

> Which of the many aspects of globalization do you think will have the greatest long-run impact on environmental quality around the world?

> Somebody invents a small machine that electrostatically is able to remove dust from rooms very quickly. What does this do to the marginal cost curve depicted in question 6? Question 6: Consider the marginal cost curve associated with cleaning your dorm

> When CFCs were first introduced 50 years ago, their benefits were obvious, and nobody appreciated the long-run impacts they might have. How do we guard ourselves against unforeseen long-run effects such as this?

> “International environmental agreements are very much shaped by the fact that enforcement on the international level is difficult, if not impossible.” Discuss.

> What is free-riding in the context of international agreements and what might be some ways of overcoming it?

> Considering the definition of public goods introduced in the chapter, is a bus a public good? Is an automatic teller machine (ATM)? Is a public park? Is a library?

> In the absence of a worldwide agreement to reduce CO2 through a carbon tax, how effective might it be if just one country, or a small number of countries, instituted a tax unilaterally?

> Following are illustrative numbers indicating benefits and costs to Country A of taking specific actions on an international treaty to reduce CO2 emissions. The choice is either to adhere to the CO2 emissions cutbacks called for by the treaty or to disre

> How many different formulas can you think of for allocating a reduction in global CO2 among the nations of the world? Compare and contrast these in terms of efficiency and equity. Consider the equiproportionate and equimarginal principles, population, in

> Global warming is predicted to affect countries differently, which is one reason it is difficult to get all countries to agree on a global CO2 treaty. Do you think it will be easier to get agreement after the results start showing up in different countri

> Rather than placing a tax on fuels or the carbon content of fuels, taxes might be put on fuel-using items, such as “gas-guzzling” cars, less efficient appliances, or houses with poor insulation. Which type of tax would be more efficient?

> Many countries are adopting a “wait-and-see” strategy toward CO2 emissions and atmospheric warming. What would a rational “wait-and-see” strategy look like?

> Investigate the rules for recycling and solid waste disposal for a local community with which you are familiar. What are the incentives that increase the rate of reuse (r)?

> What are the factors, both economic and environmental, that make a problem more properly a local issue rather than a state issue?

> What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the doctrine of strict, joint, and several liability for Superfund sites?

> How might a system of transferable permits be designed to achieve an aggregate recycling target cost-effectively?

> Following are portions of the demand curves of three individuals for the water quality in a small pond. The water quality is expressed in terms of the parts per million (ppm) of dissolved oxygen (DO). Water quality improves at higher DO levels. The deman

> Handlers of hazardous wastes, that is, firms that accept hazardous materials and transport them for disposal, sometimes dispose of the materials illegally or in unapproved landfills. How might a deposit-refund system be designed to provide incentives to

> In conducting a “balancing” analysis for a particular chemical or pesticide, what role is played by people’s attitudes toward risk?

> What are the advantages and disadvantages of a “new-source” bias in stationary-source air-pollution control? Consider especially its impacts on the incentives of the operators of existing sources.

> “The EPA has estimated that the chemical residues on a certain food most likely contribute to 14 excess deaths in the U.S. population each year. Thus, if use of the chemical is banned, we can expect the number of excess deaths to decrease by this number.

> If people ordinarily will invest in items that save money in the long run, why is the CAFE program necessary at all?

> The federal mobile-source air-pollution program means that new cars sold in rural regions meet the same emissions standards as cars sold in urban areas. Because there are fewer cars in rural areas, this means that air quality will be a lot better there t

> Suppose that engineers invented an accurate and reliable means of monitoring and measuring the emissions from individual automobiles throughout the year. What possibilities would this open up for new types of mobile source emission control programs?

> Discuss the importance of the question of whether air-pollution damage functions have thresholds for establishing ambient air quality standards.

> Most of the carbon offsets traded globally are being bought by corporations, many of which are not currently subject to emission restrictions. Why do you think this is the case?

> What are the pros and cons of letting anybody (banks, private citizens, environmental groups, government agencies, etc.) buy and sell transferable discharge permits, in addition to emission sources themselves?

> What are the advantages and disadvantages of using willingness to pay as a measure of value? What are some alternatives?

> Following are the marginal abatement costs of two sources. They currently emit 10 tons each. a. What would the total abatement costs be for an equiproportional cutback to a total of 10 tons? b. Suppose we print up 10 transferable discharge permits, eac

> In order to meet TMDL limits in a cost-effective manner, what is the appropriate role of the equimarginal principle? What about the economic efficiency principle?

> Distinguish between a “technology-based” water pollution–control program and an “ambient-based” program.

> In order to protect the quality of its nearby water resources, a community places a restriction on any housing development closer than 100 feet to a wetland. How might you estimate the social costs of this regulation?

> How might you design a transferable discharge permit system for solid waste? For phasing out of use a certain type of plastic? For phasing in a program for using recycled newsprint in newspapers?

> It is sometimes suggested that the most equitable way to resolve issues in international trade agreements would be for all countries to adopt the same emission standards. What are the pros and cons of this from an economic standpoint?

> When emission charges are put into effect, who ultimately ends up paying for them? Is this fair?